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Dr. Belen Diezma
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Non Destructive Testing
0 Sensors in Agriculture
0 Images analysis for quality evaluation of fruits and vegetables
0 Animal monitoring
0 Environmental sensors

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Journal article
Published: 21 April 2021 in Plants
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Hyperspectral imaging is an appropriate method to thoroughly investigate the microscopic structure of internally heterogeneous agro-food products. By using hyperspectral technology, identifying stress symptoms associated with salinity, before a human observer, is possible, and has obvious benefits. The objective of this paper was to prove the suitability of this technique for the analysis of Triticale seeds subjected to both magneto-priming and drought and salt stress conditions, in terms of image differences obtained among treatments. It is known that, on the one hand, drought and salt stress treatments have negative effects on seeds of almost all species, and on the other hand, magneto-priming enhances seed germination parameters. Thus, this study aimed to relate hyperspectral imaging values—neither positive nor negative in themselves—to the effects mentioned above. Two main conclusions were reached: Firstly, the hyperspectral application is a feasible method for exploring the Triticale structure and for making distinctions under different drought and salt stress treatments, in line with the data variability obtained. Secondly, the lower spectral reflectance in some treatments—in the 400–1000 nm segment—is the result of a great number of chemical compounds in the seed that could be related to magneto-priming.

ACS Style

Jose Alvarez; Elvira Martinez; Belén Diezma. Application of Hyperspectral Imaging in the Assessment of Drought and Salt Stress in Magneto-Primed Triticale Seeds. Plants 2021, 10, 835 .

AMA Style

Jose Alvarez, Elvira Martinez, Belén Diezma. Application of Hyperspectral Imaging in the Assessment of Drought and Salt Stress in Magneto-Primed Triticale Seeds. Plants. 2021; 10 (5):835.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jose Alvarez; Elvira Martinez; Belén Diezma. 2021. "Application of Hyperspectral Imaging in the Assessment of Drought and Salt Stress in Magneto-Primed Triticale Seeds." Plants 10, no. 5: 835.

Journal article
Published: 13 March 2021 in Foods
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Lipid extraction using the traditional, destructive Soxhlet method is not able to measure oil content (OC) on a single olive. As the color and near infrared spectrum are key parameters to build an oil estimation model (EM), this study grouped olives with similar color and NIR for building EM of oil content obtained by Soxhlet from a cluster of similar olives. The objective was to estimate OC of individual olives, based on clusters of similar color and NIR in two seasons. This study was performed with Arbequina olives in 2016 and 2017. The descriptor of the cluster consisted of the three color channels of c1c2c3 color model plus 11 reflectance points between 1710 and 1735 nm of each olive, normalized with the Z-score index. Clusters of similar color and NIR spectrum were formed with the k-means++ algorithm, leaving a sufficient number of olives to perform the Soxhlet analysis of OC, as reference value of EM. The training of EM was based on Support Vector Machine. The test was performed with Leave One-Out Cross Validation in different training-testing combinations. The best EM predicted the OC with 6 and 13% deviation with respect to the real value when one season was tested with itself and with another season, respectively. The use of clustering in EM is discussed.

ACS Style

Claudio Fredes; Constantino Valero; Belén Diezma; Marco Mora; José Naranjo-Torres; Manuel Wilson; Gabriel Delgadillo. A Model Based on Clusters of Similar Color and NIR to Estimate Oil Content of Single Olives. Foods 2021, 10, 609 .

AMA Style

Claudio Fredes, Constantino Valero, Belén Diezma, Marco Mora, José Naranjo-Torres, Manuel Wilson, Gabriel Delgadillo. A Model Based on Clusters of Similar Color and NIR to Estimate Oil Content of Single Olives. Foods. 2021; 10 (3):609.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claudio Fredes; Constantino Valero; Belén Diezma; Marco Mora; José Naranjo-Torres; Manuel Wilson; Gabriel Delgadillo. 2021. "A Model Based on Clusters of Similar Color and NIR to Estimate Oil Content of Single Olives." Foods 10, no. 3: 609.

