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Michael Dunford
Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

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Research article
Published: 04 February 2021 in Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space
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As societal interaction and combination play a vital role in shaping spatio-temporal development paths, meta-theories of uneven development should give way to a relational meta-theory of uneven and combined development (U&CD). U&CD examines at multiple levels of abstraction not just internal causal mechanisms governing the trajectories of individual societies but also causal mechanisms deriving from societal interaction in a world of multiple unevenly developed societies and multiple development pathways. As a consequence it helps explain geographical differentiation and the multiplicity, hybridity and multilinearity of processes of development. As U&CD examines the roles of ideal and efficient causes and causal laws, it also entails revitalized social science and political economy approaches in geography and urban and regional development studies. To demonstrate the indispensability of analyses of the role of societal interaction and the explanatory significance of the theory of U&CD, a series of longue-durée vignettes explore their role in explanations of the spatio-temporality of the decline and subsequent return of China in a changing and interdependent world.

ACS Style

Michael Dunford; Boyang Gao; Weidong Liu. Geography and the theory of uneven and combined development: Theorizing uniqueness and the return of China. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 2021, 53, 890 -916.

AMA Style

Michael Dunford, Boyang Gao, Weidong Liu. Geography and the theory of uneven and combined development: Theorizing uniqueness and the return of China. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space. 2021; 53 (5):890-916.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Dunford; Boyang Gao; Weidong Liu. 2021. "Geography and the theory of uneven and combined development: Theorizing uniqueness and the return of China." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 53, no. 5: 890-916.

Article
Published: 01 October 2020 in Journal of Geographical Sciences
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Especially since 2012 Chinese companies have acquired stakes as investors and constructors of overseas ports in both high-income and emerging economies. These initiatives play an important role in the construction of a Maritime Silk Road and China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Although a result of many factors, of which Chinese port investments are only one, macro-geographical gravity methods show that distance impedance and increases in the export market potential, export supply capacity and access to imports of these countries drove increases in income per capita. Export supply capacity rose particularly in Southeast Asia and more recently in Sub-Saharan Africa. In difficult times for the world economy, countries in which China invested in overseas port infrastructure saw increases in national export market potential and income per capita, due to reduction in the impedance of distance, while in the case of developing economies export market supply capacity and access to imported capital equipment and intermediate goods improved.

ACS Style

Michael Dunford; Zhigao Liu; Jiashun Xue. Chinese overseas ports: Market potential, supply capacity and access to imports. Journal of Geographical Sciences 2020, 30, 1681 -1701.

AMA Style

Michael Dunford, Zhigao Liu, Jiashun Xue. Chinese overseas ports: Market potential, supply capacity and access to imports. Journal of Geographical Sciences. 2020; 30 (10):1681-1701.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Dunford; Zhigao Liu; Jiashun Xue. 2020. "Chinese overseas ports: Market potential, supply capacity and access to imports." Journal of Geographical Sciences 30, no. 10: 1681-1701.

Journal article
Published: 06 August 2020 in Research in Globalization
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The rise of China was closely associated with the strategic opportunity offered by a wave of globalization dating from the 1970s. As China grew, western growth was not restored. Soon after the arrival of the unipolar moment with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the world confronted a succession of crises that western countries struggled to handle and will lead to a shift in the centre of economic gravity to Asia and a multipolar world. In this world in which China's continuing rise was already perceived as a strategic challenge, the COVID-19 pandemic saw further examples of liberal capitalist governance failure. Notwithstanding attempts to preserve western hegemony and a western liberal world order, the COVID-19 pandemic will accelerate and intensify the trends towards a global reset, the arrival of a multipolar world and new global development paths.

ACS Style

Michael Dunford; Bing Qi. Global reset: COVID-19, systemic rivalry and the global order. Research in Globalization 2020, 2, 100021 -100021.

AMA Style

Michael Dunford, Bing Qi. Global reset: COVID-19, systemic rivalry and the global order. Research in Globalization. 2020; 2 ():100021-100021.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Dunford; Bing Qi. 2020. "Global reset: COVID-19, systemic rivalry and the global order." Research in Globalization 2, no. : 100021-100021.

