Coral reef ecosystems provide many ecological, economic, and social benefits. Despite their numerous functions, coral reefs are in a vulnerable state due to the effects of human activities. The condition of coral reefs has decreased in many parts of the world. Therefore, coral reef examinations need to be carried out continuously in order to formulate management strategies that can reduce their vulnerability over time. This study aims to analyze the vulnerability index of coral reefs, the sensitivity of coral reefs to the causes of vulnerability, and the adaptive capacity to anticipate vulnerability. The primary data are the perceptions of respondents’ who filled out a prepared questionnaire which included eight dimensions: information on the environmental conditions, fishing ports, fishing areas, coastline settlements, tourism management, tourism attractions, socio-economic conditions and population, and aquaculture. The data were analyzed using multidimensional scaling (MDS). The results of the analysis revealed that fishing ports, fishing areas, and environmental condition are high vulnerability indexes which cause damage to coral reefs. The highest coral reef vulnerability sensitivity was found to be triggered by the distance from fishing areas and the distance from fishing vessel channels. An inverse relationship between vulnerability and adaptive capacity was shown. Hence distance from fishing areas and distance from fishing vessel channels are the attributes that have low adaptive capacity.

Ecotourism very support for conservation. Ecotourism may assist with preservation of natural resources and ecotourism functions in comparison to other alternatives, such as mass tourism. This study aims to analyze the sustainability status of ecotourism management for preserving natural resources and ecosystem functions. This study is a survey on ecotourism destinations Clungup Mangrove Conservation (CMC). To analyze the level of sustainability, 9 dimensions were analyzed based on theoretical and empirical studies. The dimensions consisted of (1) conservation, (2) participation, (3) recreation and education, (4) economy, (5) control, (6) government, (7) ecotourism center, (8) academics/researchers, and (9) social media. This study employed quantitative analysis using Rapfish application with Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) to assess the status and sustainability index of marine tourism management (CMC). The result revealed that the sustainability status of marine ecotourism management in CMC was categorized as “highly sustainable”. The highest value was the conservation dimension and the lowest value was in the government dimension. Therefore, government support for improving the role of ecotourism regarding preservation of natural resources and ecosystem functions is required. The government can give its support through implementing regulations, facilitating ecotourism management, designing public policy for ecotourism, and planning government policies that benefit the development of ecotourism.

Small islands have unique ecosystems and are vulnerable to land degradation and ecological threats. Integrating spatial and landscape ecology approaches greatly influences the effectiveness and efficiency of environmental monitoring and future environmental management planning. Uncontrolled land conversion, extreme climate conditions, high biophysical land constraints, and anthropogenic and political factors contribute to biodiversity pressures. This study aimed to measure the impact of land use and land cover changes on the LST, NDVI, and NDWI as well as changes in landscape patterns and structures for environmental monitoring and ecological sustainability on Kapota Island. The LST values in 1990 ranged from 21.50°C to 25.40°C, and from 22.63°C to 32.56°C in 2020. In contrast, the NDVI values in 1990 ranged from -0.765 to 0.754 and from -0.241 to 0.514 in 2020. The surface temperature increased in vegetated areas with low density, as well as in non-vegetated areas and settlements. Habitat fragmentation was relatively high, as indicated by the SHDI value closer to 1. Moving forward, future research should delve deeper into the specific drivers of biodiversity pressures, including uncontrolled land conversion, extreme climate conditions, biophysical constraints, and anthropogenic and political factors. Moreover, efforts should be directed toward maintaining a green cover exceeding 30%, enhancing vegetation density, minimizing land-clearing activities, and encouraging the cultivation of crops with good water storage capabilities. This research lays the foundation for a more nuanced understanding of the intricate dynamics at play on small islands and sets the stage for informed conservation and management strategies.

This study aims to develop a sustainable technology-based Adiwiyata program implementation model to shape the characteristics of environmentally conscious students in Probolinggo City. Using a quantitative approach with the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method, this study analyzed the relationship between school policies, government involvement, technological innovation, student character formation, and the sustainability of Adiwiyata schools. The study population consisted of schools in Probolinggo City involved in the Adiwiyata program, with a sample of 200 respondents, including principals, teachers, and students. The results showed that technological innovation acts as a significant mediating variable between school policies and government involvement in shaping students’ character and the sustainability of Adiwiyata schools. Strong school policies and government involvement through regulations and technical training have been shown to increase the effectiveness of the Adiwiyata program, especially with the support of technology. The technological innovations implemented, such as energy management and communication platforms, have been shown to increase students’ environmental awareness and active participation in environmental activities. These findings have important implications for educational policy and environmental program management in schools. Recommendations include the need for increased government regulatory support for technology integration in schools as well as the development of school policies that prioritize all school members’ active participation in technology-based environmental programs. Further studies are required to explore the long-term impact of technology implementation on environmental education in other schools in Indonesia.

Latuppa Area in Palopo is located in the northern part of South Sulawesi Province. It has some potential cultural and natural tourism spots to develop using the concept of agro-ecotourism. Sustainable tourism is considered as a step to manage all resources socially and economically. It can be done by preserving the cultural integrity, basic ecological processes, biological diversity, and other life support elements. This study was aimed to determine the potential attraction and to analyze the sustainability status and to construct the model of Latuppa agro-ecotourism development in Palopo, South Sulawesi. The model of sustainable agro-ecotourism development in Palopo, South Sulawesi Province, was conducted with qualitative and quantitative research method, using MDS and analysis of SWOT. The result of the index value of sustainability from five dimensions is 59.39. It means that by paying attention on the dimension aspects of ecology, economy, socio-cultural, technology, and institution at Latuppa, agro-ecotourism area can support the agro-ecotourism.The results of SWOT analysis that can be applied in the analysis of the strategy for the sustainable Latuppa agro-ecotourism development are as follows. The strategies are creatinga new tourist attraction to attract the tourists, educating the local community in terms of tourism management, developing tourism products, and promoting tourism objects.Keywords: agro-ecotourism, development, ecology, sustainablity.