Preprint
Published: 16 December 2020
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The color and NIR spectrum are key to build an oil estimation model, thus it requires individual olives clustering before the Sohlext oil extraction method can be applied. The objective was to analyze an OC estimation model of individual olives, based on cluster of similar color and NIR spectrum in different combination of the first and/or the second season. This study was performed with Chilean Arbequina olives in 2016 and 2017. The descriptor of the cluster consisted of the 3 color channels of c1, c2, c3 color model plus 11 reflectance points between 1710 and 1735 nm of each olive, normalized with the Z-score index. Clusters of similar color and NIR spectrum were formed with the k-means++ algorithm, leaving a sufficient amount of olives to be able to perform the Sohlext analysis of OC, as reference value. The estimation models were based on the Support Vector Machine. The test was carried out with the Leave One-Out Cross Validation in different training-testing combinations. The best model predicted the OC with 6% and 13%deviation respect to the real value in one season by itself and when one season tested with another season, respectively. The use of clustering in estimation model is discussed.

ACS Style

Claudio Fredes; Constantino Valero; Belen Diezma; Marco Mora; José Naranjo-Torres; Manuel Wilson; Gabriel Delgadillo. A Model Based on Clusters of Similar Color and NIR to Estimate Oil Content of Single Olives. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Claudio Fredes, Constantino Valero, Belen Diezma, Marco Mora, José Naranjo-Torres, Manuel Wilson, Gabriel Delgadillo. A Model Based on Clusters of Similar Color and NIR to Estimate Oil Content of Single Olives. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claudio Fredes; Constantino Valero; Belen Diezma; Marco Mora; José Naranjo-Torres; Manuel Wilson; Gabriel Delgadillo. 2020. "A Model Based on Clusters of Similar Color and NIR to Estimate Oil Content of Single Olives." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 21 January 2020 in Agronomy
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There is growing interest within the peach and nectarine markets in obtaining and selling ready-to-eat fruits. For this, pre-ripening protocols are being applied, which do not always result in sufficiently juicy fruits. Therefore, the aim of this study is the development of objective instrumental procedures for quantification of the juiciness attributes of these fruits. In this work, we evaluated the juiciness of more than 2000 fruits belonging to 20 of the varieties of greatest interest in the southeast of Spain. An instrumental mechanical procedure based on the confined compression of a pulp specimen of known volume was designed and optimized. Instrumental juiciness was defined as the wet area (cm2) on an absorbent paper located under the compression probe. This test allowed for the defining of objective thresholds for the identification of juicy fruits; 90% of the fruits with areas higher than 5.4 cm2 were considered to be juicy. Complementarily, non-invasive supervision by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, based on pulp structural changes during ripening, allowed for estimation of the instrumental juiciness with coefficients of correlation above 0.83. The results of these instrumental procedures contribute to supporting decision tools in the logistics chain of stone fruits.

ACS Style

Paola Baltazar; Eva Cristina Correa; Belén Diezma. Instrumental Procedures for the Evaluation of Juiciness in Peach and Nectarine Cultivars for Fresh Consumption. Agronomy 2020, 10, 152 .

AMA Style

Paola Baltazar, Eva Cristina Correa, Belén Diezma. Instrumental Procedures for the Evaluation of Juiciness in Peach and Nectarine Cultivars for Fresh Consumption. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (2):152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paola Baltazar; Eva Cristina Correa; Belén Diezma. 2020. "Instrumental Procedures for the Evaluation of Juiciness in Peach and Nectarine Cultivars for Fresh Consumption." Agronomy 10, no. 2: 152.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2020 in Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche
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Sensors for estimation of soil properties will be explained in this topic. Principles about soil sensors based on different technologies (electroconductivity, magnetic response, NIR optical signals, mechanical resistance…) will be presented. Relation between these sensors and soil attributes related to fertility are important in order to extract relevant agronomical information out of soil maps.

ACS Style

Belén Diezma Iglesias. Soil sensors. Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Belén Diezma Iglesias. Soil sensors. Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Belén Diezma Iglesias. 2020. "Soil sensors." Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche , no. : 1.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2020 in Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche
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In this topic the basic principles of sensors to gather information about plant status are explained. Mainly optical sensors, but also systems based or other principles, vegetation sensors will be presented as well as their use to register information about crop health, physiological activity, possible pest infestation, water content, and so on. Information acquired by these sensors (normally optical signals) must be processed adequately and, in many cases, converted into vegetation indexes that will be presented for different cases of usage.

