Nanoscale magnetic devices play a key role in modern technologies but current applications involve only 2D structures like magnetic discs. Here the authors review recent progress in the fabrication and understanding of 3D magnetic nanostructures, enabling more diverse functionalities.

Liquid reconfigurable ferromagnetic materials: Ferromagnetic materials show a permanent magnetic dipole, whereas superparamagnetic ones only show magnetic properties under an applied field. Some materials, like ferrofluids, show liquid-like behavior but do not retain their magnetization in the absence of an applied field. Liu et al. show remnant magnetization of otherwise superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles at an oil-water interface of emulsion droplets (see the Perspective by Dreyfus). The permanent magnetization could be controlled by coupling and uncoupling the magnetization of individual nanoparticles, making it possible to “write and erase” shapes of the droplets or to elongate them into cylinders. Science , this issue p. 264 ; see also p. 219

The scientific and technological exploration of three-dimensional magnetic nanostructures is an emerging research field that opens the path to exciting novel physical phenomena, originating from the increased complexity in spin textures, topology, and frustration in three dimensions. One can also anticipate a tremendous potential for novel applications with those systems in a magnetic sensor and information processing technologies in terms of improved energy efficiency, processing speed, functionalities, and miniaturization of future spintronic devices. These three-dimensional structures are distinct from traditional bulk systems as they harness the scientific achievements of nanomagnetism, which aimed at lowering the dimensions down to the atomic scale, but expand those now in a tailored and designed way into the third dimension. This research update provides an overview of the scientific challenges and recent progress with regard to advances in synthesis approaches and state-of-the-art nanoscale characterization techniques that are prerequisite to understand, realize, and control the properties, behavior, and functionalities of three-dimensional magnetic nanostructures.