Articles
Published: 23 January 2020 in Eurasian Geography and Economics
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A comparison of Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and Chinese models of development cooperation and finance is indicative of whether or not the principles underling the Belt and Road Initiative differ significantly from those of the western-dominated liberal order. In spite of superficial similarities, the Chinese model rests on a different conception of international relationships: western models derive from an experience of colonialism and are evident in interventionist models (of coordination, harmonization, monitoring and evaluation and accountability requirements) designed to expand private ownership and western governance models. The Chinese model, while reflecting China’s interests, derives from China’s distinctive historical experience of engagement with its peripheries as one of “chao gong” (朝贡 tribute to an Emperor), China’s own experiences of colonialism and socialist development, Confucian values of self-reliance, mutual benefit (win-win) and noninterference and a concept of common values (共性gòng xìng).

ACS Style

Michael Dunford. Chinese and Development Assistance Committee (DAC) development cooperation and development finance: implications for the BRI and international governance. Eurasian Geography and Economics 2020, 61, 125 -136.

AMA Style

Michael Dunford. Chinese and Development Assistance Committee (DAC) development cooperation and development finance: implications for the BRI and international governance. Eurasian Geography and Economics. 2020; 61 (2):125-136.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Dunford. 2020. "Chinese and Development Assistance Committee (DAC) development cooperation and development finance: implications for the BRI and international governance." Eurasian Geography and Economics 61, no. 2: 125-136.

Journal article
Published: 13 March 2019 in Sustainability
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Cycling is known to be environmentally friendly and beneficial to public health and sustainable urban development. Cycling has recently increased in Chinese cities as a result of the emergence of station-less bike-sharing systems. This study examines the emergence, rapid growth and consolidation of station-less bike-sharing systems and the role of suppliers, users and government regulators. It shows that these systems developed unevenly, growing most in large cities in eastern and south-eastern China, and explores the relationship between this spatial distribution and the nature of the service and the socio-economic characteristics of cities. To investigate patterns of, and reasons for, the use of these systems, this research also reports the results of a survey of users and non-users, identifying their gender, age, income characteristics and attitudes to station-less systems.

ACS Style

Jiaoe Wang; Jie Huang; Michael Dunford. Rethinking the Utility of Public Bicycles: The Development and Challenges of Station-Less Bike Sharing in China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1539 .

AMA Style

Jiaoe Wang, Jie Huang, Michael Dunford. Rethinking the Utility of Public Bicycles: The Development and Challenges of Station-Less Bike Sharing in China. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (6):1539.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiaoe Wang; Jie Huang; Michael Dunford. 2019. "Rethinking the Utility of Public Bicycles: The Development and Challenges of Station-Less Bike Sharing in China." Sustainability 11, no. 6: 1539.

Articles
Published: 10 December 2018 in Area Development and Policy
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The ability of a local development-oriented state to make their localities nodes in global production networks (GPNs) depends on the policy instruments available to it and the capacity of various actors to exploit this policy envelope fully and effectively. The post-2008 relocation and expansion in Chongqing of a coastal Chinese notebook computer manufacturing cluster is a compelling example of an activist state relocating and expanding parts of a GPN, and exporting globally from an inland location. Functional roles and governance capacity are examined through a study of the ways in which the Chongqing Municipal Government drew on government–industry relations, economic infrastructure, and social overhead capital provision, labour market organization and preferential policies, including measures to support chain logistics in and after industrial transfer, to couple its ambitions of lead companies, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and local enterprises with its own strategic goals.

ACS Style

Boyang Gao; Michael Dunford; Glen Norcliffe; Weidong Liu. Governance capacity, state policy and the rise of the Chongqing notebook computer cluster. Area Development and Policy 2018, 4, 321 -345.

AMA Style

Boyang Gao, Michael Dunford, Glen Norcliffe, Weidong Liu. Governance capacity, state policy and the rise of the Chongqing notebook computer cluster. Area Development and Policy. 2018; 4 (3):321-345.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Boyang Gao; Michael Dunford; Glen Norcliffe; Weidong Liu. 2018. "Governance capacity, state policy and the rise of the Chongqing notebook computer cluster." Area Development and Policy 4, no. 3: 321-345.

Commentaries
Published: 23 November 2018 in Area Development and Policy
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This Commentary on Eric Sheppard’s ‘Globalizing capitalism’s ragged fringes: Thinking through Jakarta’ elaborates on the concept of fringes, defining them in geographical (the West and the rest) terms and as regards social relations. To explain the differentiation of territorial development pathways, it considers the roles of the variable character of places and interactivity and suggests that Leon Trotsky’s theory of uneven and combined development offers an alternative path for positional conjunctural analysis. It concludes with a consideration of Sheppard’s view that the fringes are places for envisioning alternatives and putting them into effect.