ACS Style

Belén Diezma Iglesias. Proximal vegetation sensors. Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Belén Diezma Iglesias. Proximal vegetation sensors. Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Belén Diezma Iglesias. 2020. "Proximal vegetation sensors." Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 26 December 2019 in Animals
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The livestock sector seeks technologies and procedures to collect and manage data and information about its facilities and animals being the basis of the so-called precision livestock. The installation of unusual devices in commercial facilities, as well as the use of electronic feeding stations, allows observers to characterize the behavior pattern of each individual in order to improve farm management techniques and, therefore, its productivity. In this study, 30 Landrace pigs were monitored during the whole fattening period. Results from the study show that the ear skin temperatures of the animals can be used to distinguish animals with different thermal patterns. The parameters extracted from the feeding stations show consistent relationships between the parameters related to the frequency, size, and duration parameters, highlighting the differences in the feeding strategies. In this work, a complete fattening period (81 days) of a total of 30 Landrace pigs housed in two pens of a nucleus in Villatobas (Castilla-La Mancha, Spain) were supervised. The ear skin temperature of each animal was recorded every three minutes. The body weight, the date, the duration, and the amount of feed consumed per animal was monitored via an electronic feeding station. The objective was the identification of animals with different behaviors based on the integration of their thermal and intake patterns. The ear skin temperatures of the animals showed a negative relationship between the mean and the standard deviation (r = 0.83), distinguishing animals with different thermal patterns: individuals with high-temperature values show less thermal variability and vice versa. Feeding parameters showed differences in the feeding strategies of animals, identifying fast-eating animals with a high rate feed intake (60 g/min) and slow eaters (30 g/min). The correlation between the change in the rate of feed intake along with animal growth and feed efficiency reached a significant negative value (−0.57), indicating that animals that do not alter their rate of feed intake along breeding showed higher efficiencies. The difference in temperature of an animal with respect to the averaged group value has allowed us to identify animals with differentiated feeding patterns.

ACS Style

Miguel Garrido-Izard; Eva-Cristina Correa; José-María Requejo; Belén Diezma. Continuous Monitoring of Pigs in Fattening Using a Multi-Sensor System: Behavior Patterns. Animals 2019, 10, 52 .

AMA Style

Miguel Garrido-Izard, Eva-Cristina Correa, José-María Requejo, Belén Diezma. Continuous Monitoring of Pigs in Fattening Using a Multi-Sensor System: Behavior Patterns. Animals. 2019; 10 (1):52.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miguel Garrido-Izard; Eva-Cristina Correa; José-María Requejo; Belén Diezma. 2019. "Continuous Monitoring of Pigs in Fattening Using a Multi-Sensor System: Behavior Patterns." Animals 10, no. 1: 52.

Journal article
Published: 26 December 2019 in Agronomy
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The main objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of developing multivariate models to estimate physico-chemical characteristics and antioxidant content of extra virgin olive oil from fluorescence spectra obtained at specific excitation wavelengths. Six replicates of each extra virgin olive oil sample were contained in clear glass bottles. Two replicates were subjected to four weeks of natural indirect light; two bottles for two days; and the third couple were kept it in darkness as a control. For each pair, one bottle was used for spectroscopic measurements and the other was sent to an accredited external laboratory to obtain physico-chemical measurements: acidity, peroxide index, K270, K232, total tocopherols, α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol. Fluorescence emission spectra were acquired at different excitation wavelengths: 326 nm, 350 nm and 365 nm and partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were developed. The highest R2 values were found for excitation at 350 nm, reaching almost 0.9 in most of the parameters.

ACS Style

Paola Baltazar; Natalia Hernández-Sánchez; Belén Diezma; Lourdes Lleó. Development of Rapid Extra Virgin Olive Oil Quality Assessment Procedures Based on Spectroscopic Techniques. Agronomy 2019, 10, 41 .

