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Prof. Siska Croubels
Ghent University

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0 Mycotoxins
0 Pharmacokinetics
0 Toxicokinetics
0 antibiotics
0 Mycotoxin Reduction

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Mycotoxins
Pharmacokinetics
Toxicokinetics
antibiotics
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
Mycotoxin Reduction

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Journal article
Published: 09 August 2021 in Toxins
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The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), produced in wheat, barley and maize by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum, is threatening the health of humans and animals. With its worldwide high incidence in food and feed, mitigation strategies are needed to detoxify DON, maintaining the nutritional value and palatability of decontaminated commodities. A promising technique is biological degradation, where microorganisms are used to biotransform mycotoxins into less toxic metabolites. In this study, bacterial enrichment cultures were screened for their DON detoxification potential, where DON and its potential derivatives were monitored. The residual phytotoxicity was determined through a bioassay using the aquatic plant Lemna minor L. Two bacterial enrichment cultures were found to biotransform DON into a still highly toxic metabolite for plants. Furthermore, a cytotoxic effect was observed on the cellular viability of intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Through liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis, an unknown compound was detected, and tentatively characterized with a molecular weight of 30.0 Da (i.e., CH2O) higher than DON. Metabarcoding of the subsequently enriched bacterial communities revealed a shift towards the genera Sphingopyxis, Pseudoxanthomonas, Ochrobactrum and Pseudarthrobacter. This work describes the discovery of a novel bacterial DON-derived metabolite, toxic to plant and porcine cells.

ACS Style

Ilse Vanhoutte; Caroline De Tender; Kristel Demeyere; Mohamed Abdallah; Sarah Ommeslag; Pieter Vermeir; Sarah Saeger; Jane Debode; Evelyne Meyer; Siska Croubels; Kris Audenaert; Leen De Gelder. Bacterial Enrichment Cultures Biotransform the Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol into a Novel Metabolite Toxic to Plant and Porcine Cells. Toxins 2021, 13, 552 .

AMA Style

Ilse Vanhoutte, Caroline De Tender, Kristel Demeyere, Mohamed Abdallah, Sarah Ommeslag, Pieter Vermeir, Sarah Saeger, Jane Debode, Evelyne Meyer, Siska Croubels, Kris Audenaert, Leen De Gelder. Bacterial Enrichment Cultures Biotransform the Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol into a Novel Metabolite Toxic to Plant and Porcine Cells. Toxins. 2021; 13 (8):552.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ilse Vanhoutte; Caroline De Tender; Kristel Demeyere; Mohamed Abdallah; Sarah Ommeslag; Pieter Vermeir; Sarah Saeger; Jane Debode; Evelyne Meyer; Siska Croubels; Kris Audenaert; Leen De Gelder. 2021. "Bacterial Enrichment Cultures Biotransform the Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol into a Novel Metabolite Toxic to Plant and Porcine Cells." Toxins 13, no. 8: 552.

Journal article
Published: 29 July 2021 in Molecules
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Cefquinome and ceftiofur are β-lactam antibiotics used for the treatment of bacterial infections in swine. Although these antimicrobials are administered intramuscularly, the exposure of the gut microbiota to these cephalosporins is not well described. This exposure can contribute to the emergence and spread of antimicrobials in the environment and to the possible spread of antimicrobial resistance genes. To assess the impact of drug administration on the intestinal excretion of these antimicrobials it is essential to measure the amounts of native compound and metabolites in feces. Two (ultra)-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry ((U)HPLC–MS/MS) methods were developed and validated, one for the determination of cefquinome and ceftiofur and the other for the determination of ceftiofur residues, measured as desfuroylceftiofuracetamide, in porcine feces. The matrix-based calibration curve was linear from 5 ng g−1 to 1000 ng g−1 for cefquinome (correlation coefficient (r) = 0.9990 ± 0.0007; goodness of fit (gof) = 3.70 ± 1.43) and ceftiofur (r = 0.9979 ± 0.0009; gof = 5.51 ± 1.14) and quadratic from 30 ng g−1 to 2000 ng g−1 for desfuroylceftiofuracetamide (r = 0.9960 ± 0.0020; gof = 7.31 ± 1.76). The within-day and between-day precision and accuracy fell within the specified ranges. Since β-lactam antibiotics are known to be unstable in feces, additional experiments were conducted to adjust the sampling protocol in order to minimize the impact of the matrix constituents on the stability of the analytes. Immediately after sampling, 500 µL of an 8 µg mL−1 tazobactam solution in water was added to 0.5 g feces, to reduce the degradation in matrix.

ACS Style

Sofie Rutjens; Siska Croubels; Siegrid Baere; Mathias Devreese. Development and Validation of Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Methods for the Quantification of Cefquinome, Ceftiofur, and Desfuroylceftiofuracetamide in Porcine Feces with Emphasis on Analyte Stability. Molecules 2021, 26, 4598 .

AMA Style

Sofie Rutjens, Siska Croubels, Siegrid Baere, Mathias Devreese. Development and Validation of Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Methods for the Quantification of Cefquinome, Ceftiofur, and Desfuroylceftiofuracetamide in Porcine Feces with Emphasis on Analyte Stability. Molecules. 2021; 26 (15):4598.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sofie Rutjens; Siska Croubels; Siegrid Baere; Mathias Devreese. 2021. "Development and Validation of Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Methods for the Quantification of Cefquinome, Ceftiofur, and Desfuroylceftiofuracetamide in Porcine Feces with Emphasis on Analyte Stability." Molecules 26, no. 15: 4598.

Journal article
Published: 12 May 2021 in Food Research International
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Mycotoxin intoxication is in general an acknowledged and tackled issue in animals. However, in several parts of the world, mycotoxicoses in humans still remain a relevant issue. The efficacy of two mycotoxin detoxifying animal feed additives, an aflatoxin bentonite clay binder and a fumonisin esterase, was investigated in a human child gut model, i.e. the in vitro Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®). Additionally, the effect of the detoxifiers on gut microbiota was examined in the SHIME. After an initial two weeks of system stabilisation, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) were added to the SHIME diet during one week. Next, the two detoxifiers and mycotoxins were added to the system for an additional week. The AFB1, FB1, hydrolysed FB1 (HFB1), partially hydrolysed FB1a and FB1b concentrations were determined in SHIME samples using a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were determined by a validated gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method. Colonic bacterial communities were analysed using metabarcoding, targeting the hypervariable V1-V3 regions of the 16S rRNA genes. The AFB1 and FB1 concentrations significantly decreased after the addition of the detoxifiers. Likewise, the concentration of HFB1 significantly increased. Concentrations of SCFAs remained generally stable throughout the experiment. No major changes in bacterial composition occurred during the experiment. The results demonstrate the promising effect of these detoxifiers in reducing AFB1 and FB1 concentrations in the human intestinal environment, without compromising the gastrointestinal microbiota.

