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Dr. Johanna Lindahl
Uppsala University Sweden

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0 Epidemiology
0 Food Safety
0 Risk Assessment
0 Virology
0 vector-borne diseases

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Journal article
Published: 15 July 2021 in Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
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Brucellosis is an important zoonosis occurring globally. In addition to the risk for disease in humans, the disease causes production losses, since the disease in livestock is characterized by abortion and other reproductive failures. The disease is a public health concern in China, but no information is available on knowledge, perception and awareness of potential risk groups such as farmers, butchers and animal health workers; yet successful control requires compliance of those affected groups to be effective. Following the principles of the Ecohealth approach, emphasis was given to participation of all relevant stakeholders, use of qualitative and quantitative tools, and cross-sectorial collaboration. Data collection included on-farm questionnaires (N = 192) and collection of bulk milk samples of goat (N = 40), cattle (N = 45) and buffalo (N = 41) from farms, as well as serum samples (N = 228) from humans. Milk samples were tested with an ELISA for presence of antibodies, while a serum agglutination test was used for human samples. Qualitative work included 17 focus group discussion (FGD) with villagers and 47 in-depth interviews (IDI) with village animal health workers, doctors, and butchers, focused on knowledge, perception and awareness on zoonoses including brucellosis. Results from questionnaires indicate that abortions are a common problem; cattle with abortion history are kept for further insemination and the milk still consumed or sold. Antibodies against Brucella were detected in cows’ (5/45) and goats’ (1/40) milk samples, and in human samples (5/126) in Yiliang, while in Mangshi, all buffalo (N = 41) and humans (N = 102) were negative. FGD and IDI results showed an alarmingly low knowledge and awareness on zoonoses; particularly, low awareness about brucellosis was noted, even among the professional groups. Collaboration between village animal health workers and doctors was uncommon. No confirmed brucellosis cases were found in retrospective investigation of hospital and veterinary stations. This study demonstrates the presence of brucellosis in livestock and humans in Yunnan, indicating a non-negligible risk for humans. It is also made apparent that there is a need for increased awareness among both farmers and professionals in order to reduce the risk of zoonotic transmissions.

ACS Style

Wengui Li; Xiangdong Yang; Johanna Lindahl; Guorong Yang; Jeffrey Gilbert; Fred Unger. Participatory and Transdisciplinary Studies of Brucella Infection in Humans and Animals in Yunnan Province, China—Lessons Learned. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 2021, 6, 134 .

AMA Style

Wengui Li, Xiangdong Yang, Johanna Lindahl, Guorong Yang, Jeffrey Gilbert, Fred Unger. Participatory and Transdisciplinary Studies of Brucella Infection in Humans and Animals in Yunnan Province, China—Lessons Learned. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2021; 6 (3):134.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wengui Li; Xiangdong Yang; Johanna Lindahl; Guorong Yang; Jeffrey Gilbert; Fred Unger. 2021. "Participatory and Transdisciplinary Studies of Brucella Infection in Humans and Animals in Yunnan Province, China—Lessons Learned." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 3: 134.

Original paper
Published: 25 June 2021 in The Journal of Clinical Hypertension
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Comorbidities are important for the disease outcome of COVID-19, however, which underlying diseases that contribute the most to aggravate the conditions of COVID-19 patients are still unclear. Viral clearance is the most important laboratory test for defining the recovery of COVID-19 infections. To better understand which underlying diseases that are risk factors for delaying the viral clearance, we retrospectively analyzed 161 COVID-19 clinical cases in the Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China between January 5 and March 13, 2020. The demographic, clinical and laboratory data, as well as patient treatment records were collected. Univariable and multivariable analysis were performed to explore the association between delayed viral clearance and other factors by using logistic regression. Survival analyses by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression modeling were employed to identify factors negatively influencing the viral clearance negatively. We found that hypertension and intravenous immunoglobulin adversely affected the time of viral RNA shedding. Hypertension was the most important risk factor to delay the SARS-CoV-2 virus clearance, however, the use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors(ACEI)/Angiotensin Receptor Blockers(ARB) did not shorten the time for virus clearance in these hypertensive patients’ virus clearance. We conclude that patients having hypertension and intravenous immunoglobulin may delay the viral clearance in COVID-19 patients.

ACS Style

Xiaoping Chen; Wenjia Hu Mt; Miao Yang; Jiaxin Ling; Yongxi Zhang; Liping Deng; Jinlin Li; Åke Lundkvist; Johanna F Lindahl; Yong Xiong. Risk factors for the delayed viral clearance in COVID‐19 patients. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Xiaoping Chen, Wenjia Hu Mt, Miao Yang, Jiaxin Ling, Yongxi Zhang, Liping Deng, Jinlin Li, Åke Lundkvist, Johanna F Lindahl, Yong Xiong. Risk factors for the delayed viral clearance in COVID‐19 patients. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaoping Chen; Wenjia Hu Mt; Miao Yang; Jiaxin Ling; Yongxi Zhang; Liping Deng; Jinlin Li; Åke Lundkvist; Johanna F Lindahl; Yong Xiong. 2021. "Risk factors for the delayed viral clearance in COVID‐19 patients." The Journal of Clinical Hypertension , no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 21 June 2021 in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
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Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the major cause of viral encephalitis (VE) in most Asian-Pacific countries. In Vietnam, there is no nationwide surveillance system for JE due to lack of medical facilities and diagnoses. Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex vishnui, and Culex quinquefasciatus have been identified as the major JE vectors in Vietnam. The main objective of this study was to forecast a risk map of Culex mosquitoes in Hanoi, which is one of the most densely populated cities in Vietnam. A total of 10,775 female adult Culex mosquitoes were collected from 513 trapping locations. We collected temperature and precipitation information during the study period and its preceding month. In addition, the other predictor variables (e.g., normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI], land use/land cover and human population density), were collected for our analysis. The final model selected for estimating the Culex mosquito abundance included centered rainfall, quadratic term rainfall, rice cover ratio, forest cover ratio, and human population density variables. The estimated spatial distribution of Culex mosquito abundance ranged from 0 to more than 200 mosquitoes per 900m2. Our model estimated that 87% of the Hanoi area had an abundance of mosquitoes from 0 to 50, whereas approximately 1.2% of the area showed more than 150 mosquitoes, which was mostly in the rural/peri-urban districts. Our findings provide better insight into understanding the spatial distribution of Culex mosquitoes and its associated environmental risk factors. Such information can assist local clinicians and public health policymakers to identify potential areas of risk for JE virus. Risk maps can be an efficient way of raising public awareness about the virus and further preventive measures need to be considered in order to prevent outbreaks and onwards transmission of JE virus.

