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This study investigated the vermicomposting of spent drilling fluid (SDF) from the nature-gas industry mixed with cow dung in 0% (T1), 20% (T2), 30% (T3), 40% (T4), 50% (T5), and 60% (T6) ratio employing Eisenia fetida under a 6 weeks trial. Eisenia. fetida showed better growth and reproduction performances in the first three vermireactors (T1–T3), and the mortality was higher in the vermireactors that contained more spent drilling fluid (≥ 40%). Vermicomposting results in a decrease in total organic carbon, C/N ratio, and an increase in EC, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, total potassium compared to their initial values. The RadViz and VizRank showed that vermicomposting results in a greater impact on the C/N ratio (15.24–35.48%) and EC (7.29–26.45%) compared to other parameters. Activities of urease and alkaline phosphatase during vermicomposting initially increased and then declined suggesting vermicompost maturity. Also, seed germination, mitotic index and chromosomal abnormality assays using cowpea signified that the vermicomposts T2 is suitable for agricultural use due to the lower phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity. The results indicated that SDF could be converted into good quality manure by vermicomposting if mixed up to 20% with cow dung.
Zhe Wang; Zhikun Chen; Yuhua Niu; Peng Ren; Mingde Hao. Feasibility of vermicomposting for spent drilling fluid from a nature-gas industry employing earthworms Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2021, 214, 111994 .
AMA StyleZhe Wang, Zhikun Chen, Yuhua Niu, Peng Ren, Mingde Hao. Feasibility of vermicomposting for spent drilling fluid from a nature-gas industry employing earthworms Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2021; 214 ():111994.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhe Wang; Zhikun Chen; Yuhua Niu; Peng Ren; Mingde Hao. 2021. "Feasibility of vermicomposting for spent drilling fluid from a nature-gas industry employing earthworms Eisenia fetida." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 214, no. : 111994.
The use of drilling waste for land reclamation is a cost-effective way to improve soil fertility and to decrease landfills. However, the potential phytotoxic and cytotoxic effects of this waste on crops have not been investigated in detail. Here, we evaluated the toxicity of spent drilling fluids (SDFs) from a natural gas field using the non-target plant Zea mays L. (maize). Four different concentrations of SDFs (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%, w/w) were used to test the toxic effects in two soils (aeolian and loessal). Different endpoints, including germination, root elongation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, antioxidant activity, mitotic index, and chromosomal abnormalities, were used to test the effects of SDFs after four days of exposure. Higher levels (≥6%) of SDFs inhibited seed germination and root growth, and altered the oxygen status by increasing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and inhibiting superoxide ion (O2 −) accumulation in the roots. SDFs-induced oxidative stress caused member damage, exacerbated cell injury, and reduced cell viability in the roots, compared with those untreated plants. The plants responded to high SDFs levels (≥6%) by upregulating antioxidants such as peroxidase, superoxide dismutase ascorbate peroxidase, and proline. A reduction in the mitotic index and induction of chromosomal abnormalities in root meristematic cells were indicators of the cytotoxicity of SDFs in maize seedlings. The upregulation of antioxidants due to the change of ROS and the induction of chromosomal abnormalities were more severe in roots grown in aeolian soil than in those grown in loessal soil. The present results provide insight into the mechanism underlying the phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity of SDFs and have implications for land reclamation to minimize deleterious effects on non-target crops.
Zhe Wang; Mingde Hao. Effects of Spent Drilling Fluids from Natural Gas Fields on Seed Germination and Root Development of Maize (Zea mays L.). Sustainability 2021, 13, 1510 .
AMA StyleZhe Wang, Mingde Hao. Effects of Spent Drilling Fluids from Natural Gas Fields on Seed Germination and Root Development of Maize (Zea mays L.). Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1510.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhe Wang; Mingde Hao. 2021. "Effects of Spent Drilling Fluids from Natural Gas Fields on Seed Germination and Root Development of Maize (Zea mays L.)." Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1510.
