The application of game elements of gamification in online shopping is attracting interest from researchers and practitioners. However, it remains unclear how gamification affects and improves consumer purchase intention on online shopping platforms, which still leaves a gap in our knowledge. To narrow this theoretical gap, a theoretical model has been built in this study. This model adopts cognitive evaluation theory to explain the impact of gamification elements on consumer purchase intention. Data was collected from 322 online shopping consumers who used a flash game to test their purchase intention after playing games. The results show that game rewards, absorption and autonomy of gamification positively enhance sense of enjoyment, and that it helps people meet their psychological needs, which ultimately affects the online purchase intention of consumers. This study is helpful in analyzing the factors involved in the successful introduction of gamification on online shopping platforms in more detail.

The COVID-19 pandemic at the beginning of 2020 has changed the conventional learning mode for most students at schools all over the world, and the e-learning at home has become a new trend. Taking Chinese college students as the research subject and drawing on the stimulus–organism–response (S-O-R) model, this paper examines the relationship between the peer referent, perceived closeness, and perceived control and the learning engagement. Using data from 377 college students who have used e-learning, this study shows that perceived closeness, perceived control, and peer referents in e-learning have a positive effect on the self-efficacy and well-being of students, thus improving students’ enthusiasm for learning. Our intent is to assist researchers, instructors, designers, and others in identifying effective methods to conceptualize and measure student engagement in e-learning.

Higher education policy and talent training are failing to meet the ever-changing expectations of employers and society in Taiwan, resulting in a gap between university education and employment. This study used social cognitive career theory (SCCT) to explore the relationships among self-efficacy, transformational leadership (TL), student employability (SE), and problem-based learning (PBL) in higher education institutions (HEIs). The analysis of 637 undergraduates from 16 Taiwanese HEIs using structural equation modeling (SEM) shows significant positive correlations among self-efficacy, PBL, TL, and SE, with PBL and self-efficacy as key mediators. Based on these findings, the researchers propose feasible suggestions for related issues and future research.

A comprehensive analytical study to assess the performance level of industrial functions in the environment has become necessary at the present time. According to existing research, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a significant reduction in carbon emissions in 2020. Policymakers are focusing on the discrepancies and negative environmental effect caused by various industries during their routine operations. This study aims to estimate the performance level of energy in the context of the environment of the countries that are members of the European Union This evaluation is performed through a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model, through which we have applied a non-proportional adjustment, taking into account the input of energy and its undesirable output. The DEA model allows dynamic assessment of sources in the field of measuring energy efficiency and its environmental effects. The score of measurement of efficiency lies between zero and one, which means China and Russia are awarded this score of one (1), which shows the highest level of efficiency in clean energy, while Bangladesh (0.19), Uzbekistan (0.09), Mongolia and Cambodia (0.06), and Kyrgyzstan (0.04) are at the lowest level of performance in clean energy. The results of the study showed that clean energy efficiency levels increased in all countries over the study period. The emission level of greenhouse gases in the first world countries was found to be better in the context of improvement in performance enhancement in the sector of the energy mix. Evasion score is measured as 365 kt of CO₂. This score for NO₂ is 280 kt and for SO₂ is 82 kt, whereas it is 23 kt (0.24 kg/cap) of particulate hazardous matter. The higher performance level of energy yields a negative relationship with emissions of gases, with a significant number of 12% for NO₂ in 2000, as compared to 13% for SO₂ and 14% for PM2.5. Whereas PM10 has the highest concentration (18%). Public policymakers may enhance the facilitation system for better free trade and a result-oriented corporate environment to enhance the performance level of energy in the electric sector.