AMA Style

Paola Baltazar, Natalia Hernández-Sánchez, Belén Diezma, Lourdes Lleó. Development of Rapid Extra Virgin Olive Oil Quality Assessment Procedures Based on Spectroscopic Techniques. Agronomy. 2019; 10 (1):41.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paola Baltazar; Natalia Hernández-Sánchez; Belén Diezma; Lourdes Lleó. 2019. "Development of Rapid Extra Virgin Olive Oil Quality Assessment Procedures Based on Spectroscopic Techniques." Agronomy 10, no. 1: 41.

Journal article
Published: 16 December 2019 in Applied Sciences
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High or variable ambient temperature can affect thermal regulation in livestock, but few studies have studied thermal variability during air and road transport, partly due to the lack of tools to compare thermal data from a long time series over periods of different duration. In this study, we recorded the ear skin temperature (EST) of 11 Duroc breeder pigs (7 females and 4 males) during commercial intercontinental transport from Canada to Spain, which included both road and aircraft travel and lasted 65 h. The EST was measured using a logger placed inside the left ear. Phase space diagrams EST, that is EST time series vs. itself delayed in time, were used to quantify the variability of the time-temperature series based on the areas that included all the points in the phase space. Phase space areas were significantly higher for all the animals during air travel, almost doubling that of road transport. Using the phase spaces, we identified an event during air transport that lasted 57 min, leading to a general decrease in EST by 8 °C, with respect to the average EST (34.1 °C). We also found that thermal variability was more stable in males (F = 20.81, p = 0.0014), which were also older and heavier.

ACS Style

Miguel Garrido-Izard; Eva-Cristina Correa; José-María Requejo; Morris Villarroel; Belén Diezma. Phase Space Analysis of Pig Ear Skin Temperature during Air and Road Transport. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 5527 .

AMA Style

Miguel Garrido-Izard, Eva-Cristina Correa, José-María Requejo, Morris Villarroel, Belén Diezma. Phase Space Analysis of Pig Ear Skin Temperature during Air and Road Transport. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (24):5527.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miguel Garrido-Izard; Eva-Cristina Correa; José-María Requejo; Morris Villarroel; Belén Diezma. 2019. "Phase Space Analysis of Pig Ear Skin Temperature during Air and Road Transport." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24: 5527.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2019 in Biosystems Engineering
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ACS Style

Jose M. Requejo; Miguel Garrido-Izard; Eva Correa; Morris Villarroel; Belen Diezma. Corrigendum to “Pig ear skin temperature and feed efficiency: Using the phase space to estimate thermoregulatory effort” [Biosyst Eng 174 (2018) 80–88]. Biosystems Engineering 2019, 188, 355 .

AMA Style

Jose M. Requejo, Miguel Garrido-Izard, Eva Correa, Morris Villarroel, Belen Diezma. Corrigendum to “Pig ear skin temperature and feed efficiency: Using the phase space to estimate thermoregulatory effort” [Biosyst Eng 174 (2018) 80–88]. Biosystems Engineering. 2019; 188 ():355.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jose M. Requejo; Miguel Garrido-Izard; Eva Correa; Morris Villarroel; Belen Diezma. 2019. "Corrigendum to “Pig ear skin temperature and feed efficiency: Using the phase space to estimate thermoregulatory effort” [Biosyst Eng 174 (2018) 80–88]." Biosystems Engineering 188, no. : 355.

Conference paper
Published: 01 November 2018 in ICERI2018 Proceedings
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ACS Style

Miguel Ángel Muñoz-García; Adolfo Moya; Guillermo Moreda; Fernando Ruiz Mazarrón; Lourdes Lleó; Santiago Moreno; Leonor Rodríguez Sinobas; Belén Diezma Iglesias; Sara Romero-Muñoz; Cristina Martínez Varela. REINFORCEMENT OF TEACHER-STUDENT-KNOWLEDGE RELATIONSHIPS THROUGH THE USE OF LOW-COST WEB TOOLS AND THE USE OF SOCIAL NETWORKS AS A SUPPORT FOR COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE. ICERI2018 Proceedings 2018, 1887 -1892.

