Although riboflavin (RF) belongs to the water-soluble vitamins of group B, its solubility is low. Therefore, the application of micro-formulations may help to overcome this limiting factor for the delivery of RF. In this study we immobilized RF in newly developed albumin submicron particles prepared using the Co-precipitation Crosslinking Dissolution technique (CCD-technique) of manganese chloride and sodium carbonate in the presence of human serum albumin (HSA) and RF. The resulting RF containing HSA particles (RF-HSA-MPs) showed a narrow size distribution in the range of 0.9 to 1 μm, uniform peanut-like morphology, and a zeta-potential of −15 mV. In vitro release studies represented biphasic release profiles of RF in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4 and a cell culture medium (RPMI) 1640 medium over a prolonged period. Hemolysis, platelet activation, and phagocytosis assays revealed a good hemocompatibility of RF-HSA-MPs.

Objective: This study aimed to optimize the green extraction of phenolic compounds from TSH and evaluate their antioxidant and anti-liver cancer activities. Methods: TSH was extracted using 60% ethanol and distilled water in different temperatures using a 2-level factorial design as the variables, followed by tray drying. Extracts were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC) using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent as the response and DPPH radical scavenging assay. Oligomeric proanthocyanidins were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS). Cytotoxicity and antimigratory effects on HepG2 cells were assessed using sulforhodamine B (SRB) and wound healing assays. Result: The optimal model equation was TPC = 0.9 - 0.0064A + 0.0059B + (2.61 × 10-5)AB. Although the ethanolic extract had higher total phenolic content, but the water extract showed stronger antioxidant activity and exhibited significantly stronger cytotoxic activity (IC50 at 72 hours: 44.1±0.9 µg/mL) than ethanolic extract (408.3±9.8 µg/mL) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Migration of HepG2 cells was also significantly inhibited by the water extract in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: The water extract of TSH may serve as a promising candidate for functional ingredient development and natural anti-liver cancer applications.

Introduction: Gnetum macrostachyum is a known Thai medicinal plant as a source of bioactive oligostilbenes, which possess platelet inhibitory activities. The study aimed to evaluate the in vitro human platelet aggregation inhibitory activities of macrostachyols A-D (compounds 1-4) isolated from the roots of G. macrostachyum. Methods: The in vitro human platelet aggregation assay was assayed with a 96-well microtiter plate format. The well-known aggregating agents were used to investigate the possible mechanism of inhibition, including adenosine diphosphate (ADP), arachidonic acid (AA), thromboxane A2 analog (U-46619), collagen, thrombin, and thrombin receptor-activating peptide-6 (TRAP-6). Results: Compound 1 was more potent than ibuprofen (positive control) on the adenosine diphosphate- induced platelet aggregation assay (P < 0.05). Compound 3 was more potent than 1, 2, and 4 (P < 0.05), but all active oligostilbenes were less potent than the positive control (P < 0.05) on the arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation assay. The oligostilbenes 1, 2, 3, and 4 also displayed the inhibitory effects on the U-46619-induced platelet aggregation. The tetrameric stilbenes 1 was the only compound that exhibited inhibitory effects on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation without TRAP-6 mediated platelet aggregation. Conclusion: The findings revealed the inhibitory effects of oligostilbenes on human platelet aggregation through a target-specific experimental design. It suggests that oligostilbenes from this plant might be applied as antiplatelet aggregation agents in platelet hyperreactivity- related diseases.

Background: Manual chemotherapy compounding carries occupational hazards and requires high technical accuracy. Robotic automation has emerged as an important advancement to enhance personnel safety and improve dosing precision. Objective: This study evaluated the impact of syringe size and compounding cycle number on accuracy, operational efficiency, and safety margins of a prototype two-arm robotic chemotherapy compounding system during its first year of clinical implementation at Maha Vajiralongkorn Thanyaburi Hospital, Pathum Thani, Thailand. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 7,922 intravenous chemotherapy preparations was conducted. Preparation accuracy was assessed using percentage volume error determined by gravimetric verification, and efficiency was measured by total preparation time. The effects of syringe size (10, 30, and 50 ml) and compounding cycles (one to three) were analyzed. Bootstrap resampling was applied to generate 90% confidence intervals and evaluate safety margins. Results: The system demonstrated high precision, with an overall mean percentage error of −1.19 ± 1.32% (median −1.14 ± 1.86%) and a mean preparation time of 11.86 ± 3.47 min (median 11.29 ± 3.06 min). Smaller syringe sizes and increased compounding cycles were associated with a consistent tendency toward slight under-delivery. However, all deviations remained within the clinically acceptable ±5% threshold. Bootstrap analysis confirmed stable and reproducible safety margins across hardware configurations. Conclusion: Clinical implementation of the robotic compounding system demonstrated high accuracy, reproducibility, and operational safety, supporting its role in enhancing safety in high-throughput chemotherapy compounding practice.