Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is the most widely known type of disorder of the endocrine system marked by hyperglycemia resulting either due to deficiency of insulin and or resistance. Persistent hyperglycemia induces oxidative stress and is suggested to play a prominent role in the pathophysiology underlying T2DM. Besides, oxidative stress can result in DNA damage leading to high cancer risk. Current study aimed to evaluate status of oxidative damage, damage to DNA and cancer biomarkers in regard to increased glucose in T2DM patients and to correlate the glycemic state with cancer. A total of 150 subjects consisting of control (50) and T2DM patients (1 0 0) were enrolled. Additionally, three tertiles were created among the two groups based on levels of HbA1c (Tertile I = 5.37 ± 0.34, n = 50; Tertile II = 6.74 ± 0.20, n = 50; Tertile III = 9.21 ± 1.47, n = 50). Oxidative stress parameters including malondialedehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes were measured. Damage to DNA was analyzed by measuring the levels of DNA damage adduct-8 hydroxy deoxy Guanosine (8-OHdG). To detect cancer resulting from oxidative stress, cancer biomarkers CEA, AFP, CA125, CA-15, CA19-9, prolactin were measured in these subjects. All measurements were analysed by SPSS software. Levels of MDA and antioxidant enzymes altered significantly in T2DM group at p < 0.001 and p < 0.05 level of significance. Significant DNA damage accompanied with elevated levels of CEA, CA19-9 and decreased CA125, AFP and prolactin were noted in T2DM group. CA 19-9 and CEA levels increased at p < 0.05, whereas levels of prolactin decreased significantly (p < 0.001) in T2DM group compared to control. Additionally the mean values of DNA damage adduct 8-OHdG differ significantly at P < 0.01 between the two groups. However, no significant correlation in oxidative stress parameter, antioxidant enzymes, DNA damage and neither with the highest tertile of HbA1c (>7.5%) was noted. Based on the results obtained in the present study, we conclude that there is considerable change in oxidative stress and DNA damage in T2DM patients. Hence, assumption that the oxidative stress could cause cancer in T2DM as a result of hyperglycemic state was not speculated in this study.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a global health concern in women of reproductive age as 1/15^th women worldwide, is affected by this syndrome. PCOS is marked by hyperandrogenism, anovulation, menstrual abnormalities, and polycystic ovaries. Metals like arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury are considered as systemic toxicants/human carcinogens and seems to have devastating effect on the human, even at minimal exposure. One of the probable etiological factor for PCOS identified is oxidative stress. In view of the probable association between oxidative stress, metal toxicity and PCOS, the present study evaluated the role of heavy metal in generation of oxidative stress among females. This prospective study included 106 women (56 women diagnosed with PCOS and 50women who were not diagnosed with PCOS as control women). There was no significant changes in the sociodemographic characteristics between the two groups except with the irregularity in menses and presence of acne. Levels of serum As, Cd, Pb, Hg increased and serum GSH and SOD levels diminished significantly in PCOS group compared to control at P<0.001. SOD was negatively correlated with As& Pb at P<0.05. Additionally, PCOS group exhibited a strong negative correlation between GSH and As (P<0.01), GSH and Pb (p<0.05) and GSH and Hg (P<0.01). Furthermore, As correlated positively with increased levels of Cd, Pb and Hg among PCOS women. A significant positive correlation was determined between Pb & Cd and Cd & Hg at P<0.001. The outcome of the study provides clear insight of the role of metal induced oxidative stress that plays avitalrole in the pathophysiology underlying PCOS and suggestive of the use of these markers as prognostic tools to circumvent the consequences of high risk exposure to these metals among females.