ACS Style

Kaat Neckermann; Gregor Claus; Siegrid De Baere; Gunther Antonissen; Sarah Lebrun; Céline Gemmi; Bernard Taminiau; Caroline Douny; Marie-Louise Scippo; Dian Schatzmayr; James Gathumbi; Silvio Uhlig; Siska Croubels; Véronique Delcenserie. The efficacy and effect on gut microbiota of an aflatoxin binder and a fumonisin esterase using an in vitro simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME®). Food Research International 2021, 145, 110395 .

AMA Style

Kaat Neckermann, Gregor Claus, Siegrid De Baere, Gunther Antonissen, Sarah Lebrun, Céline Gemmi, Bernard Taminiau, Caroline Douny, Marie-Louise Scippo, Dian Schatzmayr, James Gathumbi, Silvio Uhlig, Siska Croubels, Véronique Delcenserie. The efficacy and effect on gut microbiota of an aflatoxin binder and a fumonisin esterase using an in vitro simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME®). Food Research International. 2021; 145 ():110395.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kaat Neckermann; Gregor Claus; Siegrid De Baere; Gunther Antonissen; Sarah Lebrun; Céline Gemmi; Bernard Taminiau; Caroline Douny; Marie-Louise Scippo; Dian Schatzmayr; James Gathumbi; Silvio Uhlig; Siska Croubels; Véronique Delcenserie. 2021. "The efficacy and effect on gut microbiota of an aflatoxin binder and a fumonisin esterase using an in vitro simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME®)." Food Research International 145, no. : 110395.

Journal article
Published: 21 April 2021 in Veterinary Sciences
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In order to improve the efficacy of penicillin injection during caesarean section, we aimed to identify the optimal timing of its preoperative administration. A study was conducted in 12 adult, non-pregnant Belgian Blue cows. To evaluate the plasma penicillin concentrations, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein at −5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 240, 480 min relative to the intramuscular (IM) injection of 21,000 IU/kg of body weight of penicillin G. Results showed that plasma concentrations at 15 min after IM injection (668.3 ± 73.7 ng/mL) largely exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of penicillin-sensitive bacteria (MIC < 125 ng/mL). With increasing time, plasma concentrations continued to rise, attaining an increasing proportion of moderately sensitive bacteria (250 ng/mL > MIC < 2000 ng/mL). The maximal concentration was reached between 1 and 4 h (average: 1.495.1 ± 181.7 ng/mL) after IM injection in the majority of cows, and decreased non-significantly to 1002.1 ± 93.2 ng/mL at 8 h. In conclusion, plasma penicillin concentrations at 15 min after an IM injection inhibit penicillin-sensitive bacteria. However, in order to obtain the maximal protective effect of the antibiotherapy, surgery should be started at 1 to 2 h after IM penicillin injection.

ACS Style

Salem Djebala; Siska Croubels; Marc Cherlet; Ludovic Martinelle; Damien Thiry; Nassim Moula; Arnaud Sartelet; Philippe Bossaert. Description of Plasma Penicillin G Concentrations after Intramuscular Injection in Double-Muscled Cows to Optimize the Timing of Antibiotherapy for Caesarean Section. Veterinary Sciences 2021, 8, 67 .

AMA Style

Salem Djebala, Siska Croubels, Marc Cherlet, Ludovic Martinelle, Damien Thiry, Nassim Moula, Arnaud Sartelet, Philippe Bossaert. Description of Plasma Penicillin G Concentrations after Intramuscular Injection in Double-Muscled Cows to Optimize the Timing of Antibiotherapy for Caesarean Section. Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 8 (5):67.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Salem Djebala; Siska Croubels; Marc Cherlet; Ludovic Martinelle; Damien Thiry; Nassim Moula; Arnaud Sartelet; Philippe Bossaert. 2021. "Description of Plasma Penicillin G Concentrations after Intramuscular Injection in Double-Muscled Cows to Optimize the Timing of Antibiotherapy for Caesarean Section." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 5: 67.

Review article
Published: 18 March 2021 in The Veterinary Journal
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Porcine ear necrosis (PEN) is a condition that mainly occurs in intensive pig production systems and mostly affects piglets after weaning. The syndrome manifests itself with lesions on the pinna, which can heal or become more severe resulting in partial loss of the ear. The pathogenesis of the condition is not fully known. Three different hypotheses for the development of PEN are described in this review: (1) damage of the epidermis due to Staphylococcal exfoliative toxins; (2) occlusion of small blood vessels; and (3) ear biting with subsequent β-hemolytic streptococcal infection. Risk factors have not been completely elucidated, but viral and bacterial infections, and husbandry factors such as environment, housing conditions and management, have been suggested. It is also possible that some cases are due to a combination of these factors. The role of parasitic infestations has been not investigated. Due to bacterial involvement, severely affected pigs can be treated with antimicrobials. Control and preventive measures should focus on reducing potential risk factors by implementing herd immunization, as well as improvement of sanitary conditions, feed quality (with respect to mycotoxin contamination), management (appropriate stocking density), and environmental conditions (e.g. number of drinkers and feeders and/or optimal ventilation). Further research is needed to better understand the precise etiology and pathogenesis of PEN, so that risk factors can be identified and more targeted control measures can be implemented.

ACS Style

Mateusz Malik; Koen Chiers; Filip Boyen; Siska Croubels; Dominiek Maes. Porcine ear necrosis. The Veterinary Journal 2021, 271, 105655 .

AMA Style

Mateusz Malik, Koen Chiers, Filip Boyen, Siska Croubels, Dominiek Maes. Porcine ear necrosis. The Veterinary Journal. 2021; 271 ():105655.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mateusz Malik; Koen Chiers; Filip Boyen; Siska Croubels; Dominiek Maes. 2021. "Porcine ear necrosis." The Veterinary Journal 271, no. : 105655.