ACS Style

Michael Dunford. Capitalism’s ragged fringes. Area Development and Policy 2018, 4, 32 -38.

AMA Style

Michael Dunford. Capitalism’s ragged fringes. Area Development and Policy. 2018; 4 (1):32-38.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Dunford. 2018. "Capitalism’s ragged fringes." Area Development and Policy 4, no. 1: 32-38.

Book chapter
Published: 18 October 2018 in Transitions in Regional Economic Development
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ACS Style

Michael Dunford; Weidong Liu. Uneven and combined development. Transitions in Regional Economic Development 2018, 123 -150.

AMA Style

Michael Dunford, Weidong Liu. Uneven and combined development. Transitions in Regional Economic Development. 2018; ():123-150.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Dunford; Weidong Liu. 2018. "Uneven and combined development." Transitions in Regional Economic Development , no. : 123-150.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2018 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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ACS Style

Y.L. Li; Bin Chen; M.Y. Han; Michael Dunford; Weidong Liu; Zhi Li. Tracking carbon transfers embodied in Chinese municipalities' domestic and foreign trade. Journal of Cleaner Production 2018, 192, 950 -960.

AMA Style

Y.L. Li, Bin Chen, M.Y. Han, Michael Dunford, Weidong Liu, Zhi Li. Tracking carbon transfers embodied in Chinese municipalities' domestic and foreign trade. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018; 192 ():950-960.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Y.L. Li; Bin Chen; M.Y. Han; Michael Dunford; Weidong Liu; Zhi Li. 2018. "Tracking carbon transfers embodied in Chinese municipalities' domestic and foreign trade." Journal of Cleaner Production 192, no. : 950-960.

Article
Published: 27 July 2018 in Journal of Geographical Sciences
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An international consensus is emerging around the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) proposed by the Chinese government, with a growing number of countries seeing it as a way of jointly exploring new international economic governance mechanisms. Meanwhile, with the crisis of neo-liberalism, economic globalization has arrived at a crossroad. In particular, incessant voices speak out against globalization, making the quest for a new way of promoting global development a major challenge. In this context, more and more political elites and scholars consider that the BRI opens up a possible new globalization path, amongst which inclusive globalization warrants exploration. On the basis of a brief analysis of the course and mechanism of global economic expansion and the limitations of neo-liberal globalization, along with the putting into practice of the BRI, this paper outlines some of the core features of inclusive globalization, i.e., inclusive growth with effective and efficient government regulation; inclusive infrastructure development; inclusive development paths chosen nationally that suit national conditions; inclusive participation; and cultural inclusiveness. Although these features are not sufficient to characterize fully inclusive globalization, they do identify some directions for future research, and provide elements of a discursive construction of the BRI.

ACS Style

Weidong Liu; Michael Dunford; Boyang Gao. A discursive construction of the Belt and Road Initiative: From neo-liberal to inclusive globalization. Journal of Geographical Sciences 2018, 28, 1199 -1214.

AMA Style

Weidong Liu, Michael Dunford, Boyang Gao. A discursive construction of the Belt and Road Initiative: From neo-liberal to inclusive globalization. Journal of Geographical Sciences. 2018; 28 (9):1199-1214.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weidong Liu; Michael Dunford; Boyang Gao. 2018. "A discursive construction of the Belt and Road Initiative: From neo-liberal to inclusive globalization." Journal of Geographical Sciences 28, no. 9: 1199-1214.

Article
Published: 27 July 2018 in Journal of Geographical Sciences
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In the past few decades, economic globalization has driven rapid growth of cross-border trade and a new international division of labor, leading to increasing inter- country embodied carbon flows. Multi-region input-output (MRIO) analysis is used to identify embodied carbon flows between major world regions, including seven regions along the Belt and Road (BR), and the spatial distribution of production- and consumption-based carbon intensities. The results show that current embodied carbon flows are virtually all from BR regions to developed countries, with more than 95% of world net embodied carbon exports coming from BR regions. Consumption in the United States and European Union countries induce about 30% of the carbon emissions in most BR regions, indicating that the former bear a high proportion of consumers’ responsibility for the carbon emitted in the latter. For this reason, measuring environmental responsibilities from consumption rather than a production- based perspective is more equitable, while developing countries should be given a louder voice in the construction through dialogue and cooperation, in part in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative, of an inclusive global climate governance system.

ACS Style

Mengyao Han; Qiuhui Yao; Weidong Liu; Michael Dunford. Tracking embodied carbon flows in the Belt and Road regions. Journal of Geographical Sciences 2018, 28, 1263 -1274.