ACS Style

Tuyen V. Ha; Wonkook Kim; Thang Nguyen-Tien; Johanna Lindahl; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Nguyen Quang Thi; Huy Van Nguyen; Fred Unger; Hu Suk Lee. Spatial distribution of Culex mosquito abundance and associated risk factors in Hanoi, Vietnam. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021, 15, e0009497 .

AMA Style

Tuyen V. Ha, Wonkook Kim, Thang Nguyen-Tien, Johanna Lindahl, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Nguyen Quang Thi, Huy Van Nguyen, Fred Unger, Hu Suk Lee. Spatial distribution of Culex mosquito abundance and associated risk factors in Hanoi, Vietnam. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2021; 15 (6):e0009497.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tuyen V. Ha; Wonkook Kim; Thang Nguyen-Tien; Johanna Lindahl; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Nguyen Quang Thi; Huy Van Nguyen; Fred Unger; Hu Suk Lee. 2021. "Spatial distribution of Culex mosquito abundance and associated risk factors in Hanoi, Vietnam." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 6: e0009497.

Journal article
Published: 11 June 2021 in Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
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Cysticercosis and Trichinella spp. infection are parasitic zoonoses prevalent among pigs in Southeast Asia, where pork is the most important source of meat. In rural Cambodia, many pigs are raised extensively in family backyards, and information regarding the prevalence in rural small-scale pig production is very limited. This study was conducted in four provinces in north-eastern Cambodia to determine the seroprevalence of porcine cysticercosis and Trichinella spp. infection in rural villages, and to identify possible risk factors. Only households with less than 10 pigs above three months old were eligible. In total, 139 households participated, and 242 blood samples were collected. Farmers were interviewed about food and hygiene habits, disease knowledge and practices. The serum samples were analysed by ELISA to determine antigens to Taenia spp. cysticerci or antibodies to Trichinella spp. muscle larvae. Positivity among the pigs was 11.2% (95% CI 7.5–15.8) for Taenia spp. cysts and 2.5% (95% CI 0.9–5.4) for Trichinella spp. Cysticerci were more common in the province Preah Vihear (p < 0.001) than in the other provinces. Risk factors associated with porcine cysticercosis were management systems for the pigs and access to human faeces (p< 0.001). Trichinella spp. infection in pigs was more common in the province Ratanakiri (p = 0.001). The main risk factor associated with Trichinella spp. transmission was feeding pigs with food waste (p = 0.048). More men had heard about cysticercosis than women (p = 0.002), and men also consumed undercooked pork meat to a greater extent (p = 0.004). Although the present study is relatively small, several risk factors could be identified for porcine infection with Taenia spp. and Trichinella spp., which can be used to guide future interventions to improve both porcine and human health in these provinces.

ACS Style

Rebecca Söderberg; Johanna Lindahl; Ellinor Henriksson; Kang Kroesna; Sokong Ly; Borin Sear; Fred Unger; Sothyra Tum; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Gunilla Ström Hallenberg. Low Prevalence of Cysticercosis and Trichinella Infection in Pigs in Rural Cambodia. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 2021, 6, 100 .

AMA Style

Rebecca Söderberg, Johanna Lindahl, Ellinor Henriksson, Kang Kroesna, Sokong Ly, Borin Sear, Fred Unger, Sothyra Tum, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Gunilla Ström Hallenberg. Low Prevalence of Cysticercosis and Trichinella Infection in Pigs in Rural Cambodia. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2021; 6 (2):100.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rebecca Söderberg; Johanna Lindahl; Ellinor Henriksson; Kang Kroesna; Sokong Ly; Borin Sear; Fred Unger; Sothyra Tum; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Gunilla Ström Hallenberg. 2021. "Low Prevalence of Cysticercosis and Trichinella Infection in Pigs in Rural Cambodia." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 2: 100.

Journal article
Published: 05 June 2021 in Food Control
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Milk production is an important livelihood source for smallholder dairy farmers in low-to-middle-income countries (LMICs) such as Kenya. However, milk quality and safety are a challenge due to unhygienic handling and non-adherence to food safety standards. The objective of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and adoption of milk quality and food safety practices by smallholder farmers in Kenya. Ten Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), involving 71 smallholder farmers, were held to collect qualitative data on knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) of smallholder dairy farmers in Laikipia, Nakuru, and Nyandarua counties. Additionally, data were collected through a cross-sectional administered to 652 smallholder farming households. The results of the study revealed low knowledge level and negative attitudes towards respecting antibiotics treatment withdrawal periods, milk quality standards and food safety regulations. Farmers stated they had received low levels of training on milk quality and safety standards. The majority of farmers adopted animal health measures and hygienic measures such as hand washing and udder cleaning. However, unhygienic milking environments, the use of plastic containers, the use of untreated water, and lack of teat dipping compromised milk quality and safety. Currently, milk production, handling and consumption could expose actors along the dairy value chain to health risks. The adoption of milk quality and food safety practices was influenced by farmers’ knowledge, socioeconomic characteristics, and choice of marketing channel. There is a need to improve farmers’ knowledge and attitudes and implement hygienic control, disease control and antibiotic residue control practices in the milk production process to meet required milk quality and food safety standards. Awareness campaigns and training programmes for smallholder dairy farmers could foster behavioural change and lead to an improvement in milk quality in Kenya.

ACS Style

Simon Nyokabi; Pieternel A. Luning; Imke J.M. de Boer; Luke Korir; Emmanuel Muunda; Bockline O. Bebe; Johanna Lindahl; Bernard Bett; Simon J. Oosting. Milk quality and hygiene: Knowledge, attitudes and practices of smallholder dairy farmers in central Kenya. Food Control 2021, 130, 108303 .