AMA Style

Miguel Ángel Muñoz-García, Adolfo Moya, Guillermo Moreda, Fernando Ruiz Mazarrón, Lourdes Lleó, Santiago Moreno, Leonor Rodríguez Sinobas, Belén Diezma Iglesias, Sara Romero-Muñoz, Cristina Martínez Varela. REINFORCEMENT OF TEACHER-STUDENT-KNOWLEDGE RELATIONSHIPS THROUGH THE USE OF LOW-COST WEB TOOLS AND THE USE OF SOCIAL NETWORKS AS A SUPPORT FOR COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE. ICERI2018 Proceedings. 2018; ():1887-1892.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miguel Ángel Muñoz-García; Adolfo Moya; Guillermo Moreda; Fernando Ruiz Mazarrón; Lourdes Lleó; Santiago Moreno; Leonor Rodríguez Sinobas; Belén Diezma Iglesias; Sara Romero-Muñoz; Cristina Martínez Varela. 2018. "REINFORCEMENT OF TEACHER-STUDENT-KNOWLEDGE RELATIONSHIPS THROUGH THE USE OF LOW-COST WEB TOOLS AND THE USE OF SOCIAL NETWORKS AS A SUPPORT FOR COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE." ICERI2018 Proceedings , no. : 1887-1892.

Journal article
Published: 09 July 2018 in Biosystems Engineering
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Mammalian skin temperature is often used as an indicator of health status but has also been used in animal production as a proxy measure for thermoregulatory effort or energy wastage. An animal with a higher skin temperature may also have a lower feed efficiency. With advances in technology it is now feasible to continuously record temperatures of livestock over protracted periods of time. In this study, the ear skin pig temperature was related to feed efficiency using phase space diagram methodology. Fourteen Landrace finishers (all male) housed in one pen over a week at relatively high temperatures (average temperature throughout the experiment 27 °C) were supervised. The date, time and amount of feed consumed per individual animals was monitored via an electronic feeding station. The number of visits to the feeding station was used as an indicator of physical locomotor activity. Each animal was weighed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment to calculate their feed efficiency. The areas of the phase space diagrams of skin temperatures were used to quantify the variability of the time temperature series. Two areas in the phase space were correlated with feed efficiency (r = 0.77) and physical locomotor activity (r = 0.53). An index was developed that includes both areas, which increased the correlation between the variability of ear skin temperature and feed efficiency to r = 0.85. This methodology could be used to help categorise pigs in terms of feed efficiency for rapid phenotyping.

ACS Style

Jose M. Requejo; Miguel Garrido-Izard; Eva C. Correa; Morris Villarroel; Belen Diezma. Pig ear skin temperature and feed efficiency: Using the phase space to estimate thermoregulatory effort. Biosystems Engineering 2018, 174, 80 -88.

AMA Style

Jose M. Requejo, Miguel Garrido-Izard, Eva C. Correa, Morris Villarroel, Belen Diezma. Pig ear skin temperature and feed efficiency: Using the phase space to estimate thermoregulatory effort. Biosystems Engineering. 2018; 174 ():80-88.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jose M. Requejo; Miguel Garrido-Izard; Eva C. Correa; Morris Villarroel; Belen Diezma. 2018. "Pig ear skin temperature and feed efficiency: Using the phase space to estimate thermoregulatory effort." Biosystems Engineering 174, no. : 80-88.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2018 in Acta Horticulturae
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ACS Style

N. Hernández-Sánchez; L. Lleó; B. Diezma; F. Ammari; T.R. Cuadrado; Pilar Barreiro; J.M. Roger; M. Ruiz-Altisent. Front-face and right-angle fluorescence spectroscopy for monitoring extra virgin olive oil spectrum evolution. Acta Horticulturae 2018, 497 -504.

AMA Style

N. Hernández-Sánchez, L. Lleó, B. Diezma, F. Ammari, T.R. Cuadrado, Pilar Barreiro, J.M. Roger, M. Ruiz-Altisent. Front-face and right-angle fluorescence spectroscopy for monitoring extra virgin olive oil spectrum evolution. Acta Horticulturae. 2018; (1199):497-504.