Water infiltration into the soil profile are related to the condition of the soil texture, soil bulk density, and water intensity, it is also affected by the physicochemical properties of the water. In this study, we tested the effect of two different chemical properties of water (groundwater for irrigation and naturally accumulated water) on water infiltration in seven different mixed soil consisting of different ratios of feldspathic sandstone and aeolian sandy soil (1:0, 5:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:5, 0:1) through laboratory soil column testing. Our results show that when the textures of the mixed soils are silty loam and sandy loam (ratios of feldspathic sandstone to aeolian sandy soil 1:0, 5:1, 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2), the infiltration time of the naturally accumulated water is significantly longer than the infiltration time of the groundwater for irrigation. When the mixed soil texture is loamy sand and sand (the ratio of feldspathic sandstone to sandy soil is 1:5 and 0:1), there was no significant difference in the infiltration time of the naturally accumulated water and of the groundwater for irrigation. Using water with the same chemical properties, the infiltration time in different ratios of mixed soil decreases from 1:0, 5:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:5, to 0:1. Using the same feldspathic sandstone to aeolian sandy soil ratio, the cumulative infiltration using naturally accumulated water is greater than that using groundwater for irrigation, and the difference in cumulative infiltration is greatest when the ratio of feldspathic sandstone to sandy soil is 2:1. The relationship between the cumulative infiltration and elapsed time is consistent with the Logarithmic model. The changes in wetting front migration distance are consistent with the changes in the cumulative infiltration. The infiltration characteristics of water in the mixed soil are affected by a combination of water chemical property and soil texture.
Ruiqing Zhang; Zenghui Sun; Gang Li; Huanyuan Wang; Jie Cheng; Mingde Hao. Influences of water chemical property on infiltration into mixed soil consisting of feldspathic sandstone and aeolian sandy soil. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -11.
AMA StyleRuiqing Zhang, Zenghui Sun, Gang Li, Huanyuan Wang, Jie Cheng, Mingde Hao. Influences of water chemical property on infiltration into mixed soil consisting of feldspathic sandstone and aeolian sandy soil. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuiqing Zhang; Zenghui Sun; Gang Li; Huanyuan Wang; Jie Cheng; Mingde Hao. 2020. "Influences of water chemical property on infiltration into mixed soil consisting of feldspathic sandstone and aeolian sandy soil." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-11.
Due to the high cropping index and substantial agricultural inputs in greenhouse cultivation systems (GCS) compared to traditional farming methods, the environmental problems caused by heavy metals in GCS are becoming increasingly serious. The concentration of the heavy metals As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in soil and food crops were analyzed and assessed in two study areas. There were greater accumulation of heavy metals in soils from Central Shaanxi (CS) than that from Northern Shaanxi (NS). However, heavy metal concentrations in leafy vegetables were higher in NS compared to CS, particularly Cr accumulation in leafy vegetables. Overall, leafy vegetables contained higher concentrations of heavy metals than fresh fruits and fruit vegetables from both areas. The heavy metal transfer factors (TF) for fresh fruits and fruit vegetables were as follows: Cu > Zn > Cd > Cr > As > Pb. However, in leafy vegetables, Cd had a higher TF value than the other metals tested. The target hazard quotient (THQ) values were less than 1 for fruits and vegetables, except for As in leafy vegetables from NS. The THQ values indicated that As contamination was the most serious concern, followed by Cu > Zn > Cd > Pb > Cr in both areas. The soil threshold value (STV) based on THQ showed that the level of As in leafy vegetables grown in alkaline soil was 10.85, which was inferior to the current standards. This study demonstrates the health risks associated with the heavy metal content of fruits and vegetables grown in GCS and suggests that necessary measures should be taken to reduce the accumulation of heavy metals in GCS crops in northwest China.
