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Biochar has attracted great attention in the soil scientific community for its interaction with different biogeochemical cycles and its potential environmental and agronomical benefits. However, there is only limited information about its effect on plant secondary metabolism. In this manuscript, a biochar produced from olive tree pruning by slow pyrolysis at 600 °C was selected to analyze its impact on the concentration of the health-promoting compounds glucosinolates (GLSs) in broccoli. The biochar was applied as soil amendment, alone or combined with organic and mineral fertilization, in a broccoli cultivar in the field. We found that this particular biochar caused an enrichment in GLSs concentration in broccoli amended with biochar alone. Meanwhile, the fertilized treatments caused a decrease in the GLSs concentration in broccoli inflorescence, particularly mineral fertilization originated the lowest concentration of neoglucobrassicin and glucoraphanin. When biochar was combined with mineral fertilization it increased the concentration of GLS to similar levels as the untreated plants, probably as a physiological response of the plant to the enhanced physicochemical properties of biochar amended soils. These findings highlight the importance of agronomical practices in achieving a balance between a good performance in production and the presence of beneficial phytochemicals.
Paula García Ibáñez; Maria Sanchez-Garcia; Miguel A. Sánchez-Monedero; Maria Luz Cayuela; Diego A. Moreno. Olive tree pruning derived biochar increases glucosinolate concentrations in broccoli. Scientia Horticulturae 2020, 267, 109329 .
AMA StylePaula García Ibáñez, Maria Sanchez-Garcia, Miguel A. Sánchez-Monedero, Maria Luz Cayuela, Diego A. Moreno. Olive tree pruning derived biochar increases glucosinolate concentrations in broccoli. Scientia Horticulturae. 2020; 267 ():109329.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaula García Ibáñez; Maria Sanchez-Garcia; Miguel A. Sánchez-Monedero; Maria Luz Cayuela; Diego A. Moreno. 2020. "Olive tree pruning derived biochar increases glucosinolate concentrations in broccoli." Scientia Horticulturae 267, no. : 109329.
The impact of different forms of nitrogen input, biochar amendments and their combination on the yield-scaled N2O emissions were investigated during the cultivation of a representative commercial crop. A field randomized block design with inorganic/organic fertilization and biochar amendment was established during a crop cycle of drip-irrigated broccoli. N2O emissions were measured with a static chamber in crop rows and in the bare soil control. N2O emissions were triggered by N fertigation and heavy rainfall events and increased as the plants grew. Organic fertilization resulted in higher N2O emissions than mineral fertilization and these treatments also resulted in the highest peak emissions after fertigation events. Biochar had a significant mitigation effect in hot moments registered immediately after fertilization in organic fertilization treatments. However, biochar caused a slight but not significant reduction in cumulative N2O emissions in all treatments. Peak emissions after heavy rainfall were similar in all the treatments and were not affected by the biochar amendment. Biochar usage decreased the soil bulk density in the inorganic fertilization treatments and facilitated N uptake by the plants. Biochar addition resulted in a significant reduction in yield-scaled emissions, which was more pronounced in the inorganic fertilizer treatments.
M. Sánchez-García; M.A. Sánchez-Monedero; M.L. Cayuela. N2O emissions during Brassica oleracea cultivation: Interaction of biochar with mineral and organic fertilization. European Journal of Agronomy 2020, 115, 126021 .
AMA StyleM. Sánchez-García, M.A. Sánchez-Monedero, M.L. Cayuela. N2O emissions during Brassica oleracea cultivation: Interaction of biochar with mineral and organic fertilization. European Journal of Agronomy. 2020; 115 ():126021.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Sánchez-García; M.A. Sánchez-Monedero; M.L. Cayuela. 2020. "N2O emissions during Brassica oleracea cultivation: Interaction of biochar with mineral and organic fertilization." European Journal of Agronomy 115, no. : 126021.