AMA Style

Simon Nyokabi, Pieternel A. Luning, Imke J.M. de Boer, Luke Korir, Emmanuel Muunda, Bockline O. Bebe, Johanna Lindahl, Bernard Bett, Simon J. Oosting. Milk quality and hygiene: Knowledge, attitudes and practices of smallholder dairy farmers in central Kenya. Food Control. 2021; 130 ():108303.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Simon Nyokabi; Pieternel A. Luning; Imke J.M. de Boer; Luke Korir; Emmanuel Muunda; Bockline O. Bebe; Johanna Lindahl; Bernard Bett; Simon J. Oosting. 2021. "Milk quality and hygiene: Knowledge, attitudes and practices of smallholder dairy farmers in central Kenya." Food Control 130, no. : 108303.

Journal article
Published: 26 May 2021 in Viruses
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Due to the current, rapidly increasing Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, efficient and highly specific diagnostic methods are needed. The receptor-binding part of the spike (S) protein, S1, has been suggested to be highly virus-specific; it does not cross-react with antibodies against other coronaviruses. Three recombinant partial S proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) expressed in mammalian or baculovirus-insect cells were evaluated as antigens in a Luminex-based suspension immunoassay (SIA). The best performing antigen (S1; amino acids 16-685) was selected and further evaluated by serum samples from 76 Swedish patients or convalescents with COVID-19 (previously PCR and/or serologically confirmed), 200 pre-COVID-19 individuals (180 blood donors and 20 infants), and 10 patients with acute Epstein-Barr virus infection. All 76 positive samples showed detectable antibodies to S1, while none of the 210 negative controls gave a false positive antibody reaction. We further compared the COVID-19 SIA with a commercially available enzyme immunoassay and a previously evaluated COVID-19 rapid antibody test. The results revealed an overall assay sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 100% for both IgM and IgG, a quantitative ability at concentrations up to 25 BAU/mL, and a better performance as compared to the commercial assays, suggesting the COVID-19 SIA as a most valuable tool for efficient laboratory-based serology.

ACS Style

Tove Hoffman; Linda Kolstad; Johanna Lindahl; Bo Albinsson; Anders Bergqvist; Bengt Rönnberg; Åke Lundkvist. Diagnostic Potential of a Luminex-Based Coronavirus Disease 2019 Suspension Immunoassay (COVID-19 SIA) for the Detection of Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2021, 13, 993 .

AMA Style

Tove Hoffman, Linda Kolstad, Johanna Lindahl, Bo Albinsson, Anders Bergqvist, Bengt Rönnberg, Åke Lundkvist. Diagnostic Potential of a Luminex-Based Coronavirus Disease 2019 Suspension Immunoassay (COVID-19 SIA) for the Detection of Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Viruses. 2021; 13 (6):993.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tove Hoffman; Linda Kolstad; Johanna Lindahl; Bo Albinsson; Anders Bergqvist; Bengt Rönnberg; Åke Lundkvist. 2021. "Diagnostic Potential of a Luminex-Based Coronavirus Disease 2019 Suspension Immunoassay (COVID-19 SIA) for the Detection of Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2." Viruses 13, no. 6: 993.

Journal article
Published: 20 May 2021 in Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
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Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease occurring worldwide with reproductive symptoms and production losses in livestock, while humans can suffer fatal renal failure. In Yogyakarta Special Province, Indonesia, there have been several outbreaks with high case fatality, demonstrating the public health importance, but there is limited understanding of the epidemiology. This study used an EcoHealth approach to ensure transdisciplinarity and community participation. Seroprevalence of Leptospira in animals was studied between October 2011 and May 2013 in 15 villages. Serum samples from 1404 cattle and 60 small ruminants were screened by a Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT), first in pools, and then the individual positive samples were identified. Focus group discussions including farmers, village officials, and official stakeholders were used to explore knowledge and behavior of zoonotic diseases, particularly leptospirosis. Two small ruminants were seropositive for Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae. From the cattle, 3.7% were seropositive, and the most common serovars were Leptospira hardjo, followed by L. icterohemorrhagiae. Out of all farms, 5.6% had at least one positive cattle. Risk factor analyses showed that the risk of the farm being seropositive increased if the farmer used water from an open source, or if farming was not the main occupation. This study showed the presence of Leptospira spp. in ruminants in Yogyakarta and identified use of open water as a risk factor for the livestock. We also observed that the knowledge related to leptospirosis was low, and risky farm management practices were commonly employed.

ACS Style

Dyah Widiasih; Johanna Lindahl; Wayan Artama; Adi Sutomo; Pande Kutanegara; Guntari Mulyani; Estu Widodo; Tjut Djohan; Fred Unger. Leptospirosis in Ruminants in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: A Serological Survey with Mixed Methods to Identify Risk Factors. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 2021, 6, 84 .

AMA Style

Dyah Widiasih, Johanna Lindahl, Wayan Artama, Adi Sutomo, Pande Kutanegara, Guntari Mulyani, Estu Widodo, Tjut Djohan, Fred Unger. Leptospirosis in Ruminants in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: A Serological Survey with Mixed Methods to Identify Risk Factors. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2021; 6 (2):84.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dyah Widiasih; Johanna Lindahl; Wayan Artama; Adi Sutomo; Pande Kutanegara; Guntari Mulyani; Estu Widodo; Tjut Djohan; Fred Unger. 2021. "Leptospirosis in Ruminants in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: A Serological Survey with Mixed Methods to Identify Risk Factors." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 2: 84.