Zhikun Chen; Imran Muhammad; Yanxia Zhang; Wenyou Hu; Qiangqiang Lu; Weixi Wang; Biao Huang; Mingde Hao. Transfer of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables grown in greenhouse cultivation systems and their health risks in Northwest China. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 766, 142663 .
AMA StyleZhikun Chen, Imran Muhammad, Yanxia Zhang, Wenyou Hu, Qiangqiang Lu, Weixi Wang, Biao Huang, Mingde Hao. Transfer of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables grown in greenhouse cultivation systems and their health risks in Northwest China. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 766 ():142663.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhikun Chen; Imran Muhammad; Yanxia Zhang; Wenyou Hu; Qiangqiang Lu; Weixi Wang; Biao Huang; Mingde Hao. 2020. "Transfer of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables grown in greenhouse cultivation systems and their health risks in Northwest China." Science of The Total Environment 766, no. : 142663.
The authors would like to make the following corrections about the published paper [1]. The changes are as follows:
Pengfei Li; Xingchang Zhang; Mingde Hao; Yongxing Cui; Shilei Zhu. Erratum: Li, P.; Zhang, X.; et al. Effects of Vegetation Restoration on Soil Bacterial Communities, Enzyme Activities, and Nutrients of Reconstructed Soil in a Mining Area on the Loess Plateau, China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2295. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5171 .
AMA StylePengfei Li, Xingchang Zhang, Mingde Hao, Yongxing Cui, Shilei Zhu. Erratum: Li, P.; Zhang, X.; et al. Effects of Vegetation Restoration on Soil Bacterial Communities, Enzyme Activities, and Nutrients of Reconstructed Soil in a Mining Area on the Loess Plateau, China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2295. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (19):5171.
Chicago/Turabian StylePengfei Li; Xingchang Zhang; Mingde Hao; Yongxing Cui; Shilei Zhu. 2019. "Erratum: Li, P.; Zhang, X.; et al. Effects of Vegetation Restoration on Soil Bacterial Communities, Enzyme Activities, and Nutrients of Reconstructed Soil in a Mining Area on the Loess Plateau, China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2295." Sustainability 11, no. 19: 5171.
Soil microbes are the main driving forces and influencing factors of biochemical reactions in the environment. Study of ecological recovery after mining activities has prompted wider recognition of the importance of microbial diversity to ecosystem recovery; however, the response of soil bacterial communities to vegetation restoration types and soil biochemical properties remains poorly understood. The purpose of this research was to explore the soil bacterial communities and soil biochemical properties at four sampling sites (brushland (BL), forestland (FL), grassland (GL) and unreclaimed land (UL)) on the Loess Plateau, China, to evaluate the effect of vegetation restoration on the reconstructed soil in mining areas. In August 2017, samples were collected at the Heidaigou coal mine dumps. Illumina MiSeq sequencing was used to identify the structure of the soil bacterial community and evaluate its relationships with soil biochemical properties. The results showed that soil biochemical properties (soil organic matter, available phosphorus, urease, sucrase, microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen) were significantly increased in BL, FL and GL relative to UL, indicating that the soil quality was significantly improved by vegetation restoration. In addition, the results showed that the vegetation restoration on the reconstructed soil in the mining area could significantly improve the operational taxonomic units (OTUs), abundance (ACE and Chao1) and diversity (Shannon and Simpson) indices of bacterial community and the dominant phyla were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria. With vegetation restoration, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria showed an increasing trend, while that of Actinobacteria showed a decreasing trend, and the dominant phyla were only significantly correlated with a few biochemical properties. Moreover, there were no changes in soil bacterial community structures across the four sampling sites and the response of the bacterial community to biochemical properties was not obvious. This implies that, although the region has experienced about 20 years of vegetation restoration, the microbial community still maintains good stability and lagging response to soil biochemical properties. Since the BL soil had better biochemical properties and higher bacterial richness and diversity, it was recommended as the optimum vegetation restoration type for soil reclamation in this area.
