Cancer is a chronic disease, and it can be lethal due to limited therapeutic options. The conventional treatment options for cancer have numerous challenges, such as a low blood circulation time as well as poor solubility of anticancer drugs. Therapeutic cancer vaccines emerged to try to improve anticancer drugs’ efficiency and to deliver them to the target site. Cancer vaccines are considered a viable therapeutic technique for most solid tumors. Vaccines boost antitumor immunity by delivering tumor antigens, nucleic acids, entire cells, and peptides. Cancer vaccines are designed to induce long-term antitumor memory, causing tumor regression, eradicate minimal residual illness, and prevent non-specific or unpleasant effects. These vaccines can assist in the elimination of cancer cells from various organs or organ systems in the body, with minimal risk of tumor recurrence or metastasis. Vaccines and antigens for anticancer therapy are discussed in this review, including current vaccine adjuvants and mechanisms of action for various types of vaccines, such as DNA- or mRNA-based cancer vaccines. Potential applications of these vaccines focusing on their clinical use for better therapeutic efficacy are also discussed along with the latest research available in this field.

Medicinal plants have been a cornerstone of traditional medicine, providing a rich source of bioactive compounds with diverse therapeutic potential. This review aims to explore the phytochemical composition and pharmacology activities of various medicinal plants, highlighting their potential application in modern medicine. By examining key phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids, we provide an overview of their roles in treating disease, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial effects. The review discusses the mechanisms through which these phytochemicals exert their effects. Focusing on their interaction with biological pathways and molecular targets. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and limitations associated with the use of medicinal plants. Such as viability in phytochemical content, bioavailability issues, and the need for standardized extraction methods. Our findings underscore the importance of integrating traditional knowledge with modern scientific approaches to optimize the therapeutic use of medicinal plants. We also highlight the need for further research to fully elucidate the mechanism of action of these compounds and to develop novel formulations that enhance their efficacy and safety. In conclusion, the phytochemical diversity of medicinal plants represents a valuable resource for drug discovery and development. This review provides critical insight into the pharmacological potentials of these natural compounds and suggests future directions for research to harness their full medicinal potential.

Open access peer-reviewed chapter

The frequency of Bacillus subtilis infection such as pneumonia pan-opthalmitis, visceral abscess or musculoskeletal infection etc. complications following bacteremia, meningitis in children & the infection associated with majority of motor vehicle accidents associated with trauma & gun shoot injury. Antibiotics which appear especially useful in the treatment of Bacillus. infection are clindamycin and vancomycin to which vast majority of strains are susceptible in vitro. Our objective is to test the synthesized peptidomimetics with the efforts mainly directed towards the identification of antibacterial compounds against recurrent septicemia infection. Six peptidomimetics namely G-A-L-D (C₆₀-soot Glu-ala-leu-Asp), D-P-F (C₆₀-soot Asp-pro-Phe), I-R (C₆₀-soot Ile-Arg), L-R (C₆₀-soot leu-Arg), E-R (C₆₀-soot Glu-Arg), D-E (C₆₀-soot Asp-Glu), the column eluted compounds were tested for disc diffusion using gram positive Bacillus Subtilis strains at different concentrations predicted by pH and inhibitory concentrations. I-R (C₆₀-soot Ile-Arg), & D-E (C₆₀-soot Asp-Glu) was found to be very effective along with 5 compounds against Bacillus Subtilis strain tested. Maximum activity 100 µg/ml for synthesized peptidomimetics with the corresponding zonal inhibition diameter (11 mm; 11 mm; 14 mm; 11 mm; 11 mm; 14 mm) against Bacillus subtilis strain. This is the first evidence based report that proves I-R (C₆₀-soot Ile-Arg) & D-E (C₆₀-soot Asp-Glu) has shown antibacterial action against gram positive strains of Bacillus Subtilis against recurrent septicemia infection