Journal article
Published: 11 March 2021 in Toxins
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Maize silage, which in Europe is the main feed for dairy cattle in winter, can be contaminated by mycotoxins. Mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp. originating from field infections may survive in badly sealed silages or re-infect at the cutting edge during feed-out. In this way, mycotoxins produced in the field may persist during the silage process. In addition, typical silage fungi such as Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. survive in silage conditions and produce mycotoxins. In this research, 56 maize silages in Flanders were sampled over the course of three years (2016–2018). The concentration of 22 different mycotoxins was investigated using a multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, and the presence of DNA of three Fusarium spp. (F. graminearum, F. culmorum and F. verticillioides) was analyzed in a selection of these samples using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Every maize silage contained at least two different mycotoxins. Nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) were the most prevalent (both in 97.7% of maize silages), followed by ENN B (88.7%). Concentrations often exceeded the EU recommendations for DON and zearalenone (ZEN), especially in 2017 (21.3% and 27.7% of the maize silages, respectively). No correlations were found between fungal DNA and mycotoxin concentrations. Furthermore, by ensiling maize with a known mycotoxin load in a net bag, the mycotoxin contamination could be monitored from seed to feed. Analysis of these net bag samples revealed that the average concentration of all detected mycotoxins decreased after fermentation. We hypothesize that mycotoxins are eluted, degraded, or adsorbed during fermentation, but certain badly preserved silages are prone to additional mycotoxin production during the stable phase due to oxygen ingression, leading to extremely high toxin levels.

ACS Style

Jonas Vandicke; Katrien De Visschere; Maarten Ameye; Siska Croubels; Sarah De Saeger; Kris Audenaert; Geert Haesaert. Multi-Mycotoxin Contamination of Maize Silages in Flanders, Belgium: Monitoring Mycotoxin Levels from Seed to Feed. Toxins 2021, 13, 202 .

AMA Style

Jonas Vandicke, Katrien De Visschere, Maarten Ameye, Siska Croubels, Sarah De Saeger, Kris Audenaert, Geert Haesaert. Multi-Mycotoxin Contamination of Maize Silages in Flanders, Belgium: Monitoring Mycotoxin Levels from Seed to Feed. Toxins. 2021; 13 (3):202.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jonas Vandicke; Katrien De Visschere; Maarten Ameye; Siska Croubels; Sarah De Saeger; Kris Audenaert; Geert Haesaert. 2021. "Multi-Mycotoxin Contamination of Maize Silages in Flanders, Belgium: Monitoring Mycotoxin Levels from Seed to Feed." Toxins 13, no. 3: 202.

Journal article
Published: 04 January 2021 in Toxins
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Although previous studies have reported the use of nixtamalization for mycotoxins reduction in maize, the efficacy of calcium hydroxide and other nixtamalization cooking ingredients for mycotoxin reduction/decontamination in sorghum and other cereals still need to be determined. The current study investigated the effect of five nixtamalization cooking ingredients (wood ashes, calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and calcium chloride) on the reduction of Fusarium mycotoxins in artificially contaminated maize and sorghum using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. All tested cooking ingredients effectively reduced levels of mycotoxins in the contaminated samples with reduction initiated immediately after the washing step. Except for the calcium chloride nixtamal, levels of fumonisin B1, B2, and B3 in the processed sorghum nixtamal samples were below the limit of detection. Meanwhile, the lowest pH values were obtained from the maize (4.84; 4.99), as well as sorghum (4.83; 4.81) nejayote and nixtamal samples obtained via calcium chloride treatment. Overall, the results revealed that the tested cooking ingredients were effective in reducing the target mycotoxins. In addition, it pointed out the potential of calcium chloride, though with reduced effectiveness, as a possible greener alternative cooking ingredient (ecological nixtamalization) when there are environmental concerns caused by alkaline nejayote.

ACS Style

Julianah Odukoya; Sarah De Saeger; Marthe De Boevre; Gabriel Adegoke; Kris Audenaert; Siska Croubels; Gunther Antonissen; Karel Vermeulen; Sefater Gbashi; Patrick Njobeh. Effect of Selected Cooking Ingredients for Nixtamalization on the Reduction of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Maize and Sorghum. Toxins 2021, 13, 27 .

AMA Style

Julianah Odukoya, Sarah De Saeger, Marthe De Boevre, Gabriel Adegoke, Kris Audenaert, Siska Croubels, Gunther Antonissen, Karel Vermeulen, Sefater Gbashi, Patrick Njobeh. Effect of Selected Cooking Ingredients for Nixtamalization on the Reduction of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Maize and Sorghum. Toxins. 2021; 13 (1):27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julianah Odukoya; Sarah De Saeger; Marthe De Boevre; Gabriel Adegoke; Kris Audenaert; Siska Croubels; Gunther Antonissen; Karel Vermeulen; Sefater Gbashi; Patrick Njobeh. 2021. "Effect of Selected Cooking Ingredients for Nixtamalization on the Reduction of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Maize and Sorghum." Toxins 13, no. 1: 27.

Journal article
Published: 03 December 2020 in Toxins
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Mycotoxins are common in grains in sub-Saharan Africa and negatively impact human and animal health and production. This study assessed occurrences of mycotoxins, some plant, and bacterial metabolites in 16 dairy and 27 poultry feeds, and 24 feed ingredients from Machakos town, Kenya, in February and August 2019. We analyzed the samples using a validated multi-toxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. A total of 153 mycotoxins, plant, and bacterial toxins, were detected in the samples. All the samples were co-contaminated with 21 to 116 different mycotoxins and/or metabolites. The commonly occurring and EU regulated mycotoxins reported were; aflatoxins (AFs) (70%; range 0.2–318.5 μg/kg), deoxynivalenol (82%; range 22.2–1037 μg/kg), ergot alkaloids (70%; range 0.4–285.7 μg/kg), fumonisins (90%; range 32.4–14,346 μg/kg), HT-2 toxin (3%; range 11.9–13.8 μg/kg), ochratoxin A (24%; range 1.1–24.3 μg/kg), T-2 toxin (4%; range 2.7–5.2 μg/kg) and zearalenone (94%; range 0.3–910.4 μg/kg). Other unregulated emerging mycotoxins and metabolites including Alternaria toxins, Aspergillus toxins, bacterial metabolites, cytochalasins, depsipeptides, Fusarium metabolites, metabolites from other fungi, Penicillium toxins, phytoestrogens, plant metabolites, and unspecific metabolites were also detected at varying levels. Except for total AFs, where the average contamination level was above the EU regulatory limit, all the other mycotoxins detected had average contamination levels below the limits. Ninety-six percent of all the samples were contaminated with more than one of the EU regulated mycotoxins. These co-occurrences may cause synergistic and additive health effects thereby hindering the growth of the Kenyan livestock sector.

