Due to the unique feature of the three-dimensional convolution neural network, it is used in image classification. There are some problems such as noise, lack of labeled samples, the tendency to overfitting, a lack of extraction of spectral and spatial features, which has challenged the classification. Among the mentioned problems, the lack of experimental samples is the main problem that has been used to solve the methods in recent years. Among them, convolutional neural network-based algorithms have been proposed as a popular option for hyperspectral image analysis due to their ability to extract useful features and high performance. The traditional convolutional neural network (CNN) based methods mainly use the two-dimensional CNN for feature extraction, which makes the interband correlations of HSIs underutilized. The 3-D-CNN extracts the joint spectral-spatial information representation, but it depends on a more complex model. To address these issues, the report uses a 3-D fast learning block (depthwise separable convolution block and a fast convolution block) followed by a 2-D convolutional neural network was introduced to extract spectral-spatial features. Using a hybrid CNN reduces the complexity of the model compared to using 3-D-CNN alone and can also perform well against noise and a limited number of training samples. In addition, a series of optimization methods including batch normalization, dropout, exponential decay learning rate, and L2 regularization are adopted to alleviate the problem of overfitting and improve the classification results. To test the performance of this hybrid method, it is performed on the Salinas, University Pavia and Indian Pines datasets, and the results are compared with 2-D-CNN and 3-D-CNN deep learning models with the same number of layers.

Developments in space-based hyperspectral sensors, advanced remote sensing, and machine learning can help crop yield measurement, modelling, prediction, and crop monitoring for loss prevention and global food security. However, precise and continuous spectral signatures, important for large-area crop growth monitoring and early prediction of yield production with cutting-edge algorithms, can be only provided via hyperspectral imaging. Therefore, this study used new-generation Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt Earth Sensing Imaging Spectrometer (DESIS) images to classify the main crop types (hybrid corn, soybean, sunflower, and winter wheat) in Mezőhegyes (southeastern Hungary). A Wavelet-Attention convolutional neural network (WA-CNN), Random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms were utilized to automatically map the crops over the agricultural lands. The best accuracy was achieved with the WA-CNN, a feature-based deep learning algorithm and a combination of two images with overall accuracy (OA) value of 97.89% and the user's accuracy (UA) producer's accuracy (PA) was from 97% to 99%. To obtain this, firstly Factor Analysis was introduced to decrease the size of the hyperspectral image (HSI) data cube. A wavelet transform was applied to extract important features and combined with the spectral attention mechanism CNN to gain higher accuracy in mapping crop types. Followed by SVM algorithm reported overall accuracy (OA) of 87.79%, with the producer's and user's accuracies of its classes ranging from 79.62% to 96.48% and from 79.63% to 95.73%, respectively. These results demonstrate the potentiality of DESIS data to observe the growth of different crop types and predict the harvest volume, which is crucial for farmers, smallholders, and decision-makers.

In recent years, national economies are highly affected by crop yield predictions. By early prediction, the market price can be predicted, importing, and exporting plan can be provided, social, and economic effects of waste products can be minimized, and a program can be presented for humanitarian food aid. In addition, agricultural fields are constantly growing to generate products required. The use of machine learning (ML) methods in this sector can lead to the efficient production and high-quality agricultural products. Traditional predictive machine models were unable to find nonlinear relationships between data. Recently, there has been a revolution in prediction systems via the advancement of ML, which can be used to achieve highly accurate decision-making networks. Thus far, many strategies have been used to evaluate agricultural products, such as DeepYield, CNN-LSTM, and ConvLSTM. However, preferable prediction accuracy is required. In this study, two architectures have been proposed. The first model includes 2D-CNN, skip connections, and LSTM-Attentions. The second model comprises 3D-CNN, skip connections, and ConvLSTM Attention. The Input data given from MODIS products such as Land-Cover, Surface-Temperature, and MODIS-Land-surface from 2003 to 2018 on the county level over 1800 counties, where soybean is mainly cultivated in the USA. The proposed methods have been compared with the most recent models. Then, the results showed that the second proposed method notably outperformed the other techniques. In case of MAE, the second proposed method, DeepYield, ConvLSTM, 3DCNN, and CNN-LSTM obtained 4.3, 6.003, 6.05, 6.3, and 7.002, respectively.

This study introduces an approach for soybean yield prediction by integrating Convolutional Long-Short-Term Memory (Conv-LSTM), 3D Convolutional Neural Network (3D-CNN), and Vision Transformer (ViT). By utilizing multispectral remote sensing data, our model leverages the spatial hierarchy of 3D-CNNs, the temporal sequencing capabilities of ConvLSTM, and the global context analysis of ViTs to capture complex patterns in agricultural datasets. The integration of these advanced methodologies allows for a comprehensive analysis of both spatial and temporal aspects of crop growth, enabling more accurate and robust predictions. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model significantly outperforms existing methods, as evidenced by lower Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and higher correlation coefficients. The 3D-CNN component effectively extracts spatial features from the multispectral images, while the ConvLSTM captures the temporal dynamics of crop development. The ViT further refines these features by focusing on the most relevant parts of the input data through self-attention mechanisms. The findings highlight the potential of this model in enhancing decision-making processes in crop management, particularly in precision agriculture. By providing more accurate yield predictions, the model can assist farmers in optimizing resource allocation, scheduling irrigation, and applying fertilizers more efficiently, thereby promoting sustainable farming practices. Furthermore, the model's robustness across various conditions underscores its applicability to different crops and geographic regions. This research contributes to the field of agricultural remote sensing by offering a robust solution to the complexities of analyzing large-scale, multispectral data. The proposed approach not only improves prediction accuracy but also provides timely and actionable insights for agricultural stakeholders.

Hyperspectral images (HSI) are a powerful source of reliable data in various remote sensing applications. But due to the large number of bands, HSI has information redundancy, and methods are often used to reduce the number of spectral bands. Band selection (BS) is used as a preprocessing solution to reduce data volume, increase processing speed, and improve methodology accuracy. However, most conventional BS approaches are unable to fully explain the interaction between spectral bands and evaluate the representation and redundancy of the selected band subset. This study first examines a supervised band selection method that allows the selection of the required number of bands. A deep network with 3D-convolutional layers embedded in a genetic algorithm (GA) The GA uses embedded 3D-CNN (CNNeGA) as a fitness function. GA also considers the parent check box. The parent check box (parent subbands) is designed to make genetic operators more effective. In addition, the effectiveness of increasing the attention layer to a 3D-CNN and converting this model to spike neural networks (SNNs) has been investigated in terms of accuracy and complexity over time. The evaluation of the proposed method and the obtained results are satisfactory. The accuracy improved from 6 to 21 percent. Accuracy between 90 to 99 percent has been obtained in each evaluation mode.