Chicago/Turabian Style

N. Hernández-Sánchez; L. Lleó; B. Diezma; F. Ammari; T.R. Cuadrado; Pilar Barreiro; J.M. Roger; M. Ruiz-Altisent. 2018. "Front-face and right-angle fluorescence spectroscopy for monitoring extra virgin olive oil spectrum evolution." Acta Horticulturae , no. 1199: 497-504.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in Acta Horticulturae
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ISHS VIII International Postharvest Symposium: Enhancing Supply Chain and Consumer Benefits - Ethical and Technological Issues Air temperature, relative humidity, and enthalpy phase space analysis: an innovative proposal for failures diagnosis in a cold chain

ACS Style

Eva Correa; B. Diezma; J. García-Hierro; J.I. Robla; T. Jiménez-Ariza; M. Gómez; Ana Cecilia Silveira; V. Escalona; F.J. Arranz; P. Barreiro. Air temperature, relative humidity, and enthalpy phase space analysis: an innovative proposal for failures diagnosis in a cold chain. Acta Horticulturae 2018, 1057 -1064.

AMA Style

Eva Correa, B. Diezma, J. García-Hierro, J.I. Robla, T. Jiménez-Ariza, M. Gómez, Ana Cecilia Silveira, V. Escalona, F.J. Arranz, P. Barreiro. Air temperature, relative humidity, and enthalpy phase space analysis: an innovative proposal for failures diagnosis in a cold chain. Acta Horticulturae. 2018; (1194):1057-1064.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eva Correa; B. Diezma; J. García-Hierro; J.I. Robla; T. Jiménez-Ariza; M. Gómez; Ana Cecilia Silveira; V. Escalona; F.J. Arranz; P. Barreiro. 2018. "Air temperature, relative humidity, and enthalpy phase space analysis: an innovative proposal for failures diagnosis in a cold chain." Acta Horticulturae , no. 1194: 1057-1064.

Proceedings article
Published: 01 January 2018 in 2018 Quantitative InfraRed Thermography
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ACS Style

A. Moya-González; J. Garcia-Hierro; B. Diezma; J.I. Robla; N. Oeggerli; E.C. Correa. Suitability of contact temperature sensors for kinetic temperature reference measurements in thermography. 2018 Quantitative InfraRed Thermography 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

A. Moya-González, J. Garcia-Hierro, B. Diezma, J.I. Robla, N. Oeggerli, E.C. Correa. Suitability of contact temperature sensors for kinetic temperature reference measurements in thermography. 2018 Quantitative InfraRed Thermography. 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Moya-González; J. Garcia-Hierro; B. Diezma; J.I. Robla; N. Oeggerli; E.C. Correa. 2018. "Suitability of contact temperature sensors for kinetic temperature reference measurements in thermography." 2018 Quantitative InfraRed Thermography , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 07 December 2016 in Applied Sciences
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Salinity is one of the most important stress factors in crop production, particularly in arid regions. This research focuses on the effect of salinity on the growth of lettuce plants; three solutions with different levels of salinity were considered and compared (S1 = 50, S2 = 100 and S3 = 150 mM NaCl) with a control solution (Ct = 0 mM NaCl). The osmotic potential and water content of the leaves were measured, and hyperspectral images of the surfaces of 40 leaves (10 leaves per treatment) were taken after two weeks of growth. The mean spectra of the leaves (n = 32,000) were pre-processed by means of a Savitzky–Golay algorithm and standard normal variate normalization. Principal component analysis was then performed on a calibration set of 28 mean spectra, yielding an initial model for salinity effect detection. A second model was subsequently proposed based on an index computing an approximation to the second derivative at the red edge region. Both models were applied to all the hyperspectral images to obtain the corresponding artificial images, distinguishing between the 28 that were used to extract the calibration mean spectra and the rest that constituted an external validation. Those virtual images were studied using analysis of variance in order to compare their ability for detecting salinity effects on the leaves. Both models showed significant differences between each salinity level, and the hyperspectral images allowed observations of the distribution of the salinity effects on the leaf surfaces, which were more intense in the areas distant from the veins. However, the index-based model is simpler and easier to apply because it is based solely on the reflectance at three different wavelengths, thus allowing for the implementation of less expensive multispectral devices.