AMA Style

Mengyao Han, Qiuhui Yao, Weidong Liu, Michael Dunford. Tracking embodied carbon flows in the Belt and Road regions. Journal of Geographical Sciences. 2018; 28 (9):1263-1274.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mengyao Han; Qiuhui Yao; Weidong Liu; Michael Dunford. 2018. "Tracking embodied carbon flows in the Belt and Road regions." Journal of Geographical Sciences 28, no. 9: 1263-1274.

Book chapter
Published: 24 July 2018 in Handbook on the Geographies of Regions and Territories
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In this chapter Chinese regionalism is examined from two perspectives. First, accounts of China’s system of national and territorial governance, of China’s territorial development and of the position of minorities, questions of autonomy and regional conflict explore sub-national economic, political and cultural variation, the normative interests of sub-national entities and the dialectic of centralization and decentralization within China. Second, China’s role in Eurasian regionalism is examined as China seeks to establish shared interests, to foster closer economic and political co-operation with its neighbours and to promote a new model of ‘inclusive globalization’.

ACS Style

Michael Dunford; Weidong Liu. Chinese regionalism. Handbook on the Geographies of Regions and Territories 2018, 407 -427.

AMA Style

Michael Dunford, Weidong Liu. Chinese regionalism. Handbook on the Geographies of Regions and Territories. 2018; ():407-427.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Dunford; Weidong Liu. 2018. "Chinese regionalism." Handbook on the Geographies of Regions and Territories , no. : 407-427.

Journal article
Published: 08 December 2017 in Progress in Geography
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卫东 刘; Liu Weidong; Michael Dunford; Gao Boyang. “一带一路”倡议的理论建构——从新自由主义全球化到包容性全球化. Progress in Geography 2017, 36, 1321 -1331.

AMA Style

卫东 刘, Liu Weidong, Michael Dunford, Gao Boyang. “一带一路”倡议的理论建构——从新自由主义全球化到包容性全球化. Progress in Geography. 2017; 36 (11):1321-1331.

Chicago/Turabian Style

卫东 刘; Liu Weidong; Michael Dunford; Gao Boyang. 2017. "“一带一路”倡议的理论建构——从新自由主义全球化到包容性全球化." Progress in Geography 36, no. 11: 1321-1331.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Mengyao Han; Michael Dunford; Guoqian Chen; Weidong Liu; Yilin Li; Siyuan Liu. Global water transfers embodied in Mainland China’s foreign trade: Production- and consumption-based perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production 2017, 161, 188 -199.

AMA Style

Mengyao Han, Michael Dunford, Guoqian Chen, Weidong Liu, Yilin Li, Siyuan Liu. Global water transfers embodied in Mainland China’s foreign trade: Production- and consumption-based perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2017; 161 ():188-199.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mengyao Han; Michael Dunford; Guoqian Chen; Weidong Liu; Yilin Li; Siyuan Liu. 2017. "Global water transfers embodied in Mainland China’s foreign trade: Production- and consumption-based perspectives." Journal of Cleaner Production 161, no. : 188-199.

Articles
Published: 31 July 2017 in Regional Studies
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Analysis of the latest census data for 2000 and 2010 shows that 88 out of 336 Chinese municipalities suffered combinations of total, urban and hukou population loss. A general ordered logit model examines the ways manufacturing decline, services growth and demographic vitality interact in a specifically Chinese context of population control, contributing empirically and theoretically to studies of city shrinkage. Chinese experience shows that while some cities act as growth engines in emerging economies, others may shrink, and this process may happen before the completion of a rural–urban transition. These findings call for a modification of China’s growth-oriented urban policy.

ACS Style

Zhenshan Yang; Michael Dunford. City shrinkage in China: scalar processes of urban and hukou population losses. Regional Studies 2017, 52, 1111 -1121.

AMA Style

Zhenshan Yang, Michael Dunford. City shrinkage in China: scalar processes of urban and hukou population losses. Regional Studies. 2017; 52 (8):1111-1121.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhenshan Yang; Michael Dunford. 2017. "City shrinkage in China: scalar processes of urban and hukou population losses." Regional Studies 52, no. 8: 1111-1121.

Journal article
Published: 04 July 2017 in Area Development and Policy
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Irina Gerasimova; Michael Dunford. Russian regional evolutions: comparative gross regional product dynamics of the subjects of the Russian Federation, 1995–2013. Area Development and Policy 2017, 2, 332 -359.

