Objectives: This study evaluated the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) according to the number of metabolic syndrome (MetS) components. Methods: Using health checkup and insurance claims data of 6,365,409 subjects, the occurrence of CRC according to stage of MetS by sex was determined from the date of the health checkup in 2009 until December 31, 2018. Results: Cumulative incidence rates (CIR) of CRC in men and women was 3.9 and 2.8 per 1000 (p < 0.001), respectively. CIR of CRC for the normal, pre-MetS, and MetS groups in men was 2.6, 3.9, and 5.5 per 1000 (p < 0.001) and CIR in women was 2.1, 2.9, and 4.5 per 1000 (p < 0.001), respectively. Compared with the normal group, the hazard ratio (HR) of CRC for the pre-MetS group was 1.25 (95% CI 1.17–1.33) in men and 1.09 (95% CI 1.02–1.17) in women, and the HR of CRC for the MetS group was 1.54 (95% CI 1.43–1.65) in men and 1.39 (95% CI 1.26–1.53) in women after adjustment. Conclusions: We found that MetS is a risk factor for CRC in this study. Therefore, the prevention and active management of MetS would contribute to the prevention of CRC.