Electrospun nanofibers of polybenzoxazines (PBzs) were fabricated using an electrospinning process and crosslinked by a sequential thermal treatment. Functionalization by the direct sulfonation process followed after the post-electrospinning modification treatment. The first stage of experiment determined the effects of varying the concentration of sulfuric acid as the sulfonating agent in the sulfonation reaction under ordinary conditions. The second stage examined the mechanism and kinetics of the sulfonation reaction using only concentrated H₂SO₄ at different reaction time periods of 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h. The mechanism of the sulfonation reaction with PBz nanofibers was proposed with only one sulfonic acid (–SO₃H) group attached to each of the repeating units since only first type substitution in the aromatic structure occurs under this condition. The kinetics of the reaction exhibited a logarithmic correlation where the rate of change in the ion exchange capacity (IEC) with the reaction time increased rapidly and then reached a plateau at the reaction time between 18 h and 24 h. Effective sulfonation was confirmed by electron spectroscopy with a characteristic peak associated with the C–S bond owing to the sulfonate group introduced onto the surface of the nanofibers. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy also confirmed these results for varying reaction times. The SEM images showed that sulfonation has no drastic effects on the morphology and microstructure of the nanofibers but a rougher surface was evident due to the wetted fibers with sulfonate groups attached to the surface. EDX spectra exhibited sulfur peaks where the concentration of sulfonate groups present in the nanofibers is directly proportional to the reaction time. From surface wettability studies, it was found that the nanofibers retained the hydrophobicity after sulfonation but the inherent surface property of PBz nanofibers was observed by changing the pH level of water to basic, which switches its surface properties to hydrophilic. The thermal stability of the sulfonated nanofibers showed almost the same behavior compared to non-sulfonated nanofibers except for the 24 h sulfonation case, which has slightly lower onset temperature of degradation.

The potential of hydrophilic polyether-block-polyamide copolymer (PEBA) with antimicrobial silver nanoparticles (nano-Ag) to alleviate membrane biofouling was investigated. PEBA solutions of different nano-Ag content were prepared as dense films and as coating materials for ultrafiltration polysulfone (PSf) membranes. Disc diffusion and surface contact tests revealed the capability of the PEBA/nano-Ag films to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli). Contact angle measurements confirmed the hydrophilisation of the PSf surface after coating with PEBA. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were performed to confirm the surface modification of PSf. As a proof-of-concept, filtration performances of bare PSf, PEBA coated-and PEBA/nano-Ag coated PSf were compared using a simulated solution inoculated with E. coli as the feed. The results revealed that the hydrophilisation of PSf by coating with PEBA improved the fouling resistance of the membrane as indicated by the retarded flux reduction rate and higher flux recovery. However, PSf exhibited the highest antifouling resistance when coated with PEBA/nano-Ag. The AFM images of used membranes showed that PEBA/nano-Ag minimized the attachment and growth of E. coli on the membrane which abated irreversible biofouling, a problem that was most severe on bare PSf.