ACS Style

David Chebutia Kemboi; Phillis E. Ochieng; Gunther Antonissen; Siska Croubels; Marie-Louise Scippo; Sheila Okoth; Erastus K. Kangethe; Johannes Faas; Barbara Doupovec; Johanna F. Lindahl; James K. Gathumbi. Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle and Poultry Feeds and Feed Ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya. Toxins 2020, 12, 762 .

AMA Style

David Chebutia Kemboi, Phillis E. Ochieng, Gunther Antonissen, Siska Croubels, Marie-Louise Scippo, Sheila Okoth, Erastus K. Kangethe, Johannes Faas, Barbara Doupovec, Johanna F. Lindahl, James K. Gathumbi. Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle and Poultry Feeds and Feed Ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya. Toxins. 2020; 12 (12):762.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Chebutia Kemboi; Phillis E. Ochieng; Gunther Antonissen; Siska Croubels; Marie-Louise Scippo; Sheila Okoth; Erastus K. Kangethe; Johannes Faas; Barbara Doupovec; Johanna F. Lindahl; James K. Gathumbi. 2020. "Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle and Poultry Feeds and Feed Ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya." Toxins 12, no. 12: 762.

Journal article
Published: 16 November 2020 in Toxins
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Citrinin (CIT) is a polyketide mycotoxin occurring in a variety of food and feedstuff, among which cereal grains are the most important contaminated source. Pigs and poultry are important livestock animals frequently exposed to mycotoxins, including CIT. Concerns are rising related to the toxic, and especially the potential nephrotoxic, properties of CIT. The purpose of this study was to clarify the histopathological effects on kidneys, liver, jejunum and duodenum of pigs, broiler chickens and laying hens receiving CIT contaminated feed. During 3 weeks, pigs (n = 16) were exposed to feed containing 1 mg CIT/kg feed or to control feed (n = 4), while 2 groups of broiler chickens and laying hens (n = 8 per group) received 0.1 mg CIT/kg feed (lower dose group) and 3 or 3.5 mg CIT/kg feed (higher dose group), respectively, or control feed (n = 4). CIT concentrations were quantified in plasma, kidneys, liver, muscle and eggs using a validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method. Kidneys, liver, duodenum and jejunum were evaluated histologically using light microscopy, while the kidneys were further examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Histopathology did not reveal major abnormalities at the given contamination levels. However, a significant increase of swollen and degenerated mitochondria in renal cortical cells from all test groups were observed (p < 0.05). These observations could be related to oxidative stress, which is the major mechanism of CIT toxicity. Residues of CIT were detected in all collected tissues, except for muscle and egg white from layers in the lowest dose group, and egg white from layers in the highest dose group. CIT concentrations in plasma ranged between 0.1 (laying hens in lower dose group) and 20.8 ng/mL (pigs). In tissues, CIT concentrations ranged from 0.6 (muscle) to 20.3 µg/kg (liver) in pigs, while concentrations in chickens ranged from 0.1 (muscle) to 70.2 µg/kg (liver). Carry-over ratios from feed to edible tissues were between 0.1 and 2% in pigs, and between 0.1 and 6.9% in chickens, suggesting a low contribution of pig and poultry tissue-derived products towards the total dietary CIT intake for humans.

ACS Style

Celine Meerpoel; Arnau Vidal; Emmanuel K. Tangni; Bart Huybrechts; Liesbeth Couck; Riet De Rycke; Lobke De Bels; Sarah De Saeger; Wim Van Den Broeck; Mathias Devreese; Siska Croubels. A Study of Carry-Over and Histopathological Effects after Chronic Dietary Intake of Citrinin in Pigs, Broiler Chickens and Laying Hens. Toxins 2020, 12, 719 .

AMA Style

Celine Meerpoel, Arnau Vidal, Emmanuel K. Tangni, Bart Huybrechts, Liesbeth Couck, Riet De Rycke, Lobke De Bels, Sarah De Saeger, Wim Van Den Broeck, Mathias Devreese, Siska Croubels. A Study of Carry-Over and Histopathological Effects after Chronic Dietary Intake of Citrinin in Pigs, Broiler Chickens and Laying Hens. Toxins. 2020; 12 (11):719.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Celine Meerpoel; Arnau Vidal; Emmanuel K. Tangni; Bart Huybrechts; Liesbeth Couck; Riet De Rycke; Lobke De Bels; Sarah De Saeger; Wim Van Den Broeck; Mathias Devreese; Siska Croubels. 2020. "A Study of Carry-Over and Histopathological Effects after Chronic Dietary Intake of Citrinin in Pigs, Broiler Chickens and Laying Hens." Toxins 12, no. 11: 719.

Journal article
Published: 26 October 2020 in Nature Communications
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Wildlife diseases are contributing to the current Earth’s sixth mass extinction; one disease, chytridiomycosis, has caused mass amphibian die-offs. While global spread of a hypervirulent lineage of the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (BdGPL) causes unprecedented loss of vertebrate diversity by decimating amphibian populations, its impact on amphibian communities is highly variable across regions. Here, we combine field data with in vitro and in vivo trials that demonstrate the presence of a markedly diverse variety of low virulence isolates of BdGPL in northern European amphibian communities. Pre-exposure to some of these low virulence isolates protects against disease following subsequent exposure to highly virulent BdGPL in midwife toads (Alytes obstetricans) and alters infection dynamics of its sister species B. salamandrivorans in newts (Triturus marmoratus), but not in salamanders (Salamandra salamandra). The key role of pathogen virulence in the complex host-pathogen-environment interaction supports efforts to limit pathogen pollution in a globalized world.