Journal article
Published: 10 May 2021 in Pathogens
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Japanese encephalitis (JE) is endemic in Cambodia, but circulation of JE virus (JEV) among domestic pigs has previously only been studied in the southern part of the country. The main purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of JEV antibodies in smallholder pigs held in rural areas of Kampong Thom, Preah Vihear, Ratanakiri, and Stung Treng provinces, northeastern Cambodia. Another purpose was to identify possible associations between serologic status and other factors, such as reproductive disorders, and to investigate the farmers’ knowledge of mosquito-borne diseases and use of preventive measures. In October 2019, 139 households were visited throughout the study area, and 242 pigs were sampled for blood. The sera were analysed with ELISA for JEV antibodies. Household representatives were interviewed, and data were recorded for each sampled pig. The apparent seroprevalence was 89.1% in pigs between 3 and 6 months of age, and 100% in pigs over 6 months of age. In total, 93.0% of the pigs tested positive. Province appeared to be the only factor significantly associated with serologic status (p < 0.001). Almost all (97.8%) respondents knew that mosquitos could transmit diseases, and 70.5% had heard of JE. However, only one respondent knew that JEV is transmitted to people through mosquito bites. Very few respondents knew that pigs can become infected with JEV, and no one knew that mosquitos transmit the virus. All families used some sort of mosquito protection for themselves, but only 15.1% protected their pigs from mosquito bites. The children were vaccinated against JE in 93 households, while adults only were vaccinated in eight households. The results suggest that JEV transmission is intense in northeastern Cambodia, and that people’s knowledge about the transmission route of JEV and the role of pigs in the transmission cycle is low. Fortunately, people are well aware of mosquito-borne diseases in general and use mosquito protection, and many children are vaccinated against JE. Nonetheless, it is important that national vaccination is continued, and that people—especially in rural areas where pigs are commonly kept—are educated on the ecology and transmission of JEV.

ACS Style

Ellinor Henriksson; Rebecca Söderberg; Gunilla Ström Hallenberg; Kang Kroesna; Sokong Ly; Borin Sear; Fred Unger; Sothyra Tum; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Johanna Lindahl. Japanese Encephalitis in Small-Scale Pig Farming in Rural Cambodia: Pig Seroprevalence and Farmer Awareness. Pathogens 2021, 10, 578 .

AMA Style

Ellinor Henriksson, Rebecca Söderberg, Gunilla Ström Hallenberg, Kang Kroesna, Sokong Ly, Borin Sear, Fred Unger, Sothyra Tum, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Johanna Lindahl. Japanese Encephalitis in Small-Scale Pig Farming in Rural Cambodia: Pig Seroprevalence and Farmer Awareness. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (5):578.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ellinor Henriksson; Rebecca Söderberg; Gunilla Ström Hallenberg; Kang Kroesna; Sokong Ly; Borin Sear; Fred Unger; Sothyra Tum; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Johanna Lindahl. 2021. "Japanese Encephalitis in Small-Scale Pig Farming in Rural Cambodia: Pig Seroprevalence and Farmer Awareness." Pathogens 10, no. 5: 578.

Journal article
Published: 07 May 2021 in Dairy
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Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of major public health concern in India. Bovines play an important role in maintaining and transmitting this disease and proximity between dairy cows and humans makes the dairy cow-human nexus a transmission route of public health interest, yet one currently under-examined in North Eastern India. We report a cross-sectional survey carried out on small-scale dairy farms in the states of Assam and Bihar in North Eastern India investigating seroprevalence for Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo, the most common pathogenic serovar reported in cattle worldwide. Higher seroprevalence was reported on dairy farms in Bihar 4.5% (95% CI 2.6–7.5%) than in Assam 1.2% (95% CI 0.42–3.6%), but overall seroprevalence levels were low. The study is the first indication of leptospirosis circulating in small-scale dairy farms in these states. To correlate farming practices with zoonotic risk, we combined results from a dairy farmer questionnaire with cow seroprevalence. However, low seroprevalence levels found in this study made the identification of risk factors difficult. Nevertheless, poor farming practices around hygiene and biosecurity on dairy farms have been highlighted. Implementing simple measures could mitigate environmental contamination, and therefore, reduce the risk of Leptospira interrogans, and other zoonoses transmission, at the animal-environment-human interface.

ACS Style

Eithne Leahy; Rajeswari Shome; Ram Deka; Delia Grace; Swati Sahay; Johanna Lindahl. Leptospira interrogans Serovar Hardjo Seroprevalence and Farming Practices on Small-Scale Dairy Farms in North Eastern India; Insights Gained from a Cross-Sectional Study. Dairy 2021, 2, 231 -241.

AMA Style

Eithne Leahy, Rajeswari Shome, Ram Deka, Delia Grace, Swati Sahay, Johanna Lindahl. Leptospira interrogans Serovar Hardjo Seroprevalence and Farming Practices on Small-Scale Dairy Farms in North Eastern India; Insights Gained from a Cross-Sectional Study. Dairy. 2021; 2 (2):231-241.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eithne Leahy; Rajeswari Shome; Ram Deka; Delia Grace; Swati Sahay; Johanna Lindahl. 2021. "Leptospira interrogans Serovar Hardjo Seroprevalence and Farming Practices on Small-Scale Dairy Farms in North Eastern India; Insights Gained from a Cross-Sectional Study." Dairy 2, no. 2: 231-241.

Journal article
Published: 04 May 2021 in Pathogens
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Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus are two of the most common foodborne bacteria in animal-source foods (ASF) that cause illness worldwide. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and S. aureus in chicken meat and pork in markets in Cambodia. Sampling was done in 52 traditional markets and 6 supermarkets in 25 provinces of Cambodia between October 2018 and August 2019. In total, 532 samples were obtained: chicken meat and pork (n = 408, 204 of each), chicken and pork cutting board swabs (n = 124, 62 of each). All samples were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella spp. and S. aureus; colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g) of coagulase-positive Staphylococci (CPS) were counted, and a subset of samples was also analyzed for the most probable number (MPN, n = 136) of Salmonella. The overall prevalence of Salmonella spp. and S. aureus were 42.1% (224/532) and 29.1% (155/532), respectively, with 14.7% (78/532) of samples containing both bacteria. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in chicken meat was 42.6%, on chicken cutting board it was 41.9%, on pork it was 45.1%, and the pork cutting board 30.6%. Chicken meat had a significantly (p-value < 0.05) higher prevalence of S. aureus, 38.2%, compared to the chicken cutting board, 17.7%, pork 28.9%, and pork cutting board 11.3%. Mean MPN-Salmonella was 10.6 MPN/g in chicken and 11.1 MPN/g in pork samples. Average Log CFU/g of CPS in chicken and pork samples were 2.6 and 2.5, respectively. The results indicate that chicken meat and pork in Cambodia were highly contaminated with Salmonella spp. and S. aureus, posing risks to consumers’ health. Urgent interventions are necessary to improve hygiene for safer meat in Cambodian markets.