ACS Style

Miguel Ángel Lara; Belén Diezma; Lourdes Lleó; Jean Michel Roger; Yolanda Garrido; María Isabel Gil; Margarita Ruiz-Altisent. Hyperspectral Imaging to Evaluate the Effect of IrrigationWater Salinity in Lettuce. Applied Sciences 2016, 6, 412 .

AMA Style

Miguel Ángel Lara, Belén Diezma, Lourdes Lleó, Jean Michel Roger, Yolanda Garrido, María Isabel Gil, Margarita Ruiz-Altisent. Hyperspectral Imaging to Evaluate the Effect of IrrigationWater Salinity in Lettuce. Applied Sciences. 2016; 6 (12):412.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miguel Ángel Lara; Belén Diezma; Lourdes Lleó; Jean Michel Roger; Yolanda Garrido; María Isabel Gil; Margarita Ruiz-Altisent. 2016. "Hyperspectral Imaging to Evaluate the Effect of IrrigationWater Salinity in Lettuce." Applied Sciences 6, no. 12: 412.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2016 in Biosystems Engineering
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ACS Style

Satyabrata Ghosh; Puneet Mishra; Siti Nur Hidayah Mohamad; Rosario Martín De Santos; Belén Diezma Iglesias; Pilar Barreiro Elorza. Discrimination of peanuts from bulk cereals and nuts by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Biosystems Engineering 2016, 151, 178 -186.

AMA Style

Satyabrata Ghosh, Puneet Mishra, Siti Nur Hidayah Mohamad, Rosario Martín De Santos, Belén Diezma Iglesias, Pilar Barreiro Elorza. Discrimination of peanuts from bulk cereals and nuts by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Biosystems Engineering. 2016; 151 ():178-186.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Satyabrata Ghosh; Puneet Mishra; Siti Nur Hidayah Mohamad; Rosario Martín De Santos; Belén Diezma Iglesias; Pilar Barreiro Elorza. 2016. "Discrimination of peanuts from bulk cereals and nuts by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy." Biosystems Engineering 151, no. : 178-186.

Article
Published: 24 June 2015 in Journal of Spectral Imaging
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Author Summary: In current industrial environments there is an increasing need for practical and inexpensive quality control systems to detect the foreign food materials in powder food processing lines. This demand is especially important for the detection of product adulteration with traces of highly allergenic products, such as peanuts and tree nuts. Manufacturing industries dealing with the processing of multiple powder food products present a substantial risk for the contamination of powder foods with traces of tree nuts and other adulterants, which might result in unintentional ingestion of nuts by the sensitised population. Hence, the need for an in-line system to detect nut traces at the early stages of food manufacturing is of crucial importance. In this present work, a feasibility study of a spectral index for revealing adulteration of tree nut and peanut traces in wheat flour samples with hyperspectral images is reported. The main nuts responsible for allergenic reactions considered in this work were peanut, hazelnut and walnut. Enhanced contrast between nuts and wheat flour was obtained after the application of the index. Furthermore, the segmentation of these images by selecting different thresholds for different nut and flour mixtures allowed the identification of nut traces in the samples. Pixels identified as nuts were counted and compared with the actual percentage of peanut adulteration. As a result, the multispectral system was able to detect and provide good visualisation of tree nut and peanut trace levels down to 0.01% by weight. In this context, multispectral imaging could operate in conjuction with chemical procedures, such as Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to save time, money and skilled labour on product quality control. This approach could enable not only a few selected samples to be assessed but also to extensively incorporate quality control surveyance on product processing lines.

ACS Style

Puneet Mishra; Ana Herrero-Langreo; Pilar Barreiro; JeanMichel Roger; Belén Diezma; Nathalie Gorretta; Lourdes Lleó; Jean Roger; Belen Diezma Iglesias. Hyperspectral to multispectral imaging for detection of tree nuts and peanut traces in wheat flour. Journal of Spectral Imaging 2015, 1, 1 .