ACS Style

Mark S. Greener; Elin Verbrugghe; Moira Kelly; Mark Blooi; Wouter Beukema; Stefano Canessa; Salvador Carranza; Siska Croubels; Niels De Troyer; Daniel Fernandez-Giberteau; Peter Goethals; Luc Lens; Zhimin Li; Gwij Stegen; Diederik Strubbe; Robby Van Leeuwenberg; Sarah Van Praet; Mireia Vila-Escale; Muriel Vervaeke; Frank Pasmans; An Martel. Presence of low virulence chytrid fungi could protect European amphibians from more deadly strains. Nature Communications 2020, 11, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Mark S. Greener, Elin Verbrugghe, Moira Kelly, Mark Blooi, Wouter Beukema, Stefano Canessa, Salvador Carranza, Siska Croubels, Niels De Troyer, Daniel Fernandez-Giberteau, Peter Goethals, Luc Lens, Zhimin Li, Gwij Stegen, Diederik Strubbe, Robby Van Leeuwenberg, Sarah Van Praet, Mireia Vila-Escale, Muriel Vervaeke, Frank Pasmans, An Martel. Presence of low virulence chytrid fungi could protect European amphibians from more deadly strains. Nature Communications. 2020; 11 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mark S. Greener; Elin Verbrugghe; Moira Kelly; Mark Blooi; Wouter Beukema; Stefano Canessa; Salvador Carranza; Siska Croubels; Niels De Troyer; Daniel Fernandez-Giberteau; Peter Goethals; Luc Lens; Zhimin Li; Gwij Stegen; Diederik Strubbe; Robby Van Leeuwenberg; Sarah Van Praet; Mireia Vila-Escale; Muriel Vervaeke; Frank Pasmans; An Martel. 2020. "Presence of low virulence chytrid fungi could protect European amphibians from more deadly strains." Nature Communications 11, no. 1: 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 18 October 2020 in Toxins
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The goal of this study was to investigate the toxicokinetic characteristics of aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) in broiler chickens and the effect of calcination of a Tunisian montmorillonite clay on the in vivo absorption of AFG1. In this study, broiler chickens were randomly distributed into four groups of 10 animals. Group 1 was administered AFG1 (2 mg/kg body weight (BW)) by single intravenous injection (IV), group 2 received an intra-crop bolus (PO) of AFG1 without any clay, group 3 was dosed AFG1 PO together with an oral bolus of purified clay (CP), and group 4 received AFG1 PO with an oral bolus of calcined clay. A significant difference in the area under the curve (AUC0-t) was observed for group 4 (6.78 ± 4.24 h*ng/mL) in comparison with group 2 (12.83 ± 4.19 h*ng/mL). A significant reduction of the oral bioavailability of AFG1 was observed for group 4 (7.61 ± 4.76%) compared with group 2 (14.40 ± 4.70%), while no significant effect was observed of CP. In this experiment, no phase I nor phase II metabolites of AFG1 were observed. These findings confirm that calcination of the purified montmorillonite clay enhances the adsorption of AFG1 in the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration, thereby reducing its bioavailability, thus reducing its toxic effects.

ACS Style

Roua Rejeb; Siegrid De Baere; Mathias Devreese; Richard Ducatelle; Siska Croubels; Madiha Hadj Ayed; Achraf Ghorbal; Gunther Antonissen. Calcination Improves the In Vivo Efficacy of a Montmorillonite Clay to Bind Aflatoxin G1 in Broiler Chickens: A Toxicokinetic Approach. Toxins 2020, 12, 660 .

AMA Style

Roua Rejeb, Siegrid De Baere, Mathias Devreese, Richard Ducatelle, Siska Croubels, Madiha Hadj Ayed, Achraf Ghorbal, Gunther Antonissen. Calcination Improves the In Vivo Efficacy of a Montmorillonite Clay to Bind Aflatoxin G1 in Broiler Chickens: A Toxicokinetic Approach. Toxins. 2020; 12 (10):660.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roua Rejeb; Siegrid De Baere; Mathias Devreese; Richard Ducatelle; Siska Croubels; Madiha Hadj Ayed; Achraf Ghorbal; Gunther Antonissen. 2020. "Calcination Improves the In Vivo Efficacy of a Montmorillonite Clay to Bind Aflatoxin G1 in Broiler Chickens: A Toxicokinetic Approach." Toxins 12, no. 10: 660.

Preprint content
Published: 12 October 2020
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Widespread endemism of host-adapted pathogens poses a heavy burden on animal and human health. Mechanisms underpinning long-term host pathogen co-existence and concurrent costs are poorly understood. We use infections in pigeons with pathogenic, pigeon adapted Salmonella Typhimurium to explain how host and pathogen trade-offs and benefits sustain long-term pathogen endemism. An experimentally infected group of pigeons that was studied for 15 months showed that pathogen persistence decreased host condition and reproductive success, but conferred protection against Salmonella-induced clinical disease. The relevance of these findings was confirmed in nature, where this pathogen was shown to widely occur in feral pigeons (Columba livia), yet without clinical disease. Pathogen transmission and long-term persistence were associated with intermittent faecal shedding, which markedly increased during crop feeding and natural stress periods. Exploiting host specific traits in the presence of protective host population immunity thus facilitates long-term co-existence, be it at a significant reproductive cost.

ACS Style

Diederik Strubbe; Roel Haesendonck; Elin Verbrugghe; Luc Lens; Richard Ducatelle; Siska Croubels; Freddy Haesebrouck; An Martel; Frank Pasmans. Host-pathogen co-existence incurs reproductive costs. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Diederik Strubbe, Roel Haesendonck, Elin Verbrugghe, Luc Lens, Richard Ducatelle, Siska Croubels, Freddy Haesebrouck, An Martel, Frank Pasmans. Host-pathogen co-existence incurs reproductive costs. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Diederik Strubbe; Roel Haesendonck; Elin Verbrugghe; Luc Lens; Richard Ducatelle; Siska Croubels; Freddy Haesebrouck; An Martel; Frank Pasmans. 2020. "Host-pathogen co-existence incurs reproductive costs." , no. : 1.

Review article
Published: 10 October 2020 in Global Ecology and Conservation
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While the emerging amphibian disease chytridiomycosis is causing dramatic and ongoing biodiversity losses worldwide, sustainable strategies to mitigate this global threat to amphibians are currently missing. We here propose a conceptual framework for a novel biological mitigation strategy based on the increasing evidence that naturally occurring micropredators, such as protists, rotifers and crustaceans, are capable of using zoospores of the chytrid pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) as a food source under controlled laboratory conditions. Pathogen predation may serve as a cost-efficient way to prevent chytridiomycosis outbreaks under natural conditions by reducing zoospore densities and thereby infection loads. This predator-pathogen relationship is not an isolated interaction, but is embedded in the aquatic food web structure that interacts with a wide range of environmental factors. Amphibian breeding ponds are increasingly associated to agricultural landscapes due to ongoing land use occupancy for food production, exposing these water bodies to a variety of environmental stressors such as agrochemical pollution, nutrient enrichment and cattle trampling. Environmental stressors may affect the composition and abundance of aquatic communities, while they can also exert sublethal effects that may reduce the zoospore removal efficiency of micropredators. By carefully controlling environmental stressors, trophic interactions may be steered to optimize chytrid predation with the aim of reducing zoospore densities to such extent that hosts and pathogens can sustainably coexist. We present a scientific outline of this novel concept and provide a framework for ongoing research to develop a complete mitigation strategy against chytridiomycosis based on such food web control.

