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Dr. MICHAEL SCHOON
School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, PO Box 75502, Tempe, AZ 85287-5502, USA

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0 Conservation Biology
0 Environmental Policy
0 International Relations
0 Natural Resource Management
0 Peace

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Resilience
Complex adaptive systems
Decision making
Natural Resource Management

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Contributed paper
Published: 04 March 2021 in Conservation Science and Practice
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Ensuring the security of ocean ecosystems that provide food and livelihood benefits from seafood systems requires significant investment in improving the sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture production at scale. Seafood certification and ratings systems have established strong benchmarks for sustainability, but markets need to incentivize sustainability throughout the value chain and at relevant ecological scales in order to generate meaningful conservation impacts and support lasting on‐the‐water stewardship efforts. Here, we propose that market‐based approaches and ecosystem‐based governance initiatives can be integrated to improve the sustainability of seafood production systems using a jurisdictional approach. Jurisdictional approaches are place‐based initiatives deployed in key commodity producing regions to drive sustainability through aligned incentives among government, market, and producer actors. To explore the applicability of this approach in seafood, we first identify key mismatches in existing certification and ratings schemes that stymie the effectiveness of market‐based approaches to drive ecosystem‐scale impacts. Subsequently we identify the differentiated incentives for sustainability among producers, supply chain companies, and governments—drawing evidence from research and practice. Based on this analysis, we review the potential for jurisdictional approaches to align actors' incentives for sustainability at the scale of entire production geographies, bringing market‐based approaches and governance improvements together to achieve conservation outcomes.

ACS Style

John N. Kittinger; Miranda Bernard; Elena Finkbeiner; Erin Murphy; Pablo Obregon; Dane H. Klinger; Michael L. Schoon; Kevin J. Dooley; Leah R. Gerber. Applying a jurisdictional approach to support sustainable seafood. Conservation Science and Practice 2021, 3, e386 .

AMA Style

John N. Kittinger, Miranda Bernard, Elena Finkbeiner, Erin Murphy, Pablo Obregon, Dane H. Klinger, Michael L. Schoon, Kevin J. Dooley, Leah R. Gerber. Applying a jurisdictional approach to support sustainable seafood. Conservation Science and Practice. 2021; 3 (5):e386.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John N. Kittinger; Miranda Bernard; Elena Finkbeiner; Erin Murphy; Pablo Obregon; Dane H. Klinger; Michael L. Schoon; Kevin J. Dooley; Leah R. Gerber. 2021. "Applying a jurisdictional approach to support sustainable seafood." Conservation Science and Practice 3, no. 5: e386.

Journal article
Published: 13 July 2020 in Land
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The loss of ecosystem services through land degradation continues to be a significant concern for policymakers and land users around the world. Facilitating collective action among various actors is regarded as imperative in halting land degradation. Despite extensive research on collective action, there have been few studies that continuously map social ties and detect network evolution as a way of enabling longitudinal analysis of transformative spaces. This paper seeks to examine the changing dynamics of multi-actor and multi-level actor ties over a period of two years in Machubeni, South Africa. To do this, we used social network analysis to detect continuities and/or discontinuities of multi-actor and multi-level actor ties over time. Overall, edge density, clustering coefficient, and reciprocity scores steadily increased over the two years despite a decline in the number of active organisations within the network. Our results demonstrate that the proportion of strong ties gradually increased over time across three governance networks. However, multi-level linkages between the local municipality and the local organisations remained weak due to a lack of trust and collaborative fatigue. While the transformative space has succeeded in enhancing collaboration and knowledge sharing between local organisations and researchers, further long-term engagement with government agencies might be necessary for promoting institutional transformations and policy outcomes, and building network resilience in complex polycentric governance systems.

ACS Style

Menelisi Falayi; James Gambiza; Michael Schoon. Unpacking Changing Multi-Actor and Multi-Level Actor Ties in Transformative Spaces: Insights from a Degraded Landscape, Machubeni, South Africa. Land 2020, 9, 227 .