Compost represents a sustainable alternative for peat (P) replacement in soilless plant cultivation, but its use can be limited by several inadequate physical and physicochemical properties. Biochar can alleviate some of the limitations of compost for its use as growth media by improving the physical properties, decreasing salinity and making the phytotoxic compounds unavailable for plants. We studied the physical and physicochemical properties of holm oak biochar (B), poultry manure compost (PMC), poultry manure composted with biochar (PMBC), a commercial peat (P) and multiple combinations of these materials as growth media, and their effect on the rooting and growth of rosemary. PMBC and PMC showed similar physical and physicochemical properties as growing media, and they both were phytotoxic when used in a rate above 50% (by volume) in the growing medium. However, when used at proportion of 25%, PMBC was less phytotoxic than PMC and enhanced the percentage of rosemary cutting rooting. The incorporation of B in the growing medium instead of P (either at 50% or 75% in volume) increased the stability of the growing media and the percentage of rooted cuttings, but it did not affect plant growth significantly. Our results demonstrate the potential of substituting peat by a combination of poultry manure compost and biochar for the formulation of growth media.
Fernando Fornes; Luisa Liu; Antonio Lidón; María Sánchez-García; María Luz Cayuela; Miguel A. Sánchez-Monedero; Rosa María Belda. Biochar Improves the Properties of Poultry Manure Compost as Growing Media for Rosemary Production. Agronomy 2020, 10, 261 .
AMA StyleFernando Fornes, Luisa Liu, Antonio Lidón, María Sánchez-García, María Luz Cayuela, Miguel A. Sánchez-Monedero, Rosa María Belda. Biochar Improves the Properties of Poultry Manure Compost as Growing Media for Rosemary Production. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (2):261.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernando Fornes; Luisa Liu; Antonio Lidón; María Sánchez-García; María Luz Cayuela; Miguel A. Sánchez-Monedero; Rosa María Belda. 2020. "Biochar Improves the Properties of Poultry Manure Compost as Growing Media for Rosemary Production." Agronomy 10, no. 2: 261.
Aerobic soils are the largest biotic sink for atmospheric methane (CH4). Although agricultural intensification is known to adversely impact soil CH4 uptake, the application of organic amendments (e.g. composts, green residues) in agricultural soils has been found to stimulate the activity of CH4 oxidizers. However, little is known about the influence of biochar (a carbonaceous by-product of biomass pyrolysis) on the soil CH4 sink function. This study analyzes, through a series of laboratory incubation assays, how ten well-characterized biochars with contrasting properties influence CH4 oxidation rate constants (k) in an aerobic high-pH agricultural soil. Through the use of 13C-CH4, we demonstrated that both CH4 soil oxidation and CH4 assimilation were responsible for the decrease in CH4 concentration. A principal component regression (PCR) of the results suggested that the physico chemical properties of biochars were directly linked to their ability to enhance or inhibit the oxidation of CH4. Biochars from wood feedstocks and pyrolysed at 600 °C, characterized by a high pore area, led to the highest CH4 oxidation rates whereas biochars with high ash concentrations and electrical conductivity significantly diminished CH4 oxidation rates. Biochar redox properties were not found to be relevant for CH4 oxidation in soil.
María Blanca Pascual; Miguel A. Sánchez-Monedero; Francisco J. Chacón; María Sánchez-García; María L. Cayuela. Linking biochars properties to their capacity to modify aerobic CH4 oxidation in an upland agricultural soil. Geoderma 2020, 363, 114179 .
AMA StyleMaría Blanca Pascual, Miguel A. Sánchez-Monedero, Francisco J. Chacón, María Sánchez-García, María L. Cayuela. Linking biochars properties to their capacity to modify aerobic CH4 oxidation in an upland agricultural soil. Geoderma. 2020; 363 ():114179.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría Blanca Pascual; Miguel A. Sánchez-Monedero; Francisco J. Chacón; María Sánchez-García; María L. Cayuela. 2020. "Linking biochars properties to their capacity to modify aerobic CH4 oxidation in an upland agricultural soil." Geoderma 363, no. : 114179.
The efficiency of biochar for reducing the levels of volatile organic compounds (VOC) was investigated in a composting mixture containing 90% poultry manure and 10% straw (with and without 3% biochar addition) at three different stages of the process. The use of a low application rate of biochar reduced the concentration of VOC during the thermophilic phase. Biochar significantly reduced the levels of nitrogen volatile compounds, which are the most abundant VOC family, originated from microbial transformation of the N-compounds originally present in manure. The most efficient VOC reduction was observed in oxygenated volatile compounds (ketones, phenols and organic acids), which are intermediates of organic matter degradation, whereas there was no effect on other VOC families (aliphatic, aromatic and terpenes). These results suggest the importance of not only the sorption capacity of biochar but also its impact in the composting progress as main drivers for VOC reduction.