ACS Style

Chea Rortana; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Sothyra Tum; Fred Unger; Sofia Boqvist; Sinh Dang-Xuan; Sok Koam; Delia Grace; Kristina Osbjer; Theng Heng; Seng Sarim; Or Phirum; Roeurn Sophia; Johanna Lindahl. Prevalence of Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus in Chicken Meat and Pork from Cambodian Markets. Pathogens 2021, 10, 556 .

AMA Style

Chea Rortana, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Sothyra Tum, Fred Unger, Sofia Boqvist, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Sok Koam, Delia Grace, Kristina Osbjer, Theng Heng, Seng Sarim, Or Phirum, Roeurn Sophia, Johanna Lindahl. Prevalence of Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus in Chicken Meat and Pork from Cambodian Markets. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (5):556.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chea Rortana; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Sothyra Tum; Fred Unger; Sofia Boqvist; Sinh Dang-Xuan; Sok Koam; Delia Grace; Kristina Osbjer; Theng Heng; Seng Sarim; Or Phirum; Roeurn Sophia; Johanna Lindahl. 2021. "Prevalence of Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus in Chicken Meat and Pork from Cambodian Markets." Pathogens 10, no. 5: 556.

Journal article
Published: 15 April 2021 in Toxins
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Aflatoxins, which commonly contaminate animal feeds and human food, present a major public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa. After ingestion by cows, aflatoxin B1 is metabolized to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), some of which is excreted in milk. This study involved smallholder dairy farms in urban and periurban areas of Nairobi and Kisumu, Kenya. The objective was to determine the effectiveness of training and providing farmers with aflatoxin binder (NovaSil®) on AFM1 contamination in raw milk. A baseline survey was undertaken and 30 farmers whose milk had AFM1 levels above 20 ppt were randomly selected for inclusion in the study. Of these, 20 farmers were part of the intervention, and were given training on the usage of the NovaSil® binder, while 10 served as a control group. All farmers were visited biweekly for three months for interviews and milk samples were collected to measure the AFM1 levels. The AFM1 levels were quantified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The NovaSil® binder significantly reduced AFM1 concentrations in the raw milk produced by the farmers in the intervention group over the duration of the study (p < 0.01). The control farms were more likely to have milk with AFM1 levels exceeding the regulatory limit of 50 ppt compared to the intervention farms (p < 0.001) (odds ratio = 6.5). The farmers in the intervention group perceived that there was an improvement in milk yield, and in cow health and appetite. These farmers also felt that the milk they sold, as well as the one they used at home, was safer. In conclusion, the use of binders by dairy farmers can be effective in reducing AFM1 in milk. Further research is needed to understand their effectiveness, especially when used in smallholder settings.

ACS Style

Gladys Anyango; Irene Kagera; Florence Mutua; Peter Kahenya; Florence Kyallo; Pauline Andang’O; Delia Grace; Johanna Lindahl. Effectiveness of Training and Use of Novasil Binder in Mitigating Aflatoxins in Cow Milk Produced in Smallholder Farms in Urban and Periurban Areas of Kenya. Toxins 2021, 13, 281 .

AMA Style

Gladys Anyango, Irene Kagera, Florence Mutua, Peter Kahenya, Florence Kyallo, Pauline Andang’O, Delia Grace, Johanna Lindahl. Effectiveness of Training and Use of Novasil Binder in Mitigating Aflatoxins in Cow Milk Produced in Smallholder Farms in Urban and Periurban Areas of Kenya. Toxins. 2021; 13 (4):281.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gladys Anyango; Irene Kagera; Florence Mutua; Peter Kahenya; Florence Kyallo; Pauline Andang’O; Delia Grace; Johanna Lindahl. 2021. "Effectiveness of Training and Use of Novasil Binder in Mitigating Aflatoxins in Cow Milk Produced in Smallholder Farms in Urban and Periurban Areas of Kenya." Toxins 13, no. 4: 281.

Journal article
Published: 09 April 2021 in Microorganisms
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This study assessed seropositivity of Brucella infection in dairy animals and risk factors associated with it. The cross-sectional study used multi-stage, random sampling in the states of Bihar and Assam in India. In total, 740 dairy animals belonging to 534 households of 52 villages were covered under this study. Serological testing was conducted by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Animal-level Brucella seropositivity was found to be 15.9% in Assam and 0.3% in Bihar. Seropositivity in urban areas (18.7%) of Assam was found to be higher than in rural areas (12.4%). Bihar was excluded from the risk factor analysis, as only one Brucella seropositive sample was detected in the state. A total of 30 variables were studied for assessing risk factors, of which 15 were selected for multivariable regression analyses following a systematic process. Finally, only three risk factors were identified as statistically significant. It was found that animals belonging to districts having smaller-sized herds were less likely (p < 0.001) to be Brucella seropositive than animals belonging to districts having larger-sized herds. Furthermore, the chance of being Brucella seropositive increased (p = 0.007) with the increase in age of dairy animals, but decreased (p = 0.072) with the adoption of artificial insemination (AI) for breeding. We speculated that the identified risk factors in Assam likely explained the reason behind lower Brucella seropositivity in Bihar, and therefore any future brucellosis control program should focus on addressing these risk factors.

ACS Style

Ram Deka; Rajeswari Shome; Ian Dohoo; Ulf Magnusson; Delia Randolph; Johanna Lindahl. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Brucella Infection in Dairy Animals in Urban and Rural Areas of Bihar and Assam, India. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 783 .

AMA Style

Ram Deka, Rajeswari Shome, Ian Dohoo, Ulf Magnusson, Delia Randolph, Johanna Lindahl. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Brucella Infection in Dairy Animals in Urban and Rural Areas of Bihar and Assam, India. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (4):783.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ram Deka; Rajeswari Shome; Ian Dohoo; Ulf Magnusson; Delia Randolph; Johanna Lindahl. 2021. "Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Brucella Infection in Dairy Animals in Urban and Rural Areas of Bihar and Assam, India." Microorganisms 9, no. 4: 783.

