As the necessity for safety and aesthetic of nightscape have arisen, the importance of nightscapes (i.e., nighttime landscape) planning has garnered the attention of mainstream consciousness. Therefore, this study was to suggest the guideline for nightscape planning using electroencephalography (EEG) technology and survey for recognizing the characteristics of a nightscape. Furthermore, we verified the electroencephalography (EEG) method as a tool for landscape evaluation. Therefore, this study analyzed the change of relative alpha wave and relative beta wave and perceived fear of participants depending on twelve nightscape settings (four types of settings: Built nightscape images group with an adult; Built nightscape images groups without an adult; Nature-dominant nightscape images with an adult; and Nature-dominant nightscape images without an adult). Our findings indicate that the most fearful nightscape setting was recorded in Built nightscape images groups without an adult figure in perceived fear result depending on four types of nightscape settings. In Nature-dominant nightscape images, on the other hand, the nightscape setting with an adult figure was more fearful than the setting without an adult. The interaction effect between landscape type (built and nature-dominant) and adult presence towards perceived fear was verified and it showed that the image with adult affects landscape type. For electroencephalography (EEG) results, several brain activities in the relative alpha and beta wave showed significant differences depending on nightscape settings, which situates electroencephalography (EEG) as an invaluable tool for evaluating landscapes. Based on our physiological electroencephalography (EEG) experiment, we provide a new analytic view of the nightscape. The approach we utilized enables a deeper understanding of emotional perception and fear among human subjects by identifying the physical environment which impacts how they experience nightscapes.

Ports currently face increasing demands to address a variety of environmental issues and achieve sustainability objectives. Using insights from the resource-based view of firms, this study examines the link between economic performance (EP) and environmental performance (ENP) of the top 10 U.S. seaports. Geospatial modeling is used to capture pollution incidents that can be geographically dispersed; in addition, both a bootstrap data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach and an undesirable DEA model are used to measure port ENP and EP. Our findings are in general consistent with assertions that positive EP can be attained in conjunction with good environmental practices. Ports’ capabilities of strategic capital investment in physical assets, collaborative interorganizational processes, and performance monitoring are essential, while they pursue both economic and environmental goals simultaneously.

This study examines the impact of competitive pressure on port performance. We merge the competitive rivalry literature with the port management literature to explain the inverted U-shaped relationship between competitive pressure and port performance within the increasingly competitive realm of world ports. A newly designed index measures competitive pressure that organizations face based on market commonality and domain overlap. Using data for global hubs and national gateway ports, we find potential diseconomies of excessive competitive pressure on port performance.

The overall purpose of this study was to investigate psycho-physiological variations in human bodies by observing visual images of daytime and nighttime scenery to focus on restorative and recovery effects. Unlike previous studies that have focused on the natural versus built environments, this study aims to compare restorative and recovery potentials between daytime and nighttime. The experiment was conducted by showing a total of 12 images to 60 participants in order to measure the brain response with an electroencephalogram (EEG). As measures of the psychological impact of the images, perceived restorative and recovery scales were used. The self-reported data indicates that daytime sceneries are rated more positively than nighttime sceneries in terms of restorative and recovery effects. According to the EEG results, restorative and recovery feelings have negative relationships with the relative theta band, while positive relationships are shown with the relative alpha band. The correlation analysis between EEG bands and brain regions showed a significant correlation (p < 0.05) with 46 pairs for the daytime scenery stimuli and 52 pairs for the nighttime scenery stimuli. Through the results of the study, we conclude that daytime and nighttime scenery affect restorative feelings and the human brain response through both verbal and non-verbal methods.