Phasor measurement sensor plays an important role in finding the fault location in smart transmission line grid by sensing the voltage and current phasors of the sum of zero- and/or positive sequence entering the phasor measurement unit and communicate with the other PMU sensor installed at other buses in order to isolate the faulty transmission line. This work studies the accuracy and reliability of the information flow of the backup protection system in transmission line network. A method is proposed to find the fault detection and isolation probabilities of the transmission line of smart grid. We propose the development of Markovian model of the Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC-9) bus system with backup protection zone and formally verify the model via probabilistic model checker tool in order to analyse the system accuracy, efficiency and reliability by developing the logical properties. Furthermore, prediction of the success/failure isolation probabilities of transmission line is done. The probabilistic model checker (PRISM) is utilized for the estimation of all the success /failure probabilities and the verification of the WSCC-9 bus model via logical properties.

Electricity is one of the most popular energy types and its consumption is increasing due to in-efficient equipment installed at sites or already completed their useful life which will result on the current economy of the state / province to procure the fossil fuel for its electricity generation and run the transportation system. In 2022, buildings are used one third (34 %) of the global energy, where majority of the energy used in the residential sector. Total energy consumption in the building sector increases with an average of 1% increase per year over the last decade. According to UN Environmental Global status report 2024, Out of Global energy consumes in the fiscal year 2022, which is 115GWh, almost 39 GWh were consumed in construction building sector having an energy utilization in construction material constitute is 4 % and residential is 21 %. Similarly, energy used in building is generated by fossil fuel burning and the energy pollution caused by buildings is often not obvious because it is removed from the point of use. It is belief and confirmed that almost half of the electricity produced in the world in 2022 was consumed by the building sector. In this paper, A base case model of the Mall has been developed represents the local code and standard to consume the electricity and water and compare it with modified version of building by applying the Edge green building standard 20% reduction on benchmark. The study focusses on carbon embodied in material along net emission of carbon by utilizing different fossil fuel and carbon neutrality through the installation of solar renewable energy resources. In addition, Mall utility bill has been analyzed by demonstrating the load factor of the mall along with yearly Consumption of energy, Maximum Demand indicator evaluation and suitable dash board recommendation to monitor and reduce the power consumption in the entire facility

Fossil fuel is one of the main sources to run the transportation sector of the country. Fossil fuel is also utilized to produce electricity, but consumption of fossil fuel in the transportation sector impacts a huge burden on the economy of the country. It is vital to shift the fossil fuel-based transportation sector toward the renewable energy sources-based electric vehicle having the charging batteries. In this paper, a charging station, through renewable energy technology, has been discussed along with charging batteries of different categories as a power source to fulfill the requirement of demand/supply of electricity to the transportation sector. In addition, the vehicle parking charging station can also be utilized as a vehicle-to-grid power station, where the vehicle becomes a power source in a contingency or in a high demand by supplying electricity back to grid.