The stonefly Caroperla Siveci, an unusual and endemic new species, only distributed to the Wuyi Mountain, Fujian Province, China. Here, we sequenced and determined the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of C. Siveci representing the genus Caroperla for the first time. The total genome size is 15,353 bp in length. The nucleotide composition is A (35.2%), T (32.3%), C (20.5%), and G (11.9%). Mostly PCGs use the typical start codon ATN, except ND1, ND2, and ND5, which start with TTG, GTG, and GTG. The COI, COIII, and ND5 genes stopped with incomplete stop codon T and the rest use stop codon TAN. C. siveci was recovered as a sister-group to the clade ((Acroneuria + Dinocras) + (Togoperla + Kamimuria)). This mitogenome will assist a variety of biodiversity researches, especially in taxonomy and phylogeny of stoneflies.

To explore resistant mechanism of wild oat to fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, the susceptibility of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACCase) from 24 wild oat populations to fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, the level of gene expression, and mutation site of ACCase were conducted. In vitro ACCase activities were solated and measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (ELISA) assays, the results indicated that the IC ₅₀ value of the ACCase of the most unsusceptible to fenoxaprop-p-ethyl in the wild oat population from Yexian2017 (W24) was 7206.557-fold compared to that of the ACCase of most susceptible to fenoxaprop-p-ethyl in the wild oat population from Queshan (W11). The differential expression of genes in wild oat treated by the IC ₅₀ fenoxaprop-p-ethyl concentration (6.9 mg/L) for 24 hours using RNA-seq, digital gene expression (DGE) profling was conducted. We found that 8 unigenes annotated as ACCase genes, 0 up-regulaed expression and 3 down-regulated expression were observed. The down-regulaed expressed ACCase was selected for qPCR in the relative susceptible population were significantly more suppressed than the three relative resistant populations. The mutations point of ACCase, Ile-1781-Leu, Trp-1999-Cys, Trp-2027-Cys, Ile-2041-Asn, Asp-2078-Gly, Cys-2088-Arg published were not found in the populations tested by multiple sequence alignment with a model complete ACCase sequence of Alopecurus myosuroides . These findings suggest that ACCase plays a critical role in the development of wild oat resistance to fenoxaprop-p-ethyl.

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are short single-stranded non-coding RNAs, regulate the expression of target genes, especially those involved in the regulation or metabolism of endogenous or xenobiotic compounds. Results: De novo assemblies of the transcriptome of Sitobion avenae Fabricius under control conditions and under imidacloprid treatment were obtained using Illumina short-read sequencing technology. Fifty-seven miRNAs, of which 36 were known and 21 were novel, were identified. Quantitative analysis of miRNA levels showed that 5 miRNAs were significantly up-regulated, and 11 miRNAs were significantly down-regulated in the nymphs of S. avenae treated with imidacloprid in comparison with those of the control. Analysis of the candidate target genes in S. avenae that could be regulated by these miRNAs were also carried out. The functions of the miRNAs, which could potentially regulate target genes that participate in metabolism, regulatory or detoxification pathways in S. avenae, were clarified based on Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analysis. The effects of the miRNAs api-miR-1000, api-miR-316, and api-miR-iab-4 on susceptibility of S. avenae to imidacloprid was determined. Modulation of the abundances of api-miR-1000, api-miR-316, and api-miR-iab-4 by the addition of the correspondign inhibitors to the artificial diet significantly changed the susceptibility of S. avenae to imidacloprid, which further demonstrated the effect of these miRNAs on the regulation or metabolism of insecticides.Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that miRNAs differentially expressed in response to imidacloprid could play a critical regulatory role in the resistance of S. avenae to imidacloprid.

Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are short single-stranded non-coding RNAs, regulate the expression of target genes, especially those involved in the regulation or metabolism of endogenous or xenobiotic compounds.Results De novo assemblies of the transcriptome of Sitobion avenae Fabricius under control conditions and under imidacloprid treatment were obtained using Illumina short-read sequencing technology. Fifty-seven miRNAs, of which 36 were known and 21 were novel, were identified. Quantitative analysis of miRNA levels showed that five miRNAs were significantly up-regulated, and 11 miRNAs were significantly down-regulated in the nymphs of S. avenae treated with imidacloprid in comparison with those of the control. Analysis of the candidate target genes in S. avenae that could be regulated by these miRNAs were also carried out. The functions of the miRNAs, which could potentially regulate target genes that participate in metabolism, regulatory or detoxification pathways in S. avenae , were clarified based on Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analysis. The effects of the miRNAs api-miR-1000, api-miR-316, and api-miR-iab-4 on susceptibility of S. avenae to imidacloprid was determined. Modulation of the abundances of api-miR-1000, api-miR-316, and api-miR-iab-4 by the addition of the correspondign inhibitors to the artificial diet significantly changed the susceptibility of S. avenae to imidacloprid, which further demonstrated the effect of these miRNAs on the regulation or metabolism of insecticides.Conclusion The results of this study suggested that miRNAs differentially expressed in response to imidacloprid could play a critical regulatory role in the resistance of S. avenae to imidacloprid.