AMA Style

Menelisi Falayi, James Gambiza, Michael Schoon. Unpacking Changing Multi-Actor and Multi-Level Actor Ties in Transformative Spaces: Insights from a Degraded Landscape, Machubeni, South Africa. Land. 2020; 9 (7):227.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Menelisi Falayi; James Gambiza; Michael Schoon. 2020. "Unpacking Changing Multi-Actor and Multi-Level Actor Ties in Transformative Spaces: Insights from a Degraded Landscape, Machubeni, South Africa." Land 9, no. 7: 227.

Perspective
Published: 14 May 2020 in Risk Analysis
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Maintaining the performance of infrastructure‐dependent systems in the face of surprises and unknowable risks is a grand challenge. Addressing this issue requires a better understanding of enabling conditions or principles that promote system resilience in a universal way. In this study, a set of such principles is interpreted as a group of interrelated conditions or organizational qualities that, taken together, engender system resilience. The field of resilience engineering identifies basic system or organizational qualities (e.g., abilities for learning) that are associated with enhanced general resilience and has packaged them into a set of principles that should be fostered. However, supporting conditions that give rise to such first‐order system qualities remain elusive in the field. An integrative understanding of how such conditions co‐occur and fit together to bring about resilience, therefore, has been less clear. This article contributes to addressing this gap by identifying a potentially more comprehensive set of principles for building general resilience in infrastructure‐dependent systems. In approaching this aim, we organize scattered notions from across the literature. To reflect the partly self‐organizing nature of infrastructure‐dependent systems, we compare and synthesize two lines of research on resilience: resilience engineering and social‐ecological system resilience. Although some of the principles discussed within the two fields overlap, there are some nuanced differences. By comparing and synthesizing the knowledge developed in them, we recommend an updated set of resilience‐enhancing principles for infrastructure‐dependent systems. In addition to proposing an expanded list of principles, we illustrate how these principles can co‐occur and their interdependencies.

ACS Style

David J. Yu; Michael L. Schoon; Jason Hawes; Seungyoon Lee; Jeryang Park; P. Suresh C. Rao; Laura K. Siebeneck; Satish V. Ukkusuri. Toward General Principles for Resilience Engineering. Risk Analysis 2020, 40, 1509 -1537.

AMA Style

David J. Yu, Michael L. Schoon, Jason Hawes, Seungyoon Lee, Jeryang Park, P. Suresh C. Rao, Laura K. Siebeneck, Satish V. Ukkusuri. Toward General Principles for Resilience Engineering. Risk Analysis. 2020; 40 (8):1509-1537.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David J. Yu; Michael L. Schoon; Jason Hawes; Seungyoon Lee; Jeryang Park; P. Suresh C. Rao; Laura K. Siebeneck; Satish V. Ukkusuri. 2020. "Toward General Principles for Resilience Engineering." Risk Analysis 40, no. 8: 1509-1537.

Journal article
Published: 27 February 2020 in International Journal of the Commons
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ACS Style

Frank Van Laerhoven; Michael Schoon; Sergio Villamayor-Tomas. Celebrating the 30th Anniversary of Ostrom’s Governing the Commons: Traditions and Trends in the Study of the Commons, Revisited. International Journal of the Commons 2020, 14, 208 -224.

AMA Style

Frank Van Laerhoven, Michael Schoon, Sergio Villamayor-Tomas. Celebrating the 30th Anniversary of Ostrom’s Governing the Commons: Traditions and Trends in the Study of the Commons, Revisited. International Journal of the Commons. 2020; 14 (1):208-224.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Frank Van Laerhoven; Michael Schoon; Sergio Villamayor-Tomas. 2020. "Celebrating the 30th Anniversary of Ostrom’s Governing the Commons: Traditions and Trends in the Study of the Commons, Revisited." International Journal of the Commons 14, no. 1: 208-224.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Ecology and Society
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Cockburn, J., M. Schoon, G. Cundill, C. Robinson, J. A. Aburto, S. M. Alexander, J. A. Baggio, C. Barnaud, M. Chapman, M. Garcia Llorente, G. A. García-López, R. Hill, C. Ifejika Speranza, J. Lee, C. L. Meek, E. Rosenberg, L. Schultz, and G. Thondhlana. 2020. Understanding the context of multifaceted collaborations for social-ecological sustainability: a methodology for cross-case analysis. Ecology and Society 25(3):7. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-11527-250307