Pengfei Li; Xingchang Zhang; Mingde Hao; Yongxing Cui; Shilei Zhu; Yanjiang Zhang. Effects of Vegetation Restoration on Soil Bacterial Communities, Enzyme Activities, and Nutrients of Reconstructed Soil in a Mining Area on the Loess Plateau, China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2295 .
AMA StylePengfei Li, Xingchang Zhang, Mingde Hao, Yongxing Cui, Shilei Zhu, Yanjiang Zhang. Effects of Vegetation Restoration on Soil Bacterial Communities, Enzyme Activities, and Nutrients of Reconstructed Soil in a Mining Area on the Loess Plateau, China. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (8):2295.
Chicago/Turabian StylePengfei Li; Xingchang Zhang; Mingde Hao; Yongxing Cui; Shilei Zhu; Yanjiang Zhang. 2019. "Effects of Vegetation Restoration on Soil Bacterial Communities, Enzyme Activities, and Nutrients of Reconstructed Soil in a Mining Area on the Loess Plateau, China." Sustainability 11, no. 8: 2295.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield is influenced by many independent factors including precipitation, fertilization, soil nutrients, and crop variety. Due to high correlations of these factors, it is difficult to analyze their relative importance on wheat yield. This study quantified the effects of independent factors on wheat yield and identified the most important control factors through a long-term experiment on the Loess Plateau, China. The experiment consisted of 17 treatments, including five different levels of N and P fertilizer. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to evaluate the factors on wheat yield in four variety groups- Qinmai4 (1985–1986), Changwu131 (1987–1996), Changwu134 (1997–2015), and 31-yr planting across the three varieties (1985–2015). Variable importance in projection (VIP) value revealed that N fertilizer had the greatest effect on wheat yield in all four groups (VIP = 1.266–2.313). The second most important factors were climate factors for Qinmai4 (VIP = 1.060), precipitation (February, annual, and fallow season) for Changwu131 (W1 = 0.335–0.351, VIP = 1.381–1.474), and soil nutrients (total nitrogen [TN], soil organic matter [SOM], and available potassium [AK]) for Changwu134 (W1 = –0.231–0.514, VIP = 1.084–2.317). When tested across varieties, TN and SOM were the second most important factors for 31-yr planting (W2 = 0.455 and 0.313; VIP = 1.908 and 1.370, respectively). These results indicate that PLSR can reveal the control factors on wheat yield in the study area and provide a reference tool for analyses in other crops or areas. Copyright © 2017. . Copyright © 2017 by the American Society of Agronomy, Inc.
Yutong Hu; Xiaorong Wei; Mingde Hao; Wei Fu; Jing Zhao; Zhe Wang. Partial Least Squares Regression for Determining Factors Controlling Winter Wheat Yield. Agronomy Journal 2018, 110, 281 -292.
AMA StyleYutong Hu, Xiaorong Wei, Mingde Hao, Wei Fu, Jing Zhao, Zhe Wang. Partial Least Squares Regression for Determining Factors Controlling Winter Wheat Yield. Agronomy Journal. 2018; 110 (1):281-292.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYutong Hu; Xiaorong Wei; Mingde Hao; Wei Fu; Jing Zhao; Zhe Wang. 2018. "Partial Least Squares Regression for Determining Factors Controlling Winter Wheat Yield." Agronomy Journal 110, no. 1: 281-292.