M.A. Sánchez-Monedero; M. Sánchez-García; J.A. Alburquerque; Maria Luz Cayuela. Biochar reduces volatile organic compounds generated during chicken manure composting. Bioresource Technology 2019, 288, 121584 .
AMA StyleM.A. Sánchez-Monedero, M. Sánchez-García, J.A. Alburquerque, Maria Luz Cayuela. Biochar reduces volatile organic compounds generated during chicken manure composting. Bioresource Technology. 2019; 288 ():121584.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.A. Sánchez-Monedero; M. Sánchez-García; J.A. Alburquerque; Maria Luz Cayuela. 2019. "Biochar reduces volatile organic compounds generated during chicken manure composting." Bioresource Technology 288, no. : 121584.
This paper reports the results on the agronomic performance of organic amendments in the EU 7th FP project “FERTIPLUS—reducing mineral fertilizers and agro-chemicals by recycling treated organic waste as compost and bio-char”. Four case studies on field-scale application of biochar, compost and biochar-blended compost were established and studied for three consecutive years in four distinct cropping systems and under different agro-climatic conditions in Europe. These included the following sites: olive groves in Murcia (Spain), greenhouse grown tomatoes in Almeria (Spain), an arable crop rotation in Oost-Vlaanderen (Merelbeke, Belgium), and three vineyards in Friuli Venezia Giulia (Italy). A slow pyrolysis oak biochar was applied, either alone or in combination with organic residues: compost from olive wastes in Murcia (Spain), sheep manure in Almeria (Spain), and compost from biowaste and green waste in Belgium and Italy. The agronomical benefits were evaluated based on different aspects of soil fertility (soil total organic carbon (TOC), pH, nutrient cycling and microbial activity) and crop nutritional status and productivity. All amendments were effective in increasing soil organic C in all the field trials. On average, the increase with respect to the control was about 11% for compost, 20% for biochar-blended compost, and 36% for biochar. The amendments also raised the pH by 0.15–0.50 units in acidic soils. Only biochar had a negligible fertilization effect. On the contrary, compost and biochar-blended compost were effective in enhancing soil fertility by increasing nutrient cycling (25% mean increase in extractable organic C and 44% increase in extractable N), element availability (26% increase in available K), and soil microbial activity (26% increase in soil respiration and 2–4 fold enhancement of denitrifying activity). In general, the tested amendments did not show any negative effect on crop yield and quality. Furthermore, in vineyards and greenhouse grown tomatoes cropping systems, compost and biochar-blended compost were also effective in enhancing key crop quality parameters (9% increase in grape must acidity and 16% increase in weight, 9% increase in diameter and 8% increase in hardness of tomato fruits) important for the quality and marketability of the crops. The overall results of the project suggest that the application of a mixture of biochar and compost can benefit crops. Therefore, biochar-blended compost can support and maintain soil fertility.
Miguel A. Sánchez-Monedero; María L. Cayuela; María Sánchez-García; Bart Vandecasteele; Tommy D’Hose; Guadalupe López; Carolina Martínez-Gaitán; Peter J. Kuikman; Tania Sinicco; Claudio Mondini. Agronomic Evaluation of Biochar, Compost and Biochar-Blended Compost across Different Cropping Systems: Perspective from the European Project FERTIPLUS. Agronomy 2019, 9, 225 .
AMA StyleMiguel A. Sánchez-Monedero, María L. Cayuela, María Sánchez-García, Bart Vandecasteele, Tommy D’Hose, Guadalupe López, Carolina Martínez-Gaitán, Peter J. Kuikman, Tania Sinicco, Claudio Mondini. Agronomic Evaluation of Biochar, Compost and Biochar-Blended Compost across Different Cropping Systems: Perspective from the European Project FERTIPLUS. Agronomy. 2019; 9 (5):225.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel A. Sánchez-Monedero; María L. Cayuela; María Sánchez-García; Bart Vandecasteele; Tommy D’Hose; Guadalupe López; Carolina Martínez-Gaitán; Peter J. Kuikman; Tania Sinicco; Claudio Mondini. 2019. "Agronomic Evaluation of Biochar, Compost and Biochar-Blended Compost across Different Cropping Systems: Perspective from the European Project FERTIPLUS." Agronomy 9, no. 5: 225.