Journal article
Published: 07 April 2021 in BMC Public Health
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Background Dengue is a mosquito-borne flavivirus present in many metropolitan cities of tropical countries. Methods During and after the dengue season (September 2018 to January 2019), we conducted a case-control study in order to determine the risk factors for dengue fever in Hanoi city, Vietnam. 98 dengue patients and 99 patients with other acute infections, such as Hepatitis B virus infection, were recruited at Department of Infectious Disease of Bach Mai national hospital in Hanoi. Patients were interviewed using a structured questionnaire covering demographic, housing, environmental factors and knowledge, attitude, and practice on dengue prevention and control. Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression were used to determine the risk factors of dengue status. Results The mean score of knowledge items and practice items was only 7.9 out of total 19 points and 3.9 out of total 17 points, respectively. While the mean score of attitude items was 4.8 out of total 6 points. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that older patients had lesser risk of getting dengue infection as compared to younger adults aged 16–30, and patients living in peri-urban districts were less likely to suffer of dengue fever than patients living in central urban districts (OR = 0.31; 95% CI 0.13–0.75). This study could not find any association with occupation, water storage habit, knowledge, attitude, or practice on dengue prevention. Conclusions All patients had a relatively low level of knowledge and practice on dengue prevention and control. However, the attitude of the participants was good. We found that age group and living district were the risk factors correlated with the dengue status. Communication programs on raising dengue awareness should be repeated all year round and target particular groups of adolescents, younger adults, landlords and migrants from other provinces to improve their knowledge and encourage them to implement preventive measures against dengue fever.

ACS Style

Thang Nguyen-Tien; Duy Cuong Do; Xuan Luat Le; Thi Hai Dinh; Mats Lindeborg; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Åke Lundkvist; Delia Grace; Johanna Lindahl. Risk factors of dengue fever in an urban area in Vietnam: a case-control study. BMC Public Health 2021, 21, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Thang Nguyen-Tien, Duy Cuong Do, Xuan Luat Le, Thi Hai Dinh, Mats Lindeborg, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Åke Lundkvist, Delia Grace, Johanna Lindahl. Risk factors of dengue fever in an urban area in Vietnam: a case-control study. BMC Public Health. 2021; 21 (1):1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thang Nguyen-Tien; Duy Cuong Do; Xuan Luat Le; Thi Hai Dinh; Mats Lindeborg; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Åke Lundkvist; Delia Grace; Johanna Lindahl. 2021. "Risk factors of dengue fever in an urban area in Vietnam: a case-control study." BMC Public Health 21, no. 1: 1-13.

Journal article
Published: 19 March 2021 in Viruses
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Diseases caused by flaviviruses, including dengue fever and Japanese encephalitis, are major health problems in Vietnam. This cross-sectional study explored the feasibility of domestic dogs as sentinels to better understand risks of mosquito-borne diseases in Hanoi city. A total of 475 dogs serum samples from 221 households in six districts of Hanoi were analyzed by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for antibodies to the pr-E protein of West Nile virus and other flaviviruses due to cross-reactivity. The overall flavivirus seroprevalence in the dog population was 70.7% (95% CI = 66.4–74.8%). At the animal level, significant associations between seropositive dogs and district location, age, breed and keeping practice were determined. At the household level, the major risk factors were rural and peri-urban locations, presence of pigs, coil burning and households without mosquito-borne disease experience (p < 0.05). Mosquito control by using larvicides or electric traps could lower seropositivity, but other measures did not contribute to significant risk mitigation of flavivirus exposure in dogs. These results will support better control of mosquito-borne diseases in Hanoi, and they indicate that dogs can be used as sentinels for flavivirus exposure.

ACS Style

Long Pham-Thanh; Thang Nguyen-Tien; Ulf Magnusson; Vuong Bui-Nghia; Anh Bui-Ngoc; Duy Le-Thanh; Åke Lundkvist; Minh Can-Xuan; Thuy Nguyen-Thi Thu; Hau Vu-Thi Bich; Hu Lee; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Johanna Lindahl. Dogs as Sentinels for Flavivirus Exposure in Urban, Peri-Urban and Rural Hanoi, Vietnam. Viruses 2021, 13, 507 .

AMA Style

Long Pham-Thanh, Thang Nguyen-Tien, Ulf Magnusson, Vuong Bui-Nghia, Anh Bui-Ngoc, Duy Le-Thanh, Åke Lundkvist, Minh Can-Xuan, Thuy Nguyen-Thi Thu, Hau Vu-Thi Bich, Hu Lee, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Johanna Lindahl. Dogs as Sentinels for Flavivirus Exposure in Urban, Peri-Urban and Rural Hanoi, Vietnam. Viruses. 2021; 13 (3):507.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Long Pham-Thanh; Thang Nguyen-Tien; Ulf Magnusson; Vuong Bui-Nghia; Anh Bui-Ngoc; Duy Le-Thanh; Åke Lundkvist; Minh Can-Xuan; Thuy Nguyen-Thi Thu; Hau Vu-Thi Bich; Hu Lee; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Johanna Lindahl. 2021. "Dogs as Sentinels for Flavivirus Exposure in Urban, Peri-Urban and Rural Hanoi, Vietnam." Viruses 13, no. 3: 507.

Journal article
Published: 16 March 2021 in Toxins
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Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a toxic fungal metabolite associated with human and animal diseases, is a natural contaminant encountered in agricultural commodities, food and feed. Heterogeneity of AFB1 makes risk estimation a challenge. To overcome this, novel sample selection, preparation and extraction steps were designed for representative sampling of chicken feed. Accuracy, precision, limits of detection and quantification, linearity, robustness and ruggedness were used as performance criteria to validate this modification and Horwitz function for evaluating precision. A modified sampling protocol that ensured representativeness is documented, including sample selection, sampling tools, random procedures, minimum size of field-collected aggregate samples (primary sampling), procedures for mass reduction to 2 kg laboratory (secondary sampling), 25 g test portion (tertiary sampling) and 1.3 g analytical samples (quaternary sampling). The improved coning and quartering procedure described herein (for secondary and tertiary sampling) has acceptable precision, with a Horwitz ratio (HorRat = 0.3) suitable for splitting of 25 g feed aliquots from laboratory samples (tertiary sampling). The water slurring innovation (quaternary sampling) increased aflatoxin extraction efficiency to 95.1% through reduction of both bias (−4.95) and variability of recovery (1.2–1.4) and improved both intra-laboratory precision (HorRat = 1.2–1.5) and within-laboratory reproducibility (HorRat = 0.9–1.3). Optimal extraction conditions are documented. The improved procedure showed satisfactory performance, good field applicability and reduced sample analysis turnaround time.

