Energy is an essential resource for economic development. The study employed the asymmetric ARDL cointegration approach to investigate the impact of energy consumption on economic growth for Vietnam during the period 1971-2017. The finding of the study is that the effects of electricity consumption on economic growth are asymmetric in both the short- and long-run, and the negative changes have a greater effect than the positive changes. At the same time, the impact of petroleum consumption on economic growth is asymmetric in the long-run, and the positive changes have a greater effect than the negative changes. The causality test also indicates the existence of bi-directional causality between energy consumption and economic growth, supported the Feedback hypothesis. Several policy implications are suggested from the obtained result findings.

A trade-off may exist between tourism development and ecological footprint in Singapore since this country has been listed as the top-visited country while also the highest ecological deficit region. This study aims to probe the asymmetric effect of tourism development on the ecological footprint in Singapore from 1978 to 2016. By applying the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag approach, the outcomes obtained revealed that only positive changes in tourism development significantly and negatively influence the ecological footprint in the long term, while the short-run impact is symmetric. In addition, the empirical results showed that an increase in economic growth leads to a development in the ecological footprint, and the influence of energy consumption is not evident. The findings of this study may provide some implications for Singaporean policy-makers to promote tourism development and sustainable economic growth.