AMA Style

Irina Gerasimova, Michael Dunford. Russian regional evolutions: comparative gross regional product dynamics of the subjects of the Russian Federation, 1995–2013. Area Development and Policy. 2017; 2 (3):332-359.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Irina Gerasimova; Michael Dunford. 2017. "Russian regional evolutions: comparative gross regional product dynamics of the subjects of the Russian Federation, 1995–2013." Area Development and Policy 2, no. 3: 332-359.

Articles
Published: 04 March 2017 in Eurasian Geography and Economics
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In 2008 a new notebook manufacturing cluster was established in Chongqing in western China. By 2013 it accounted for some 25% of world output by volume. Chongqing’s ability to attract this manufacturing supply chain was driven by several factors that permitted strategic coupling: the existence of complex networks of cooperation and economies external to the firm but internal to contemporary global production networks; changed conditions in southeast and east China; and the creation by Chongqing Municipal People’s Government with central state support of hard and soft infrastructures and externalities that drove down logistic and production costs and permitted constant product innovation.

ACS Style

Boyang Gao; Michael Dunford; Glen Norcliffe; Zhigao Liu. Capturing gains by relocating global production networks: the rise of Chongqing’s notebook computer industry, 2008–2014. Eurasian Geography and Economics 2017, 58, 231 -257.

AMA Style

Boyang Gao, Michael Dunford, Glen Norcliffe, Zhigao Liu. Capturing gains by relocating global production networks: the rise of Chongqing’s notebook computer industry, 2008–2014. Eurasian Geography and Economics. 2017; 58 (2):231-257.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Boyang Gao; Michael Dunford; Glen Norcliffe; Zhigao Liu. 2017. "Capturing gains by relocating global production networks: the rise of Chongqing’s notebook computer industry, 2008–2014." Eurasian Geography and Economics 58, no. 2: 231-257.

50th anniversary book review collection
Published: 25 February 2017 in Regional Studies
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Michael Dunford. Spatial divisions of labour: Social structures and the geography of production. Regional Studies 2017, 51, 973 -976.

AMA Style

Michael Dunford. Spatial divisions of labour: Social structures and the geography of production. Regional Studies. 2017; 51 (6):973-976.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Dunford. 2017. "Spatial divisions of labour: Social structures and the geography of production." Regional Studies 51, no. 6: 973-976.

Original articles
Published: 21 December 2016 in Regional Studies
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Uneven and combined development. Regional Studies. The concept of uneven and combined development (U&CD) interprets dynamic historical change and comparative geographical differentiation in terms of the co-existence of tendencies towards differentiation and equalization of the conditions of production, consumption, distribution and exchange, deriving from capital accumulation and political multiplicity. U&CD entails a conception of the global system as a constellation of interdependent, national institutional configurations and interests that shape international/national/regional trends. To explain geographies of industrialization and urbanization and current trends towards a pluri-centric world, U&CD requires, however, a specification of the underlying causal mechanisms, examined in economic geography, international relations and developmental state theories.

ACS Style

Michael Dunford; Weidong Liu. Uneven and combined development. Regional Studies 2016, 51, 69 -85.

AMA Style

Michael Dunford, Weidong Liu. Uneven and combined development. Regional Studies. 2016; 51 (1):69-85.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Dunford; Weidong Liu. 2016. "Uneven and combined development." Regional Studies 51, no. 1: 69-85.

Original articles
Published: 28 September 2016 in Area Development and Policy
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China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a call for an open and inclusive (mutually beneficial) model of cooperative economic, political and cultural exchange (globalization) that draws on the deep-seated meanings of the ancient Silk Roads. While it reflects China’s rise as a global power, and its industrial redeployment, increased outward investment and need to diversify energy sources and routes, the BRI involves the establishment of a framework for open cooperation and new multilateral financial instruments designed to lay the infrastructural and industrial foundations to secure and solidify China’s relations with countries along the Silk Roads and to extend the march of modernization and poverty reduction to emerging countries.

ACS Style

Weidong Liu; Michael Dunford. Inclusive globalization: unpacking China's Belt and Road Initiative. Area Development and Policy 2016, 1, 323 -340.

AMA Style

Weidong Liu, Michael Dunford. Inclusive globalization: unpacking China's Belt and Road Initiative. Area Development and Policy. 2016; 1 (3):323-340.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weidong Liu; Michael Dunford. 2016. "Inclusive globalization: unpacking China's Belt and Road Initiative." Area Development and Policy 1, no. 3: 323-340.