The contribution of photosynthesis to yield improvement is important to know to determine future breeding strategies. The objectives of this study were to determine the contribution of photosynthesis and water-use efficiency (WUE) to grain yield improvement of facultative wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars on the Loess Plateau of China released between 1937 and 2004. The grain yield has increased nearly sevenfold during this period. Surprisingly, these increases were not correlated with the rate of photosynthesis per unit of leaf area when the cultivars were planted and managed in the same environment. The increases were also not correlated with transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, or WUE, except at the jointing stage. The total increase in photosynthesis may be due to increases in photosynthetic area and photosynthesis duration. The grain yield was positively correlated with the number of grains per unit of area (r = 0.855, P<0.05), harvest index (HI) (r = 0.885, P<0.01), and thousand-grain mass (r = 0.879, P<0.01). The increase in grain yield was limited by the grain number and the grain size (sink-limited) and the yield improvement was attributed to an increase in HI over the last 70 years in a highland agricultural system in China.
Xiaojiang Chen; M. D. Hao. Low contribution of photosynthesis and water-use efficiency to improvement of grain yield in Chinese wheat. Photosynthetica 2015, 53, 519 -526.
AMA StyleXiaojiang Chen, M. D. Hao. Low contribution of photosynthesis and water-use efficiency to improvement of grain yield in Chinese wheat. Photosynthetica. 2015; 53 (4):519-526.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaojiang Chen; M. D. Hao. 2015. "Low contribution of photosynthesis and water-use efficiency to improvement of grain yield in Chinese wheat." Photosynthetica 53, no. 4: 519-526.
Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for plant growth, so proper application of P fertilizers to farmland is necessary. High levels of P fertilization often cause P accumulation in soil and thereby increase P loss to the environment. The effect of long-term P fertilization on soil inorganic P (Pi) fractions and available P (Pa) stocks were investigated in order to provide a reference for rational management of P fertilization. A 27-year experiment was initiated in September 1984 in Changwu County on the southern part of the Loess Plateau, northern China. The experiment included five treatments of P fertilization: 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg P ha−1. With zero P application, soil Pi fractions decreased and were even depleted over time. In fertilized plots, soil Pi content in available and unavailable fractions increased over time, regardless of the application rate. P fertilization increased the content and change rate of soil Pi fractions between three sampling times (1991, 2001, and 2011). Soil Pa stocks and plant P uptake increased with increasing application rate of 20–60 kg P ha−1, indicating increased input and output of P in the soil–plant system. Higher application rates (≥60 kg P ha−1) did not change soil Pa stocks or plant P uptake but increased the annual change rate of Pi fractions, maintaining a balance between the supply and demand of P. This study has implications for reducing P fertilization level and decreasing associated environmental risks in agricultural soil on the Loess Plateau.
Xiaoyan He; Mingde Hao; Xiaorong Wei. Soil inorganic P fractions in a long-term fertility experiment on the Loess Plateau of China. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science 2015, 65, 544 -553.
AMA StyleXiaoyan He, Mingde Hao, Xiaorong Wei. Soil inorganic P fractions in a long-term fertility experiment on the Loess Plateau of China. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science. 2015; 65 (6):544-553.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaoyan He; Mingde Hao; Xiaorong Wei. 2015. "Soil inorganic P fractions in a long-term fertility experiment on the Loess Plateau of China." Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science 65, no. 6: 544-553.
Yan Cai; Ming-De Hao; Li-Qiong Zhang; Yi-Fei Zang; Xiao-Yan He. Effect of Cropping Systems on Microbial Diversity in Black Loessial Soil Tested by 454 Sequencing Technology. Acta Agronomica Sinica 2015, 41, 1 .
AMA StyleYan Cai, Ming-De Hao, Li-Qiong Zhang, Yi-Fei Zang, Xiao-Yan He. Effect of Cropping Systems on Microbial Diversity in Black Loessial Soil Tested by 454 Sequencing Technology. Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2015; 41 (2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan Cai; Ming-De Hao; Li-Qiong Zhang; Yi-Fei Zang; Xiao-Yan He. 2015. "Effect of Cropping Systems on Microbial Diversity in Black Loessial Soil Tested by 454 Sequencing Technology." Acta Agronomica Sinica 41, no. 2: 1.