ACS Style

James Kibugu; Raymond Mdachi; Leonard Munga; David Mburu; Thomas Whitaker; Thu Huynh; Delia Grace; Johanna Lindahl. Improved Sample Selection and Preparation Methods for Sampling Plans Used to Facilitate Rapid and Reliable Estimation of Aflatoxin in Chicken Feed. Toxins 2021, 13, 216 .

AMA Style

James Kibugu, Raymond Mdachi, Leonard Munga, David Mburu, Thomas Whitaker, Thu Huynh, Delia Grace, Johanna Lindahl. Improved Sample Selection and Preparation Methods for Sampling Plans Used to Facilitate Rapid and Reliable Estimation of Aflatoxin in Chicken Feed. Toxins. 2021; 13 (3):216.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James Kibugu; Raymond Mdachi; Leonard Munga; David Mburu; Thomas Whitaker; Thu Huynh; Delia Grace; Johanna Lindahl. 2021. "Improved Sample Selection and Preparation Methods for Sampling Plans Used to Facilitate Rapid and Reliable Estimation of Aflatoxin in Chicken Feed." Toxins 13, no. 3: 216.

Opinion
Published: 09 March 2021 in Trends in Microbiology
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Emerging zoonotic diseases exert a significant burden on human health and have considerable socioeconomic impact worldwide. In Asia, live animals as well as animal products are commonly sold in informal markets. The interaction of humans, live domestic animals for sale, food products, and wild and scavenging animals, creates a risk for emerging infectious diseases. Such markets have been in the spotlight as sources of zoonotic viruses, for example, avian influenza viruses and coronaviruses, Here, we bring data together on the global impact of live and wet markets on the emergence of zoonotic diseases. We discuss how benefits can be maximized and risks minimized and conclude that current regulations should be implemented or revised, to mitigate the risk of new diseases emerging in the future.

ACS Style

Mahmoud M. Naguib; Ruiyun Li; Jiaxin Ling; Delia Grace; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Johanna F. Lindahl. Live and Wet Markets: Food Access versus the Risk of Disease Emergence. Trends in Microbiology 2021, 29, 573 -581.

AMA Style

Mahmoud M. Naguib, Ruiyun Li, Jiaxin Ling, Delia Grace, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Johanna F. Lindahl. Live and Wet Markets: Food Access versus the Risk of Disease Emergence. Trends in Microbiology. 2021; 29 (7):573-581.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mahmoud M. Naguib; Ruiyun Li; Jiaxin Ling; Delia Grace; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Johanna F. Lindahl. 2021. "Live and Wet Markets: Food Access versus the Risk of Disease Emergence." Trends in Microbiology 29, no. 7: 573-581.

Research article
Published: 04 February 2021 in PLOS ONE
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Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) are causing high morbidity and mortality for humans. Urban livestock keeping is still common in cities around the world. The animals may serve as reservoirs for zoonotic MBDs, which increase the risks for humans. Here we assess the knowledge and practices related to MBDs in households with livestock and without livestock and explore the perceptions of the health care sector about MBDs and livestock keeping in Hanoi city of Vietnam in a cross-sectional study. A quantitative survey was conducted including 513 households with and without livestock-keeping in six districts and complemented with qualitative surveys with four health staff from Hanoi Center of Disease Control and three district health centers. The quantitative survey indicated that the participants possessed basic knowledge on MBDs with an average score of 18.3 out of 35, of which non-livestock-keeping households had a better knowledge than households keeping livestock (p

ACS Style

Thang Nguyen-Tien; Long Thanh Pham; Duoc Trong Vu; Son Hai Tran; Lieu Thi Vu; Vuong Nghia Bui; Anh Ngoc Bui; Trung Duc Hoang; Thanh Thi Vu; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Ulf Magnusson; Åke Lundkvist; Johanna Lindahl. Knowledge and practice on prevention of mosquito-borne diseases in livestock-keeping and non-livestock-keeping communities in Hanoi city, Vietnam: A mixed-method study. PLOS ONE 2021, 16, e0246032 .

AMA Style

Thang Nguyen-Tien, Long Thanh Pham, Duoc Trong Vu, Son Hai Tran, Lieu Thi Vu, Vuong Nghia Bui, Anh Ngoc Bui, Trung Duc Hoang, Thanh Thi Vu, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Ulf Magnusson, Åke Lundkvist, Johanna Lindahl. Knowledge and practice on prevention of mosquito-borne diseases in livestock-keeping and non-livestock-keeping communities in Hanoi city, Vietnam: A mixed-method study. PLOS ONE. 2021; 16 (2):e0246032.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thang Nguyen-Tien; Long Thanh Pham; Duoc Trong Vu; Son Hai Tran; Lieu Thi Vu; Vuong Nghia Bui; Anh Ngoc Bui; Trung Duc Hoang; Thanh Thi Vu; Hung Nguyen-Viet; Ulf Magnusson; Åke Lundkvist; Johanna Lindahl. 2021. "Knowledge and practice on prevention of mosquito-borne diseases in livestock-keeping and non-livestock-keeping communities in Hanoi city, Vietnam: A mixed-method study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2: e0246032.