ACS Style

Jessica Cockburn; Michael Schoon; Georgina Cundill; Cathy Robinson; Jaime A. Aburto; Steven M. Alexander; Jacopo A. Baggio; Cecile Barnaud; Mollie Chapman; Marina Garcia Llorente; Gustavo García López; Rosemary Hill; Chinwe Ifejika Speranza; Jean Lee; Chanda L. Meek; Eureta Rosenberg; Lisen Schultz; Gladman Thondhlana. Understanding the context of multifaceted collaborations for social-ecological sustainability: a methodology for cross-case analysis. Ecology and Society 2020, 25, 1 .

AMA Style

Jessica Cockburn, Michael Schoon, Georgina Cundill, Cathy Robinson, Jaime A. Aburto, Steven M. Alexander, Jacopo A. Baggio, Cecile Barnaud, Mollie Chapman, Marina Garcia Llorente, Gustavo García López, Rosemary Hill, Chinwe Ifejika Speranza, Jean Lee, Chanda L. Meek, Eureta Rosenberg, Lisen Schultz, Gladman Thondhlana. Understanding the context of multifaceted collaborations for social-ecological sustainability: a methodology for cross-case analysis. Ecology and Society. 2020; 25 (3):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jessica Cockburn; Michael Schoon; Georgina Cundill; Cathy Robinson; Jaime A. Aburto; Steven M. Alexander; Jacopo A. Baggio; Cecile Barnaud; Mollie Chapman; Marina Garcia Llorente; Gustavo García López; Rosemary Hill; Chinwe Ifejika Speranza; Jean Lee; Chanda L. Meek; Eureta Rosenberg; Lisen Schultz; Gladman Thondhlana. 2020. "Understanding the context of multifaceted collaborations for social-ecological sustainability: a methodology for cross-case analysis." Ecology and Society 25, no. 3: 1.

Journal article
Published: 17 November 2018 in Land Use Policy
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Land use change arises from a variety of socio-economic and/or biophysical drivers, with direct and/or indirect feedbacks on the long-term functionality of the land as the fundamental life-support system for human wellbeing. Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of production systems is critical for decision-making to maintain both functioning ecosystems and land-dependent livelihoods. We applied the adaptive cycle metaphor to examine historic spatiotemporal changes in one of the largest communal regions (ejido) in the Northern most extension of the tropical forest biome in Mexico. This large-scale case study explores the effects of a series of exogenous and endogenous drivers that transformed a former dense tropical forest into an intensive industrial sugarcane plantation with parallel developments and adjustments of rural livelihoods. We demonstrate how integral knowledge on the historical development of a 70-year old social-ecological system (SES) helps build fundamental understanding of the vulnerability, resilience, and adaptability of land and people (livelihoods) to current diverse external and endogenous drivers. With the adaptive cycle metaphor, we identified stable system states and the current phase of our focal SES, which, before the 1940s, was covered by dense dry tropical forest. The current SES had passed all phases in the adaptive cycle more than once and is presently in the early conservation phase represented by a high input commercial sugarcane production system with reduced resilience to external drivers of change. We show which drivers and historical events best explained the regional socio-ecological system dynamics including its vulnerability, resilience, and adaptability considering certain system states. Understanding system dynamics and phase changes considering the adaptive cycle metaphor helps identify both social and ecological resilience characteristics, and unexplored windows of opportunity for guided transformation of system states out of social-ecological traps.