AMA Style

Puneet Mishra, Ana Herrero-Langreo, Pilar Barreiro, JeanMichel Roger, Belén Diezma, Nathalie Gorretta, Lourdes Lleó, Jean Roger, Belen Diezma Iglesias. Hyperspectral to multispectral imaging for detection of tree nuts and peanut traces in wheat flour. Journal of Spectral Imaging. 2015; 1 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Puneet Mishra; Ana Herrero-Langreo; Pilar Barreiro; JeanMichel Roger; Belén Diezma; Nathalie Gorretta; Lourdes Lleó; Jean Roger; Belen Diezma Iglesias. 2015. "Hyperspectral to multispectral imaging for detection of tree nuts and peanut traces in wheat flour." Journal of Spectral Imaging 1, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 15 May 2014 in Food and Bioprocess Technology
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The fermentation stage is considered to be one of the critical steps in coffee processing due to its impact on the final quality of the product. The objective of this work is to characterise the temperature gradients in a fermentation tank by multi-distributed, low-cost and autonomous wireless sensors (23 semi-passive TurboTag radio-frequency identifier (RFID) temperature loggers). Spatial interpolation in polar coordinates and an innovative methodology based on phase space diagrams are used. A real coffee fermentation process was supervised in the Cauca region (Colombia) with sensors submerged directly in the fermenting mass, leading to a 4.6 °C temperature range within the fermentation process. Spatial interpolation shows a maximum instant radial temperature gradient of 0.1 °C/cm from the centre to the perimeter of the tank and a vertical temperature gradient of 0.25 °C/cm for sensors with equal polar coordinates. The combination of spatial interpolation and phase space graphs consistently enables the identification of five local behaviours during fermentation (hot and cold spots).

ACS Style

E. C. Correa; T. Jiménez-Ariza; V. Díaz-Barcos; Pilar Barreiro; B. Diezma; R. Oteros; C. Echeverri; F. J. Arranz; Margarita Ruiz Altisent. Advanced Characterisation of a Coffee Fermenting Tank by Multi-distributed Wireless Sensors: Spatial Interpolation and Phase Space Graphs. Food and Bioprocess Technology 2014, 7, 3166 -3174.

AMA Style

E. C. Correa, T. Jiménez-Ariza, V. Díaz-Barcos, Pilar Barreiro, B. Diezma, R. Oteros, C. Echeverri, F. J. Arranz, Margarita Ruiz Altisent. Advanced Characterisation of a Coffee Fermenting Tank by Multi-distributed Wireless Sensors: Spatial Interpolation and Phase Space Graphs. Food and Bioprocess Technology. 2014; 7 (11):3166-3174.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E. C. Correa; T. Jiménez-Ariza; V. Díaz-Barcos; Pilar Barreiro; B. Diezma; R. Oteros; C. Echeverri; F. J. Arranz; Margarita Ruiz Altisent. 2014. "Advanced Characterisation of a Coffee Fermenting Tank by Multi-distributed Wireless Sensors: Spatial Interpolation and Phase Space Graphs." Food and Bioprocess Technology 7, no. 11: 3166-3174.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2013 in Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research
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The bale collecting problem (BCP) appears after harvest operations in grain and other crops. Its solution defines the sequence of collecting bales which lie scattered over the field. Current technology on navigation-aid systems or auto-steering for agricultural vehicles and machines, is able to provide accurate data to make a reliable bale collecting planning. This paper presents a hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA) approach to address the BCP pursuing resource optimization such as minimizing non-productive time, fuel consumption, or distance travelled. The algorithmic route generation provides the basis for a navigation tool dedicated to loaders and bale wagons. The approach is experimentally tested on a set of instances similar to those found in real situations. In particular, comparative results show an average improving of a 16% from those obtained by previous heuristics.

ACS Style

Carlos Gracia; Belen Diezma Iglesias; Pilar Barreiro. A hybrid genetic algorithm for route optimization in the bale collecting problem. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 2013, 11, 603 .

AMA Style

Carlos Gracia, Belen Diezma Iglesias, Pilar Barreiro. A hybrid genetic algorithm for route optimization in the bale collecting problem. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 2013; 11 (3):603.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Gracia; Belen Diezma Iglesias; Pilar Barreiro. 2013. "A hybrid genetic algorithm for route optimization in the bale collecting problem." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 11, no. 3: 603.