Journal article
Published: 03 December 2020 in Toxins
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Mycotoxins are common in grains in sub-Saharan Africa and negatively impact human and animal health and production. This study assessed occurrences of mycotoxins, some plant, and bacterial metabolites in 16 dairy and 27 poultry feeds, and 24 feed ingredients from Machakos town, Kenya, in February and August 2019. We analyzed the samples using a validated multi-toxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. A total of 153 mycotoxins, plant, and bacterial toxins, were detected in the samples. All the samples were co-contaminated with 21 to 116 different mycotoxins and/or metabolites. The commonly occurring and EU regulated mycotoxins reported were; aflatoxins (AFs) (70%; range 0.2–318.5 μg/kg), deoxynivalenol (82%; range 22.2–1037 μg/kg), ergot alkaloids (70%; range 0.4–285.7 μg/kg), fumonisins (90%; range 32.4–14,346 μg/kg), HT-2 toxin (3%; range 11.9–13.8 μg/kg), ochratoxin A (24%; range 1.1–24.3 μg/kg), T-2 toxin (4%; range 2.7–5.2 μg/kg) and zearalenone (94%; range 0.3–910.4 μg/kg). Other unregulated emerging mycotoxins and metabolites including Alternaria toxins, Aspergillus toxins, bacterial metabolites, cytochalasins, depsipeptides, Fusarium metabolites, metabolites from other fungi, Penicillium toxins, phytoestrogens, plant metabolites, and unspecific metabolites were also detected at varying levels. Except for total AFs, where the average contamination level was above the EU regulatory limit, all the other mycotoxins detected had average contamination levels below the limits. Ninety-six percent of all the samples were contaminated with more than one of the EU regulated mycotoxins. These co-occurrences may cause synergistic and additive health effects thereby hindering the growth of the Kenyan livestock sector.

ACS Style

David Chebutia Kemboi; Phillis E. Ochieng; Gunther Antonissen; Siska Croubels; Marie-Louise Scippo; Sheila Okoth; Erastus K. Kangethe; Johannes Faas; Barbara Doupovec; Johanna F. Lindahl; James K. Gathumbi. Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle and Poultry Feeds and Feed Ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya. Toxins 2020, 12, 762 .

AMA Style

David Chebutia Kemboi, Phillis E. Ochieng, Gunther Antonissen, Siska Croubels, Marie-Louise Scippo, Sheila Okoth, Erastus K. Kangethe, Johannes Faas, Barbara Doupovec, Johanna F. Lindahl, James K. Gathumbi. Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle and Poultry Feeds and Feed Ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya. Toxins. 2020; 12 (12):762.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Chebutia Kemboi; Phillis E. Ochieng; Gunther Antonissen; Siska Croubels; Marie-Louise Scippo; Sheila Okoth; Erastus K. Kangethe; Johannes Faas; Barbara Doupovec; Johanna F. Lindahl; James K. Gathumbi. 2020. "Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle and Poultry Feeds and Feed Ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya." Toxins 12, no. 12: 762.

Review
Published: 02 December 2020 in Animal Health Research Reviews
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Livestock interventions can improve nutrition, health, and economic well-being of communities. The objectives of this review were to identify and characterize livestock interventions in developing countries and to assess their effectiveness in achieving development outcomes. A scoping review, guided by a search strategy, was conducted. Papers needed to be written in English, published in peer-reviewed journals, and describe interventions in animal health and production. Out of 2739 publications systematically screened at the title, abstract, and full publication levels, 70 met our inclusion criteria and were considered in the study. Eight relatively high-quality papers were identified and added, resulting in 78 reviewed publications. Only 15 studies used randomized controlled trial designs making it possible to confidently link interventions with the resulting outcomes. Eight studies had human nutrition or health as outcomes, 11 focused on disease control, and four were on livestock production. Eight interventions were considered successful, but only four were scalable. We found good evidence that livestock-transfer programs, leveraging livestock products for nutrition, and helping farmers manage priority diseases, can improve human well-being. Our report highlights challenges in garnering evidence for livestock interventions in developing countries and provides suggestions on how to improve the quantity and quality of future evaluations.

ACS Style

Johanna F. Lindahl; Florence Mutua; Delia Grace. Evaluating farm-level livestock interventions in low-income countries: a scoping review of what works, how, and why. Animal Health Research Reviews 2020, 21, 108 -121.

AMA Style

Johanna F. Lindahl, Florence Mutua, Delia Grace. Evaluating farm-level livestock interventions in low-income countries: a scoping review of what works, how, and why. Animal Health Research Reviews. 2020; 21 (2):108-121.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johanna F. Lindahl; Florence Mutua; Delia Grace. 2020. "Evaluating farm-level livestock interventions in low-income countries: a scoping review of what works, how, and why." Animal Health Research Reviews 21, no. 2: 108-121.

Journal article
Published: 14 September 2020 in Viruses
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Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the virus evolved, and we therefore aimed to provide an insight into which genetic variants were enriched, and how they spread in Sweden. Methods: We analyzed 348 Swedish SARS-CoV-2 sequences freely available from GISAID obtained from 7 February 2020 until 14 May 2020. Results: We identified 14 variant sites ≥5% frequency in the population. Among those sites, the D936Y substitution in the viral Spike protein was under positive selection. The variant sites can distinguish 11 mutational profiles in Sweden. Nine of the profiles appeared in Stockholm in March 2020. Mutational profiles 3 (B.1.1) and 6 (B.1), which contain the D936Y mutation, became the predominant profiles over time, spreading from Stockholm to other Swedish regions during April and the beginning of May. Furthermore, Bayesian phylogenetic analysis indicated that SARS-CoV-2 could have emerged in Sweden on 27 December 2019, and community transmission started on February 1st with an evolutionary rate of 1.5425 × 10−3 substitutions per year. Conclusions: Our study provides novel knowledge on the spatio-temporal dynamics of Swedish SARS-CoV-2 variants during the early pandemic. Characterization of these viral variants can provide precious insights on viral pathogenesis and can be valuable for diagnostic and drug development approaches.

ACS Style

Jiaxin Ling; Rachel A. Hickman; Jinlin Li; Xi Lu; Johanna F. Lindahl; Åke Lundkvist; Josef D. Järhult. Spatio-Temporal Mutational Profile Appearances of Swedish SARS-CoV-2 During the Early Pandemic. Viruses 2020, 12, 1026 .

AMA Style

Jiaxin Ling, Rachel A. Hickman, Jinlin Li, Xi Lu, Johanna F. Lindahl, Åke Lundkvist, Josef D. Järhult. Spatio-Temporal Mutational Profile Appearances of Swedish SARS-CoV-2 During the Early Pandemic. Viruses. 2020; 12 (9):1026.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiaxin Ling; Rachel A. Hickman; Jinlin Li; Xi Lu; Johanna F. Lindahl; Åke Lundkvist; Josef D. Järhult. 2020. "Spatio-Temporal Mutational Profile Appearances of Swedish SARS-CoV-2 During the Early Pandemic." Viruses 12, no. 9: 1026.