ACS Style

Carolin Antoni; Elisabeth Huber-Sannwald; Humberto Reyes Hernández; Anuschka Van’T Hooft; Michael Schoon. Socio-ecological dynamics of a tropical agricultural region: Historical analysis of system change and opportunities. Land Use Policy 2018, 81, 346 -359.

AMA Style

Carolin Antoni, Elisabeth Huber-Sannwald, Humberto Reyes Hernández, Anuschka Van’T Hooft, Michael Schoon. Socio-ecological dynamics of a tropical agricultural region: Historical analysis of system change and opportunities. Land Use Policy. 2018; 81 ():346-359.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carolin Antoni; Elisabeth Huber-Sannwald; Humberto Reyes Hernández; Anuschka Van’T Hooft; Michael Schoon. 2018. "Socio-ecological dynamics of a tropical agricultural region: Historical analysis of system change and opportunities." Land Use Policy 81, no. : 346-359.

Editorial
Published: 02 March 2018 in Sustainability
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In preview of the special issue on “Environmental Governance for Sustainability”, this manuscript examines three key themes on governance and sustainability. Governance for sustainability, by its nature, requires long-enduring institutional arrangements. Given the complex adaptive systems in which governance decision-making takes place, we explore three key characteristics of successful, long-term governance. The first of these is working across scale. This includes nested institutions as well as communication and coordination both horizontally and vertically between diverse governance groups. Second, we highlight the importance of collaboration. Building on the previous point, we draw on literature from collaborative governance and co-management to emphasize how collaboration can help to build more enduring governance structures. Third, we examine the importance of adaptation and evolution in the resolution of collective action dilemmas in complex systems filled with nonlinearities, unclear causal chains, and environments in which we have less than a full understanding of the ramifications of governance actions.

ACS Style

Michael Schoon; Michael Cox. Collaboration, Adaptation, and Scaling: Perspectives on Environmental Governance for Sustainability. Sustainability 2018, 10, 679 .

AMA Style

Michael Schoon, Michael Cox. Collaboration, Adaptation, and Scaling: Perspectives on Environmental Governance for Sustainability. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (3):679.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Schoon; Michael Cox. 2018. "Collaboration, Adaptation, and Scaling: Perspectives on Environmental Governance for Sustainability." Sustainability 10, no. 3: 679.

Topical review
Published: 01 March 2018 in Environmental Research Letters
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The term tipping point has experienced explosive popularity across multiple disciplines over the last decade. Research on social-ecological systems (SES) has contributed to the growth and diversity of the term's use. The diverse uses of the term obscure potential differences between tipping behavior in natural and social systems, and issues of causality across natural and social system components in SES. This paper aims to create the foundation for a discussion within the SES research community about the appropriate use of the term tipping point, especially the relatively novel term 'social tipping point.' We review existing literature on tipping points and similar concepts (e.g. regime shifts, critical transitions) across all spheres of science published between 1960 and 2016 with a special focus on a recent and still small body of work on social tipping points. We combine quantitative and qualitative analyses in a bibliometric approach, rooted in an expert elicitation process. We find that the term tipping point became popular after the year 2000—long after the terms regime shift and critical transition—across all spheres of science. We identify 23 distinct features of tipping point definitions and their prevalence across disciplines, but find no clear taxonomy of discipline-specific definitions. Building on the most frequently used features, we propose definitions for tipping points in general and social tipping points in SES in particular.

ACS Style

Manjana Milkoreit; Jennifer Hodbod; Jacopo Baggio; Karina Benessaiah; Rafael Calderón-Contreras; Jonathan Donges; Jean-Denis Mathias; Juan Carlos Rocha; Michael Schoon; Saskia Werners. Defining tipping points for social-ecological systems scholarship—an interdisciplinary literature review. Environmental Research Letters 2018, 13, 033005 .