ACS Style

Arne Deknock; Peter Goethals; Siska Croubels; Luc Lens; An Martel; Frank Pasmans. Towards a food web based control strategy to mitigate an amphibian panzootic in agricultural landscapes. Global Ecology and Conservation 2020, 24, e01314 .

AMA Style

Arne Deknock, Peter Goethals, Siska Croubels, Luc Lens, An Martel, Frank Pasmans. Towards a food web based control strategy to mitigate an amphibian panzootic in agricultural landscapes. Global Ecology and Conservation. 2020; 24 ():e01314.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arne Deknock; Peter Goethals; Siska Croubels; Luc Lens; An Martel; Frank Pasmans. 2020. "Towards a food web based control strategy to mitigate an amphibian panzootic in agricultural landscapes." Global Ecology and Conservation 24, no. : e01314.

Original article
Published: 18 September 2020 in Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology
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Chronic β-alanine supplementation leads to increased levels of muscle histidine-containing dipeptides. However, the majority of ingested β-alanine is, most likely, degraded by two transaminases: GABA-T and AGXT2. In contrast to GABA-T, the in vivo role of AGXT2 with respect to β-alanine metabolism is unknown. The purpose of the present work is to investigate if AGXT2 is functionally involved in β-alanine homeostasis. Muscle histidine-containing dipeptides levels were determined in AGXT2 overexpressing or knock-out mice and in human subjects with different rs37369 genotypes which is known to affect AGXT2 activity. Further, plasma β-alanine kinetic was measured and urine was obtained from subjects with different rs37369 genotypes following ingestion of 1400 mg β-alanine. Overexpression of AGXT2 decreased circulating and muscle histidine-containing dipeptides (> 70% decrease; p < 0.05), while AGXT2 KO did not result in altered histidine-containing dipeptides levels. In both models, β-alanine remained unaffected in the circulation and in muscle (p > 0.05). In humans, the results support the evidence that decreased AGXT2 activity is not associated with altered histidine-containing dipeptides levels (p > 0.05). Additionally, following an acute dose of β-alanine, no differences in pharmacokinetic response were measured between subjects with different rs37369 genotypes (p > 0.05). Interestingly, urinary β-alanine excretion was 103% higher in subjects associated with lower AGXT2 activity, compared to subjects associated with normal AGXT2 activity (p < 0.05). The data suggest that in vivo, β-alanine is a substrate of AGXT2; however, its importance in the metabolism of β-alanine and histidine-containing dipeptides seems small.

ACS Style

Jan Stautemas; Natalia Jarzebska; Zhou Xiang Shan; Laura Blancquaert; Inge Everaert; Sarah De Jager; Siegrid De Baere; Arne Hautekiet; Anneke Volkaert; Filip B. D. Lefevere; Jens Martens-Lobenhoffer; Stefanie M. Bode-Böger; Chang Keun Kim; James Leiper; Norbert Weiss; Siska Croubels; Roman N. Rodionov; Wim Derave. The role of alanine glyoxylate transaminase-2 (agxt2) in β-alanine and carnosine metabolism of healthy mice and humans. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2020, 120, 2749 -2759.

AMA Style

Jan Stautemas, Natalia Jarzebska, Zhou Xiang Shan, Laura Blancquaert, Inge Everaert, Sarah De Jager, Siegrid De Baere, Arne Hautekiet, Anneke Volkaert, Filip B. D. Lefevere, Jens Martens-Lobenhoffer, Stefanie M. Bode-Böger, Chang Keun Kim, James Leiper, Norbert Weiss, Siska Croubels, Roman N. Rodionov, Wim Derave. The role of alanine glyoxylate transaminase-2 (agxt2) in β-alanine and carnosine metabolism of healthy mice and humans. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2020; 120 (12):2749-2759.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jan Stautemas; Natalia Jarzebska; Zhou Xiang Shan; Laura Blancquaert; Inge Everaert; Sarah De Jager; Siegrid De Baere; Arne Hautekiet; Anneke Volkaert; Filip B. D. Lefevere; Jens Martens-Lobenhoffer; Stefanie M. Bode-Böger; Chang Keun Kim; James Leiper; Norbert Weiss; Siska Croubels; Roman N. Rodionov; Wim Derave. 2020. "The role of alanine glyoxylate transaminase-2 (agxt2) in β-alanine and carnosine metabolism of healthy mice and humans." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 120, no. 12: 2749-2759.

Paper
Published: 18 September 2020 in Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts
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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites formed by fungi growing on crops, which may end up in the aquatic environment through rainfall and surface runoff from (manure-amended) cropland, posing a potential environmental risk.

ACS Style

T. Goessens; S. D. Baere; N. D. Troyer; A. DeKnock; P. Goethals; L. Lens; F. Pasmans; S. Croubels. Highly sensitive multi-residue analysis of veterinary drugs including coccidiostats and anthelmintics in pond water using UHPLC-MS/MS: application to freshwater ponds in Flanders, Belgium. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 2020, 22, 2117 -2131.

AMA Style

T. Goessens, S. D. Baere, N. D. Troyer, A. DeKnock, P. Goethals, L. Lens, F. Pasmans, S. Croubels. Highly sensitive multi-residue analysis of veterinary drugs including coccidiostats and anthelmintics in pond water using UHPLC-MS/MS: application to freshwater ponds in Flanders, Belgium. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. 2020; 22 (10):2117-2131.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T. Goessens; S. D. Baere; N. D. Troyer; A. DeKnock; P. Goethals; L. Lens; F. Pasmans; S. Croubels. 2020. "Highly sensitive multi-residue analysis of veterinary drugs including coccidiostats and anthelmintics in pond water using UHPLC-MS/MS: application to freshwater ponds in Flanders, Belgium." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 22, no. 10: 2117-2131.