Mediterranean climate areas are home to highly relevant and distinctive agro-ecosystems, where sustainability is threatened by water scarcity and continuous loss of soil organic carbon. In these systems, recycling strategies to close the loop between crop production (and agro-related industries) and soil conservation are of special interest in the current context of climate change mitigation. Pyrolysis represents a recycling option for the production of energy and biochar, a carbonaceous product with a wide range of environmental and agronomic applications. Considering that biochar functionality depends on both the original biomass and the pyrolysis conditions, we produced and characterized 22 biochars in order to evaluate their potential to sequester C and modify soil physicochemical properties. The pore size distribution was a function of the original biomass and did not change with the temperature of pyrolysis. The highest number of pores within the size 0.2–30 μm, relevant for plant available water retention, was reached at 600 °C. However, ideal pyrolysis conditions to optimize C stability and hydrologic properties was reached at 400 °C in woody derived biochars, as higher temperatures lead to a nontransient hydrophobicity. This study highlights relevant physicochemical properties of locally derived biochars that can be used to tackle specific challenges in Mediterranean agroecosystems.
M. Sánchez-García; Maria Luz Cayuela; Daniel P. Rasse; Miguel A. Sánchez-Monedero. Biochars from Mediterranean Agroindustry Residues: Physicochemical Properties Relevant for C Sequestration and Soil Water Retention. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2019, 7, 4724 -4733.
AMA StyleM. Sánchez-García, Maria Luz Cayuela, Daniel P. Rasse, Miguel A. Sánchez-Monedero. Biochars from Mediterranean Agroindustry Residues: Physicochemical Properties Relevant for C Sequestration and Soil Water Retention. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 2019; 7 (5):4724-4733.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Sánchez-García; Maria Luz Cayuela; Daniel P. Rasse; Miguel A. Sánchez-Monedero. 2019. "Biochars from Mediterranean Agroindustry Residues: Physicochemical Properties Relevant for C Sequestration and Soil Water Retention." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 7, no. 5: 4724-4733.
The recycling of organic wastes in agriculture contributes to a circular economy by returning to the soil nutrients and reducing the need of mineral-based fertilisers. An agronomical and environmental evaluation of a series of biochars prepared from a range of urban and agricultural wastes was performed by soil incubation experiments and pot trials. The impact of biochar addition (alone, or in combination with either mineral or organic fertiliser) on soil N, P and micronutrients was studied, as well as the potential limitations for their agricultural use (associated to phytotoxicity and presence of potentially toxic metals). The type and origin of feedstock only had a minor impact on the response of biochar in soil and its interaction with the most important nutrient cycles. The presence of ashes in biochars prepared from urban and pre-treated organic wastes caused an increase in the availability of N and P in soil, compared to raw lignocellulosic biochar. All tested biochars exhibited favourable properties as soil amendments and no phytotoxic effects or negative impacts on soil nutrient dynamics were observed during the soil incubation experiments. Their agricultural use is only limited by the presence of potentially toxic metals in biochars prepared from feedstocks of urban origins.
Inés López-Cano; María Luz Cayuela; María Sánchez-García; Miguel A. Sánchez-Monedero. Suitability of Different Agricultural and Urban Organic Wastes as Feedstocks for the Production of Biochar—Part 2: Agronomical Evaluation as Soil Amendment. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2077 .
AMA StyleInés López-Cano, María Luz Cayuela, María Sánchez-García, Miguel A. Sánchez-Monedero. Suitability of Different Agricultural and Urban Organic Wastes as Feedstocks for the Production of Biochar—Part 2: Agronomical Evaluation as Soil Amendment. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (6):2077.
Chicago/Turabian StyleInés López-Cano; María Luz Cayuela; María Sánchez-García; Miguel A. Sánchez-Monedero. 2018. "Suitability of Different Agricultural and Urban Organic Wastes as Feedstocks for the Production of Biochar—Part 2: Agronomical Evaluation as Soil Amendment." Sustainability 10, no. 6: 2077.