AMA Style

Manjana Milkoreit, Jennifer Hodbod, Jacopo Baggio, Karina Benessaiah, Rafael Calderón-Contreras, Jonathan Donges, Jean-Denis Mathias, Juan Carlos Rocha, Michael Schoon, Saskia Werners. Defining tipping points for social-ecological systems scholarship—an interdisciplinary literature review. Environmental Research Letters. 2018; 13 (3):033005.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manjana Milkoreit; Jennifer Hodbod; Jacopo Baggio; Karina Benessaiah; Rafael Calderón-Contreras; Jonathan Donges; Jean-Denis Mathias; Juan Carlos Rocha; Michael Schoon; Saskia Werners. 2018. "Defining tipping points for social-ecological systems scholarship—an interdisciplinary literature review." Environmental Research Letters 13, no. 3: 033005.

Original article
Published: 08 October 2016 in Regional Environmental Change
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Across the country, government agencies increasingly collaborate with non-governmental actors on environmental dilemmas to gain access to resources, expertise, and local knowledge; to mitigate conflict; and to share risks in a changing environmental context. Collectively, these often overlapping collaborations form a complex and dynamic governance network (GNet). This paper examines the establishment and growth of an environmental GNet over a period of 15 years in conflict-ridden southeastern Arizona, USA. Using social network analysis, we detect the emergence of several influential organizations acting as political entrepreneurs and observe an overall change in network composition. We describe three phases: (1) a newly emerged network, (2) a network dominated by national non-governmental organizations, and finally (3) a shift toward local non-governmental organization involvement. Using institutional analysis, we explore how conflict over natural resource use, decreasing public and private monies for management, and increasing tensions over border security, leads to the establishment of new collaborations and new network participants. While this research focuses on environmental governance in southeastern Arizona, this methodological approach—and insights into the key role of organizations acting as political entrepreneurs—provides a useful starting place for analyzing networks of collaborative governance in other geographic and political contexts. Organizations’ perceptions of risk and trust are keys to understanding the dynamics of collaboration within a GNet.

ACS Style

Michael Schoon; Abigail York; Abigail Sullivan; Jacopo Baggio. The emergence of an environmental governance network: the case of the Arizona borderlands. Regional Environmental Change 2016, 17, 677 -689.

AMA Style

Michael Schoon, Abigail York, Abigail Sullivan, Jacopo Baggio. The emergence of an environmental governance network: the case of the Arizona borderlands. Regional Environmental Change. 2016; 17 (3):677-689.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Schoon; Abigail York; Abigail Sullivan; Jacopo Baggio. 2016. "The emergence of an environmental governance network: the case of the Arizona borderlands." Regional Environmental Change 17, no. 3: 677-689.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2016 in International Journal of the Commons
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In order to improve the efficiency of government spending, it is necessary for the decentralized irrigation management to gain support from local institutions. Efficient institutions take on several distinct configurations in different irrigation districts. In this research, we upgrade Tang’s (1992) framework focusing on incentives, to a framework that includes institutional incentives and coordination. Within the framework, we then classify 5 institutional variables: water pricing reform (P), government funding (F), coordination by administration (C), having formal monitors (M) and self-organized management (S). This article processes the data obtained through a field survey (2009–2011) in 20 of China’s southern counties, where they implement the “Small-scale Irrigation and Water Conservancy Key Counties Construction (Key Counties Construction)”, a national project supported by the central government. Next, it applies Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure the efficiency of government spending and uses Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) to extract efficient institutional configurations. It concludes that there are generally three types of institutional configurations able to improve the efficiency of government spending, which are respectively: “government funding combined with coordination by administration”, “water pricing reform combined with self-organized management and coordination by administration or water pricing reform combined with self-organized management and government funding and formal monitors” and “self-organized management”. Among these, the second configuration is a mixed governance structure with multiple institutions coexisting, and this configuration occurs in the most efficient key counties. For that reason, it is viewed as the mainstream irrigation management approach, and we expect it to be the development trend in the future. Although Chinese irrigation policies are formalizing effective local institutions, they are still not sufficient. Future policies are needed to 1) promote institutions of government support for water laws in order to build stable expectations for both water user associations (WUAs) and farmers, 2) guide water pricing reform by ensuring farmers’ water rights and regulating water markets, and 3) provide opportunities for hiring professional monitors and crafting formal rules.