Journal article
Published: 31 August 2020 in Antibiotics
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The vast majority of medicines in pig rearing are administered via oral group medication through medicated feed and drinking water. However, relevant on-farm factors affecting the concentration of these drugs in feed and drinking water, such as the homogeneity, stability, and cross-contamination, are largely unknown. To characterize these factors, samples of medicated feed and drinking water were taken on 24 Belgian pig farms during treatment and 2 days thereafter, as well as at different on-farm sampling sites from production to feeding troughs or drinking nipples. The samples contained amoxicillin, doxycycline, florfenicol, or flubendazole. Additionally, a questionnaire was completed. In contrast to the results of medicated feed, results of medicated water showed a large between-farm variation in antimicrobial drug concentration. The therapeutic concentration range was only met in 2 out of 11 farms using medicated feed, and in 3 out of 13 farms using medicated water. Medicated feed concentrations were often below the therapeutic concentration range mentioned in the Summary of Product Characteristics, while drinking water concentrations were just as often above as they were below the advised target concentration range. Drug residues measured 2 days after the end of therapy with both feed and water medication rarely exceeded 1% of the lowest therapeutic concentration. This study demonstrates that recommendations on good clinical practices for oral group medication in the pig industry are highly needed.

ACS Style

Femke Vandael; Helena Cardoso De Carvalho Ferreira; Mathias Devreese; Jeroen Dewulf; Els Daeseleire; Mia Eeckhout; Siska Croubels. Stability, Homogeneity and Carry-Over of Amoxicillin, Doxycycline, Florfenicol and Flubendazole in Medicated Feed and Drinking Water on 24 Pig Farms. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 563 .

AMA Style

Femke Vandael, Helena Cardoso De Carvalho Ferreira, Mathias Devreese, Jeroen Dewulf, Els Daeseleire, Mia Eeckhout, Siska Croubels. Stability, Homogeneity and Carry-Over of Amoxicillin, Doxycycline, Florfenicol and Flubendazole in Medicated Feed and Drinking Water on 24 Pig Farms. Antibiotics. 2020; 9 (9):563.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Femke Vandael; Helena Cardoso De Carvalho Ferreira; Mathias Devreese; Jeroen Dewulf; Els Daeseleire; Mia Eeckhout; Siska Croubels. 2020. "Stability, Homogeneity and Carry-Over of Amoxicillin, Doxycycline, Florfenicol and Flubendazole in Medicated Feed and Drinking Water on 24 Pig Farms." Antibiotics 9, no. 9: 563.

Journal article
Published: 07 July 2020 in Talanta
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Increasing anthropogenic pressure and agricultural pollution raises concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance and biodiversity loss in aquatic environments. In order to protect and restore water resources and biodiversity, antimicrobial drug residues should be monitored in all aquatic environments including pond water. Consequently, the objective of this research was to develop and validate a novel multi-residue method for the simultaneous quantification of 46 targeted human and veterinary antimicrobial drugs in pond water. A suitable extraction method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) was developed, assisted by a fractional factorial design. A broad polarity range of compounds was covered (log P from −4.05 to 4.38), including major representatives of the following classes: sulfonamides, tetracyclines, quinolones, macrolides, lincosamides, nitrofurans, penicillins, cephalosporins, diaminopyrimidines, pleuromutilins and phenicols. All analytes were separated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and detected in full-scan by Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (Orbitrap-HRMS). Good linearity was obtained for all compounds with R2 ≥ 0.993 and goodness-of-fit coefficient (g) ≤ 11.56%. Method detection limits ranged from 10 to 50 ng L−1 and method quantification limits were 50 ng L−1 for all compounds. Acceptable values were obtained for within-day and between-day apparent recoveries (i.e. between 50 and 120%), precision (< 30% and < 45%) and measurement uncertainty (< 50%). Targeted analysis of 18 freshwater ponds throughout Flanders was performed to demonstrate the applicability of the newly developed UHPLC-HRMS method. Overall, 20 antimicrobial drugs were detected with highest concentrations observed for tetracyclines and their transformation products ranging between 51 and 248 ng L−1. Finally, suspect screening was performed suggesting the presence of 14 additional pharmaceuticals including 3 antimicrobial degradation products (e.g. apo-oxytetracycline, amoxicillin penicilloic acid and penilloic acid) and 11 pesticides.

ACS Style

T. Goessens; S. Huysman; N. De Troyer; A. Deknock; P. Goethals; L. Lens; L. Vanhaecke; S. Croubels. Multi-class analysis of 46 antimicrobial drug residues in pond water using UHPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS and application to freshwater ponds in Flanders, Belgium. Talanta 2020, 220, 121326 .

AMA Style

T. Goessens, S. Huysman, N. De Troyer, A. Deknock, P. Goethals, L. Lens, L. Vanhaecke, S. Croubels. Multi-class analysis of 46 antimicrobial drug residues in pond water using UHPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS and application to freshwater ponds in Flanders, Belgium. Talanta. 2020; 220 ():121326.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T. Goessens; S. Huysman; N. De Troyer; A. Deknock; P. Goethals; L. Lens; L. Vanhaecke; S. Croubels. 2020. "Multi-class analysis of 46 antimicrobial drug residues in pond water using UHPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS and application to freshwater ponds in Flanders, Belgium." Talanta 220, no. : 121326.

Research article
Published: 25 June 2020 in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
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Juveniles are considered as one of the most vulnerable population groups concerning mycotoxins and their modified forms. The weaning stage is a particularly vulnerable period in the life of mammals, reflected in intestinal and immune dysfunction. The current study investigated the toxicokinetic (TK) characteristics of zearalenone (ZEN), zearalenone-14-glucoside (ZEN14G), and zearalenone-14-sulfate (ZEN14S) in weaned (4-week-old) piglets, by means of oral and intravenous administration of equimolar doses, i.e., 331, 500, and 415 μg/kg bodyweight, respectively. Plasma and urine were sampled pre- and post-administration and were quantitatively analyzed for ZEN, ZEN14G, ZEN14S, and in vivo metabolites by liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. Tailor-made TK models were elaborated to process data. A statistical comparison of the results was performed with TK data obtained in a previously reported study in pigs of 8 weeks of age. Additionally, porcine plasma protein binding was determined to support TK findings. The TK results for ZEN, ZEN14G, and ZEN14S, obtained in 4- and 8-week-old pigs, revealed significant age-related differences, based on differences in intestinal permeability, body fat content, gastrointestinal transit time, and biotransformation, with a special emphasis on an increased absorbed fraction of ZEN14G, i.e., 94 vs 61% in 4- compared to 8-week-old pigs. Since the growing pig has been reported to be a suitable pediatric animal model for humans concerning TK processes, these results may contribute to refine the risk assessment concerning modified ZEN forms in juvenile animals and humans.

ACS Style

Amelie Catteuw; Mathias Devreese; Siegrid De Baere; Gunther Antonissen; Bart Huybrechts; Lada Ivanova; Silvio Uhlig; Ann Martens; Sarah De Saeger; Marthe De Boevre; Siska Croubels. Toxicokinetic Studies in Piglets Reveal Age-Related Differences in Systemic Exposure to Zearalenone, Zearalenone-14-Glucoside, and Zearalenone-14-Sulfate. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2020, 68, 7757 -7764.