Nitrate leaching is an important factor affecting N fertilizer consumption in the agroecosystem of the Loess Plateau of China. Therefore, the movement and residual amounts of nitrate within the soil profile under different fertilizer application rates were studied to determine the most appropriate rates of fertilizer application. Soil samples were collected from a long-term experimental site to determine the concentration of nitrate in mid-September 1999 and 2007. The results showed that -N had moved more than 100 cm down the soil profile from 1999 to 2007, and two peaks of -N were present at different depths after 23 years of high rates of N application. -N had leached to depths exceeding 300 cm in plots where > 90 kg ha−1 N had been applied alone. At the fertilization rate of 180 kg N ha−1, up to 1500 kg ha−1 residual -N was detected, equivalent to 34.8% of the total input of N fertilizer during the experiment. The total amount of residual nitrate increased with increases in the N application rate, but decreased with increases in P2O5 application when the N application was up to 90 kg ha−1 or more. The results indicate that fertilization using a 1:1 mixture of N:P2O5 at 90 kg ha−1 p.a. could prevent -N from leaching in soil used to grow continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops in the rain-fed agricultural areas of China, while providing optimum yields.
Xiaohui Xue; Mingde Hao. Nitrate leaching on loess soils in north-west China: Appropriate fertilizer rates for winter wheat. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science 2011, 61, 253 -263.
AMA StyleXiaohui Xue, Mingde Hao. Nitrate leaching on loess soils in north-west China: Appropriate fertilizer rates for winter wheat. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science. 2011; 61 (3):253-263.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaohui Xue; Mingde Hao. 2011. "Nitrate leaching on loess soils in north-west China: Appropriate fertilizer rates for winter wheat." Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science 61, no. 3: 253-263.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas. N2O emissions from soils vary with fertilization and cropping practices. The response of N2O emission to fertilization of agricultural soils plays an important role in global N2O emission. The objective of this study was to assess the seasonal pattern of N2O fluxes and the annual N2O emissions from a rain-fed winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) field in the Loess Plateau of China. A static flux chamber method was used to measure soil N2O fluxes from 2006 to 2008. The study included 5 treatments with 3 replications in a randomized complete block design. Prior to initiating N2O measurements the treatments had received the same fertilization for 22 years. The fertilizer treatments were unfertilized control (CK), manure (M), nitrogen (N), nitrogen + phosphorus (NP), and nitrogen + phosphorus + manure (NPM). Soil N2O fluxes in the highland winter wheat field were highly variable temporally and thus were fertilization dependent. The highest fluxes occurred in the warmer and wetter seasons. Relative to CK, m slightly increased N2O flux while N, NP and NPM treatments significantly increased N2O fluxes. The fertilizer induced increase in N2O flux occurred mainly in the first 30 days after fertilization. The increases were smaller in the relatively warm and dry year than in the cold and wet year. Combining phosphorous and/or manure with mineral N fertilizer partly offset the nitrogen fertilizer induced increase in N2O flux. N2O fluxes at the seedling stage were mainly controlled by nitrogen fertilization, while fluxes at other plant growth stages were influenced by plant and environmental conditions. The cumulative N2O emissions were always higher in the fertilized treatments than in the non-fertilized treatment (CK). Mineral and manure nitrogen fertilizer enhanced N2O emissions in wetter years compared to dryer years. Phosphorous fertilizer offset 0.50 and 1.26 kg N2O-N ha−1 increases, while manure + phosphorous offset 0.43 and 1.04 kg N2O-N ha−1 increases by N fertilizer for the two observation years. Our results suggested that the contribution of single N fertilizer on N2O emission was larger than that of NP and NPM and that manure and phosphorous had important roles in offsetting mineral N fertilizer induced N2O emissions. Relative to agricultural production and N2O emission, manure fertilization (M) should be recommended while single N fertilization (N) should be avoided for the highland winter wheat due to the higher biomass and grain yield and lower N2O flux and annual emission in m than in N.