ACS Style

Ying Chai; Michael Schoon. Institutions and government efficiency: decentralized irrigation management in China. International Journal of the Commons 2016, 10, 21 -44.

AMA Style

Ying Chai, Michael Schoon. Institutions and government efficiency: decentralized irrigation management in China. International Journal of the Commons. 2016; 10 (1):21-44.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ying Chai; Michael Schoon. 2016. "Institutions and government efficiency: decentralized irrigation management in China." International Journal of the Commons 10, no. 1: 21-44.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Ecology and Society
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Taggart-Hodge, T. D., and M. Schoon. 2016. The challenges and opportunities of transboundary cooperation through the lens of the East Carpathians Biosphere Reserve. Ecology and Society 21(4):29. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08669-210429

ACS Style

Tanya D. Taggart-Hodge; Michael Schoon. The challenges and opportunities of transboundary cooperation through the lens of the East Carpathians Biosphere Reserve. Ecology and Society 2016, 21, 1 .

AMA Style

Tanya D. Taggart-Hodge, Michael Schoon. The challenges and opportunities of transboundary cooperation through the lens of the East Carpathians Biosphere Reserve. Ecology and Society. 2016; 21 (4):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanya D. Taggart-Hodge; Michael Schoon. 2016. "The challenges and opportunities of transboundary cooperation through the lens of the East Carpathians Biosphere Reserve." Ecology and Society 21, no. 4: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Ecology and Society
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Olivier Barreteau; David Giband; Michael Schoon; Juliette Cerceau; Fabrice DeClerck; Stéphane Ghiotti; Thomas James; Vanessa A. Masterson; Raphael Mathevet; Sylvain Rode; Francesco Ricci; Clara Therville. Bringing together social-ecological system and territoire concepts to explore nature-society dynamics. Ecology and Society 2016, 21, 1 .

AMA Style

Olivier Barreteau, David Giband, Michael Schoon, Juliette Cerceau, Fabrice DeClerck, Stéphane Ghiotti, Thomas James, Vanessa A. Masterson, Raphael Mathevet, Sylvain Rode, Francesco Ricci, Clara Therville. Bringing together social-ecological system and territoire concepts to explore nature-society dynamics. Ecology and Society. 2016; 21 (4):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Olivier Barreteau; David Giband; Michael Schoon; Juliette Cerceau; Fabrice DeClerck; Stéphane Ghiotti; Thomas James; Vanessa A. Masterson; Raphael Mathevet; Sylvain Rode; Francesco Ricci; Clara Therville. 2016. "Bringing together social-ecological system and territoire concepts to explore nature-society dynamics." Ecology and Society 21, no. 4: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2015 in Environmental Science & Policy
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Manjana Milkoreit; Michele-Lee Moore; Michael Schoon; Chanda L. Meek. Resilience scientists as change-makers—Growing the middle ground between science and advocacy? Environmental Science & Policy 2015, 53, 87 -95.

AMA Style

Manjana Milkoreit, Michele-Lee Moore, Michael Schoon, Chanda L. Meek. Resilience scientists as change-makers—Growing the middle ground between science and advocacy? Environmental Science & Policy. 2015; 53 ():87-95.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manjana Milkoreit; Michele-Lee Moore; Michael Schoon; Chanda L. Meek. 2015. "Resilience scientists as change-makers—Growing the middle ground between science and advocacy?" Environmental Science & Policy 53, no. : 87-95.