Despite the high interest in biochar as soil amendment, the number of field studies is still limited, being experiments with perennial crops in arid lands particularly lacking. This study evaluated the application of compost and biochar in a drip-irrigated organic olive crop in a calcareous soil in South-East Spain. During two consecutive years, changes in soil total organic C (TOC), dissolved organic C (DOC) and water soluble N (WSN), mineral N (NH4+ and NO3−), N2O emissions, denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) and number of amoA gen copies were monitored. Biochar increased TOC compared to the rest of treatments, whereas DOC and WSN significantly increased in plots amended with compost and the compost-biochar mixture. DEA, amoA-encoding genes and N2O emissions were highest with the compost-biochar mixture, but results were not always significant. Our results show that, in these N-limited and deficit irrigated semi-arid agro-ecosystems, compost amendment has an impact on soil microbiological activity with a link to N availability. Biochar applied alone does not alter the N dynamics, but markedly builds-up soil C. In both cases only during the first year these effects were statistically significant. When applied in combination a synergistic effect was observed and the highest values of DEA, amoA gene copies and N2O emissions were detected.
Maria Sanchez-Garcia; Miguel Sanchez-Monedero; A. Roig; Inés Lopez-Cano; B. Moreno; Emilio Benitez; M. L. Cayuela. Compost vs biochar amendment: a two-year field study evaluating soil C build-up and N dynamics in an organically managed olive crop. Plant and Soil 2016, 408, 1 -14.
AMA StyleMaria Sanchez-Garcia, Miguel Sanchez-Monedero, A. Roig, Inés Lopez-Cano, B. Moreno, Emilio Benitez, M. L. Cayuela. Compost vs biochar amendment: a two-year field study evaluating soil C build-up and N dynamics in an organically managed olive crop. Plant and Soil. 2016; 408 (1-2):1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Sanchez-Garcia; Miguel Sanchez-Monedero; A. Roig; Inés Lopez-Cano; B. Moreno; Emilio Benitez; M. L. Cayuela. 2016. "Compost vs biochar amendment: a two-year field study evaluating soil C build-up and N dynamics in an organically managed olive crop." Plant and Soil 408, no. 1-2: 1-14.
A composting study was performed to assess the impact of biochar addition to a mixture of poultry manure and barley straw. Two treatments: control (78% poultry manure + 22% barley straw, dry weight) and the same mixture amended with biochar (3% dry weight), were composted in duplicated windrows during 19 weeks. Typical monitoring parameters and gaseous emissions (CO2, CO, CH4, N2O and H2S) were evaluated during the process as well as the agronomical quality of the end-products. Biochar accelerated organic matter degradation and ammonium formation during the thermophilic phase and enhanced nitrification during the maturation phase. Our results suggest that biochar, as composting additive, improved the physical properties of the mixture by preventing the formation of clumps larger than 70 mm. It favoured microbiological activity without a relevant impact on N losses and gaseous emissions. It was estimated that biochar addition at 3% could reduce the composting time by 20%.
Maria Sanchez-Garcia; J.A. Alburquerque; Miguel Sanchez-Monedero; A. Roig; M.L. Cayuela. Biochar accelerates organic matter degradation and enhances N mineralisation during composting of poultry manure without a relevant impact on gas emissions. Bioresource Technology 2015, 192, 272 -279.
AMA StyleMaria Sanchez-Garcia, J.A. Alburquerque, Miguel Sanchez-Monedero, A. Roig, M.L. Cayuela. Biochar accelerates organic matter degradation and enhances N mineralisation during composting of poultry manure without a relevant impact on gas emissions. Bioresource Technology. 2015; 192 ():272-279.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Sanchez-Garcia; J.A. Alburquerque; Miguel Sanchez-Monedero; A. Roig; M.L. Cayuela. 2015. "Biochar accelerates organic matter degradation and enhances N mineralisation during composting of poultry manure without a relevant impact on gas emissions." Bioresource Technology 192, no. : 272-279.