X. R. Wei; M. D. Hao; X. H. Xue; P. Shi; R. Horton; A. Wang; Y. F. Zang. Nitrous oxide emission from highland winter wheat field after long-term fertilization. Biogeosciences 2010, 7, 3301 -3310.
AMA StyleX. R. Wei, M. D. Hao, X. H. Xue, P. Shi, R. Horton, A. Wang, Y. F. Zang. Nitrous oxide emission from highland winter wheat field after long-term fertilization. Biogeosciences. 2010; 7 (10):3301-3310.
Chicago/Turabian StyleX. R. Wei; M. D. Hao; X. H. Xue; P. Shi; R. Horton; A. Wang; Y. F. Zang. 2010. "Nitrous oxide emission from highland winter wheat field after long-term fertilization." Biogeosciences 7, no. 10: 3301-3310.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas. N2O emissions from soils vary with fertilization and cropping practices. The response of N2O emission to fertilization of agricultural soils plays an important role in global N2O emission. The objective of this study was to assess the seasonal pattern of N2O fluxes and the annual N2O emissions from a rain-fed winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) field in the Loess Plateau of China. A static flux chamber method was used to measure soil N2O fluxes from 2006 to 2008. The study included 5 treatments with 3 replications in a randomized complete block design. Prior to initiating N2O measurements the treatments had received the same fertilization for 22 years. The fertilizer treatments were unfertilized control (CK), manure (M), nitrogen (N), nitrogen + phosphorus (NP), and nitrogen + phosphorus + manure (NPM). Soil N2O fluxes in the highland winter wheat field were highly variable temporally and thus were fertilization dependent. The highest fluxes occurred in the warmer and wetter seasons. Relative to CK, M slightly increased N2O flux while N, NP and NPM treatments significantly increased N2O fluxes. The fertilizer induced increase in N2O flux occurred mainly in the first 30 days after fertilization. The increases were smaller in the relatively warm and dry year than in the cold and wet year. Combining phosphorous and/or manure with mineral N fertilizer partly offset the nitrogen fertilizer induced increase in N2O flux. N2O fluxes at the seedling stage were mainly controlled by nitrogen fertilization, while fluxes at other plant growth stages were influenced by plant and environmental conditions. The cumulative N2O emissions were always higher in the fertilized treatments than in the non-fertilized treatment (CK). Mineral and manure nitrogen fertilizer enhanced N2O emissions in wetter years compared to dryer years. Phosphorous fertilizer offset 0.78 and 1.98 kg N2O ha−1 increases, while manure + phosphorous offset 0.67 and 1.64 kg N2O ha−1 increases by N fertilizer for the two observation years. Our results suggested that the contribution of single N fertilizer on N2O emission was larger than that of NP and NPM and that manure and phosphorous had important roles in offsetting mineral N fertilizer induced N2O emissions. Relative to agricultural production and N2O emission, manure fertilization (M) should be recommended while single N fertilization (N) should be avoided for the highland winter wheat due to the higher biomass and grain yield and less N2O flux and annual emission in M than in N.
X. R. Wei; M. D. Hao; X. H. Xue; P. Shi; A. Wang; Y. F. Zang; R. Horton. Nitrous oxide emission from highland winter wheat field after long-term fertilization. Biogeosciences Discussions 2010, 7, 3301 -3310.
AMA StyleX. R. Wei, M. D. Hao, X. H. Xue, P. Shi, A. Wang, Y. F. Zang, R. Horton. Nitrous oxide emission from highland winter wheat field after long-term fertilization. Biogeosciences Discussions. 2010; 7 (10):3301-3310.
Chicago/Turabian StyleX. R. Wei; M. D. Hao; X. H. Xue; P. Shi; A. Wang; Y. F. Zang; R. Horton. 2010. "Nitrous oxide emission from highland winter wheat field after long-term fertilization." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 10: 3301-3310.