Journal article
Published: 16 June 2015 in Urban Ecosystems
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Managing urban green space as part of an ongoing social-ecological transformation poses novel governance issues, particularly in post-industrial settings. Urban green spaces operate as small-scale nodes in larger networks of ecological reserves that provide and maintain key ecosystem services such as pollination, water retention and infiltration, and sustainable food production. In an urban mosaic, a myriad of social and ecological components factor into aggregating and managing land to maintain or increase the flow of ecosystem services associated with green spaces. Vacant lots (a form of urban green space) are being repurposed for multiple functions, such as habitat for biodiversity, including arthropods that provide pollination services to other green areas; to capture urban runoff that eases the burden on ageing wastewater systems and other civic infrastructure; and to reduce urban heat island effects. Because of the uncertainty and complexities of managing for ecosystem services in urban settings, we advocate for a governance approach that is adaptive and iterative in nature—adaptive governance—to address the ever changing social order underlying post-industrial cities and offer the rise of land banks as an example of governance innovation.

ACS Style

Olivia Odom Green; Ahjond Garmestani; Sandra Albro; Natalie Ban; Adam Berland; Caitlin E. Burkman; Mary M. Gardiner; Lance H Gunderson; Matthew E. Hopton; Michael L. Schoon; William Shuster. Adaptive governance to promote ecosystem services in urban green spaces. Urban Ecosystems 2015, 19, 77 -93.

AMA Style

Olivia Odom Green, Ahjond Garmestani, Sandra Albro, Natalie Ban, Adam Berland, Caitlin E. Burkman, Mary M. Gardiner, Lance H Gunderson, Matthew E. Hopton, Michael L. Schoon, William Shuster. Adaptive governance to promote ecosystem services in urban green spaces. Urban Ecosystems. 2015; 19 (1):77-93.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Olivia Odom Green; Ahjond Garmestani; Sandra Albro; Natalie Ban; Adam Berland; Caitlin E. Burkman; Mary M. Gardiner; Lance H Gunderson; Matthew E. Hopton; Michael L. Schoon; William Shuster. 2015. "Adaptive governance to promote ecosystem services in urban green spaces." Urban Ecosystems 19, no. 1: 77-93.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2015 in Natures Sciences Sociétés
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Michael Schoon; Sander Van Der Leeuw. Dossier : « À propos des relations natures/sociétés » − The shift toward social-ecological systems perspectives: insights into the human-nature relationship. Natures Sciences Sociétés 2015, 23, 166 -174.

AMA Style

Michael Schoon, Sander Van Der Leeuw. Dossier : « À propos des relations natures/sociétés » − The shift toward social-ecological systems perspectives: insights into the human-nature relationship. Natures Sciences Sociétés. 2015; 23 (2):166-174.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Schoon; Sander Van Der Leeuw. 2015. "Dossier : « À propos des relations natures/sociétés » − The shift toward social-ecological systems perspectives: insights into the human-nature relationship." Natures Sciences Sociétés 23, no. 2: 166-174.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in Ecology and Society
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Natalie C. Ban; Louisa S. Evans; Mateja Nenadovic; Michael Schoon. Interplay of multiple goods, ecosystem services, and property rights in large social-ecological marine protected areas. Ecology and Society 2015, 20, 1 .

AMA Style

Natalie C. Ban, Louisa S. Evans, Mateja Nenadovic, Michael Schoon. Interplay of multiple goods, ecosystem services, and property rights in large social-ecological marine protected areas. Ecology and Society. 2015; 20 (4):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natalie C. Ban; Louisa S. Evans; Mateja Nenadovic; Michael Schoon. 2015. "Interplay of multiple goods, ecosystem services, and property rights in large social-ecological marine protected areas." Ecology and Society 20, no. 4: 1.

Journal article
Published: 31 August 2014 in International Journal of the Commons
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Graham Epstein; Irene Pérez; Michael Schoon; Chanda L Meek. Governing the invisible commons: Ozone regulation and the Montreal Protocol. International Journal of the Commons 2014, 8, 337 .