In spite of the numerous studies reporting a decrease in soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions after biochar amendment, there is still a lack of understanding of the processes involved. Hence the subject remains controversial, with a number of studies showing no changes or even an increase in N2O emissions after biochar soil application. Unraveling the exact causes of these changes, and in which circumstances biochar decreases or increases emissions, is vital to developing and applying successful mitigation strategies. With this objective, we studied two soils (Haplic Phaeozem (HP) and Haplic Calcisol (HC)), which showed opposed responses to biochar amendment. Under the same experimental conditions, the addition of biochar to soil HP decreased N2O emissions by 76%; whereas it increased emissions by 54% in soil HC. We combined microcosm experiments adding different nitrogen fertilizers, stable isotope techniques and the use of a nitrification inhibitor (dicyciandiamide) with the aim of improving our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the formation of N2O in these two soils. Evidence suggests that denitrification is the main pathway leading to N2O emissions in soil HP, and ammonia oxidation and nitrifier-denitrification being the major processes generating N2O in soil HC. Biochar systematically stimulated nitrification in soil HC, which was probably the cause of the increased N2O emissions. Here we demonstrate that the effectiveness of using biochar for reducing N2O emissions from a particular soil is linked to its dominant N2O formation pathway.
Marãa Sã¡nchez-Garcãa; Asunciã³N Roig; Miguel Sanchez-Monedero; Marãa L. Cayuela; María Sánchez-García. Biochar increases soil N2O emissions produced by nitrification-mediated pathways. Frontiers in Environmental Science 2014, 2, 1 .
AMA StyleMarãa Sã¡nchez-Garcãa, Asunciã³N Roig, Miguel Sanchez-Monedero, Marãa L. Cayuela, María Sánchez-García. Biochar increases soil N2O emissions produced by nitrification-mediated pathways. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2014; 2 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarãa Sã¡nchez-Garcãa; Asunciã³N Roig; Miguel Sanchez-Monedero; Marãa L. Cayuela; María Sánchez-García. 2014. "Biochar increases soil N2O emissions produced by nitrification-mediated pathways." Frontiers in Environmental Science 2, no. : 1.
Atriplex halimus L. (Amaranthaceae) (Mediterranean saltbush) is a halophytic shrub that is widely distributed in arid and semi-arid regions around the Mediterranean basin and east to Saudi Arabia, at elevations less than 900 m. It grows on a variety of soils, from fine to coarse texture, with varying degrees of salinity. There are two sub-species of A. halimus: halimus is diploid (2n = 2x = 18) and is found at semi-arid, less-saline sites, while schweinfurthii is tetraploid (2n = 4x = 36) and occupies arid, saline sites. Throughout its distribution, A. halimus is exposed to high light intensity and temperature and varying degrees of drought and salinity; it can also withstand sub-zero winter temperatures or soil contamination by trace elements. Some of its physiological and biochemical tolerance mechanisms - such as adjustment of plant water relations - are common to all or several of these environmental stresses, but others are specific to particular stresses. The importance of A. halimus in the functioning of ecosystems is reflected in its promotion of soil biota, while it also acts as a food plant for mammals and arthropods. Its deep root system decreases soil erosion in arid zones, due to stabilisation of the soil. The protein-rich shoot material of A. halimus makes it an important fodder species for livestock, particularly sheep and goats. However, its low energy value means that it should be supplemented with carbohydrate-rich material, such as cereal straw. Potential new uses of this versatile plant species include the phytoremediation of soils contaminated by trace elements and the exploitation of its biomass as a source of renewable energy. Such applications, together with its continued use in low-intensity farming systems, should ensure that A. halimus remains a vital plant species in low-rainfall regions. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
D.J. Walker; S. Lutts; Maria Sanchez-Garcia; E. Correal. Atriplex halimus L.: Its biology and uses. Journal of Arid Environments 2014, 100-101, 111 -121.
AMA StyleD.J. Walker, S. Lutts, Maria Sanchez-Garcia, E. Correal. Atriplex halimus L.: Its biology and uses. Journal of Arid Environments. 2014; 100-101 ():111-121.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD.J. Walker; S. Lutts; Maria Sanchez-Garcia; E. Correal. 2014. "Atriplex halimus L.: Its biology and uses." Journal of Arid Environments 100-101, no. : 111-121.