AMA Style

Amelie Catteuw, Mathias Devreese, Siegrid De Baere, Gunther Antonissen, Bart Huybrechts, Lada Ivanova, Silvio Uhlig, Ann Martens, Sarah De Saeger, Marthe De Boevre, Siska Croubels. Toxicokinetic Studies in Piglets Reveal Age-Related Differences in Systemic Exposure to Zearalenone, Zearalenone-14-Glucoside, and Zearalenone-14-Sulfate. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2020; 68 (29):7757-7764.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amelie Catteuw; Mathias Devreese; Siegrid De Baere; Gunther Antonissen; Bart Huybrechts; Lada Ivanova; Silvio Uhlig; Ann Martens; Sarah De Saeger; Marthe De Boevre; Siska Croubels. 2020. "Toxicokinetic Studies in Piglets Reveal Age-Related Differences in Systemic Exposure to Zearalenone, Zearalenone-14-Glucoside, and Zearalenone-14-Sulfate." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 68, no. 29: 7757-7764.

Journal article
Published: 21 June 2020 in Toxins
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The toxicokinetics (TK) of hydrolyzed fumonisin B1 (HFB1) were evaluated in 16 broiler chickens after being fed either a control or a fumonisins-contaminated diet (10.8 mg fumonisin B1, 3.3 mg B2 and 1.5 mg B3/kg feed) for two weeks, followed by a single oral (PO) or intravenous (IV) dose of 1.25 mg/kg bodyweight (BW) of HFB1. Fumonisin B1 (FB1), its partially hydrolyzed metabolites pHFB1a and pHFB1b, and fully hydrolyzed metabolite HFB1, were determined in chicken plasma using a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method. None of the broiler chicken showed clinical symptoms of fumonisins (FBs) or HFB1 toxicity during the trial, nor was an aberration in body weight observed between the animals fed the FBs-contaminated diet and those fed the control diet. HFB1 was shown to follow a two-compartmental pharmacokinetic model with first order elimination in broiler chickens after IV administration. Toxicokinetic parameters of HFB1 demonstrated a total body clearance of 16.39 L/kg·h and an intercompartmental flow of 8.34 L/kg·h. Low levels of FB1 and traces of pHFB1b were found in plasma of chickens fed the FBs-contaminated diet. Due to plasma concentrations being under the limit of quantification (LOQ) after oral administration of HFB1, no toxicokinetic modelling could be performed in broiler chickens after oral administration of HFB1. Moreover, no phase II metabolites, nor N-acyl-metabolites of HFB1 could be detected in this study.

ACS Style

Gunther Antonissen; Siegrid De Baere; Barbara Novak; Dian Schatzmayr; Danica Den Hollander; Mathias Devreese; Siska Croubels. Toxicokinetics of Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B1 after Single Oral or Intravenous Bolus to Broiler Chickens Fed a Control or a Fumonisins-Contaminated Diet. Toxins 2020, 12, 413 .

AMA Style

Gunther Antonissen, Siegrid De Baere, Barbara Novak, Dian Schatzmayr, Danica Den Hollander, Mathias Devreese, Siska Croubels. Toxicokinetics of Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B1 after Single Oral or Intravenous Bolus to Broiler Chickens Fed a Control or a Fumonisins-Contaminated Diet. Toxins. 2020; 12 (6):413.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gunther Antonissen; Siegrid De Baere; Barbara Novak; Dian Schatzmayr; Danica Den Hollander; Mathias Devreese; Siska Croubels. 2020. "Toxicokinetics of Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B1 after Single Oral or Intravenous Bolus to Broiler Chickens Fed a Control or a Fumonisins-Contaminated Diet." Toxins 12, no. 6: 413.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2020 in Toxins
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Ruminal microbiota of cattle are not able to detoxify all mycotoxins. In addition, detoxification can be hampered by adverse ruminal conditions (e.g., low ruminal pH). Hence, in the cattle husbandry, mycotoxin binders and modifiers could be used to prevent animal exposure to mycotoxins. In this study, an in vitro rumen model, including feed matrix, was established as first screening tool to test the efficacy of five products claiming to detoxify mycotoxins. The detoxifiers had different modes of action: (a) binding (three products); (b) enzymatic detoxification of zearalenone (ZEN; one product, ZenA); and (c) bacterial transformation of trichothecenes (one product, BBSH 797). For the mycotoxin binders, the binding to the mycotoxins enniatin B (ENN B), roquefortine C (ROQ-C), mycophenolic acid (MPA), deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), and zearalenone (ZEN) were tested at a dose recommended by the manufacturers. The in vitro model demonstrated that all binders adsorbed ENN B to a certain extent, while only one of the binders also partially adsorbed ROQ-C. The binders did not change the concentrations of the other mycotoxins in the ruminal fluid. The enzyme ZenA detoxified ZEN very quickly and prevented the formation of the more toxic metabolite α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), both at normal (6.8) and low ruminal pH (5.8). The addition of BBSH 797 enhanced detoxification of DON and NIV, both at normal and low ruminal pH. The in vitro rumen model demonstrated that the addition of ZenA seems to be a very promising strategy to prevent estrogenic effects of ZEN contaminated feed, and BBSH 797 is efficient in the detoxification of trichothecenes.

ACS Style

Sandra Debevere; Dian Schatzmayr; Nicole Reisinger; Markus Aleschko; Geert Haesaert; Michael Rychlik; Siska Croubels; Veerle Fievez. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Mycotoxin Modifiers and Mycotoxin Binders by Using an In Vitro Rumen Model as a First Screening Tool. Toxins 2020, 12, 405 .

AMA Style

Sandra Debevere, Dian Schatzmayr, Nicole Reisinger, Markus Aleschko, Geert Haesaert, Michael Rychlik, Siska Croubels, Veerle Fievez. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Mycotoxin Modifiers and Mycotoxin Binders by Using an In Vitro Rumen Model as a First Screening Tool. Toxins. 2020; 12 (6):405.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sandra Debevere; Dian Schatzmayr; Nicole Reisinger; Markus Aleschko; Geert Haesaert; Michael Rychlik; Siska Croubels; Veerle Fievez. 2020. "Evaluation of the Efficacy of Mycotoxin Modifiers and Mycotoxin Binders by Using an In Vitro Rumen Model as a First Screening Tool." Toxins 12, no. 6: 405.