AMA Style

Graham Epstein, Irene Pérez, Michael Schoon, Chanda L Meek. Governing the invisible commons: Ozone regulation and the Montreal Protocol. International Journal of the Commons. 2014; 8 (2):337.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Graham Epstein; Irene Pérez; Michael Schoon; Chanda L Meek. 2014. "Governing the invisible commons: Ozone regulation and the Montreal Protocol." International Journal of the Commons 8, no. 2: 337.

Journal article
Published: 31 August 2014 in International Journal of the Commons
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Louisa S. Evans; Natalie C. Ban; Michael Schoon; Mateja Nenadovic. Keeping the ‘Great’ in the Great Barrier Reef: large-scale governance of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. International Journal of the Commons 2014, 8, 396 .

AMA Style

Louisa S. Evans, Natalie C. Ban, Michael Schoon, Mateja Nenadovic. Keeping the ‘Great’ in the Great Barrier Reef: large-scale governance of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. International Journal of the Commons. 2014; 8 (2):396.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Louisa S. Evans; Natalie C. Ban; Michael Schoon; Mateja Nenadovic. 2014. "Keeping the ‘Great’ in the Great Barrier Reef: large-scale governance of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park." International Journal of the Commons 8, no. 2: 396.

Journal article
Published: 31 August 2014 in International Journal of the Commons
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ACS Style

Graham Epstein; Irene Pérez; Michael Schoon; Chanda L Meek. Governing the invisible commons: Ozone regulation and the Montreal Protocol. International Journal of the Commons 2014, 8, 337 .

AMA Style

Graham Epstein, Irene Pérez, Michael Schoon, Chanda L Meek. Governing the invisible commons: Ozone regulation and the Montreal Protocol. International Journal of the Commons. 2014; 8 (2):337.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Graham Epstein; Irene Pérez; Michael Schoon; Chanda L Meek. 2014. "Governing the invisible commons: Ozone regulation and the Montreal Protocol." International Journal of the Commons 8, no. 2: 337.

Journal article
Published: 31 August 2014 in International Journal of the Commons
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As part of an international collaboration to compare large-scale commons, we used the Social-Ecological Systems Meta-Analysis Database (SESMAD) to systematically map out attributes of and changes in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) in Australia. We focus on eight design principles from common-pool resource (CPR) theory and other key social-ecological systems governance variables, and explore to what extent they help explain the social and ecological outcomes of park management through time. Our analysis showed that commercial fisheries management and the re-zoning of the GBRMP in 2004 led to improvements in ecological condition of the reef, particularly fisheries. These boundary and rights changes were supported by effective monitoring, sanctioning and conflict resolution. Moderate biophysical connectivity was also important for improved outcomes. However, our analysis also highlighted that continued challenges to improved ecological health in terms of coral cover and biodiversity can be explained by fuzzy boundaries between land and sea, and the significance of external drivers to even large-scale social-ecological systems (SES). While ecological and institutional fit in the marine SES was high, this was not the case when considering the coastal SES. Nested governance arrangements become even more important at this larger scale. To our knowledge, our paper provides the first analysis linking the re-zoning of the GBRMP to CPR and SES theory. We discuss important challenges to coding large-scale systems for meta-analysis.

ACS Style

Louisa S. Evans; Natalie C. Ban; Michael Schoon; Mateja Nenadovic. Keeping the ‘Great’ in the Great Barrier Reef: large-scale governance of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. International Journal of the Commons 2014, 8, 396 .

AMA Style

Louisa S. Evans, Natalie C. Ban, Michael Schoon, Mateja Nenadovic. Keeping the ‘Great’ in the Great Barrier Reef: large-scale governance of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. International Journal of the Commons. 2014; 8 (2):396.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Louisa S. Evans; Natalie C. Ban; Michael Schoon; Mateja Nenadovic. 2014. "Keeping the ‘Great’ in the Great Barrier Reef: large-scale governance of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park." International Journal of the Commons 8, no. 2: 396.