Intense global urbanization, including spatial planning development, is an essential area that determines sustainable development. It is known that urban development is typically tied to an increase in socioeconomic productivity while also creating considerable inequalities. Despite mounting evidence of intense urban area development, little is known about its consequences on the sustainable development of territories adjacent to said areas. Despite the positive and negative consequences of urbanization and their impact on sustainable development often being highlighted, there is little understanding of and a dearth of analyses on sustainability processes that include spatial planning development. To fill this gap, it must be assessed where sustainable development is actually taking place. Such analyses should not only be confined to the four essential areas: economic development, social development, environmental development, and institutional development, that are tied to sustainable development index calculations. They should also determine the transformations experienced by the areas and factor in a fifth analysis area: spatial planning development. In this paper, detailed data sourced from the Statistics Poland were used to formulate sustainable development indices for urban, rural–urban, and rural communes of the Podkarpackie region of Poland. The data concerned the five areas listed above. Using data standardization and the averaged index method, sustainable development index values were quantified to demonstrate that they displayed various levels of inequalities for the two reference periods of 2015 and 2020. These statistics indicate the key role of spatial planning development in assessing sustainability indices. The findings show that it is not only possible to enhance standard calculation methods to include other data and use them in time and space to create a simple and general quantitative rating of sustainable development, but urbanization can also be factored in that includes spatial planning development. The findings show that a modified computation approach is a reliable and relatively complete index of sustainable development that compensates for the deficiencies of current metrics.

Fenomen miasta polega na tym, że jest ono strukturą wielowarstwową. Mówiąc miasto europejskie, ma się przed oczami jego specyficzną tkankę: kompozycję budynków, ulic i placów. Wyraźne granice między strefą prywatną a publiczną, wzajemne relacje między budynkami, które zawsze są otwarte na przestrzeń publiczną – wszystko to tworzy niepowtarzalną atmosferę dobrze skrojonej struktury. Camillo Sitte patrzył na miasto jak na dzieło sztuki. Twierdził, że sztuka budowania miast polega na artystycznej umiejętności komponowania takich elementów, jak place, ulice i budynki. Gordon Cullen, który w swoich szkicach wyraził artystyczne walory krajobrazu miejskiego, również uważał, że sztuka architektury polega na szukaniu relacji pomiędzy poszczególnymi komponentami. Miasta powinny być piękne, ale muszą też być przyjazne człowiekowi. To w miejskich przestrzeniach publicznych ludzie mogą najpełniej zaspokoić swoje aspiracje i potrzeby związane z komfortem fizycznym i psychicznym. Co więcej, otoczenie innych ludzi daje człowiekowi nieocenioną szansę na nawiązywanie różnorodnych kontaktów społecznych, a także zapewnia mu poczucie akceptacji i bezpieczeństwa. Miasto to nie tylko struktura przestrzenna, ale przede wszystkim ludzie i ich zmieniające się w czasie potrzeby. Aby odpowiadać na potrzeby mieszkańców większych i mniejszych miast, istotne staje się traktowanie organizmu miejskiego jako systemu wielu skomplikowanych układów urbanistycznych i architektonicznych przyjaznych człowiekowi. Wiedza o projektowaniu, w tym metodologia projektowania i związana z nią wiedza systemowa, może pomóc w rozwiązywaniu problemów organizacji przestrzeni współczesnych miast. Ważne jest zatem, aby miasta funkcjonowały jak dobrze zaprojektowany organizm.

This article traces the historical evolution of mural painting as a medium of cultural expression from prehistoric cave art to contemporary street interventions. Adopting a diachronic and interdisciplinary approach, it investigates how muralism has developed across civilizations in relation to techniques, symbolic systems, social function, and its embeddedness in architectural and urban contexts. The analysis is structured around key historical periods using emblematic case studies to examine the interplay between materiality, iconography, and socio-political meaning. From sacred enclosures and civic monuments to post-industrial walls and digital projections, murals reflect shifting cultural paradigms and spatial dynamics. This study emphasizes how mural painting, once integrated into sacred and imperial architecture, has become a tool for public participation, protests, and urban storytelling. Particular attention is paid to the evolving relationship between wall painting and the spaces it inhabits, highlighting the transition from permanence to ephemerality and from monumentality to immediacy. This article contributes to mural studies by offering a comprehensive framework for understanding the technical and symbolic transformations of the medium while proposing new directions for research in the context of digital urbanism and cultural memory.

This paper presents an urban approach to modelling and planning the development of cities, with particular focus on Lublin as a case study. Research into models of the spatial structure of a city is crucial to the effectiveness and efficiency of urban planning decisions and policies. The study analysed Lublin to identify the key elements and relationships that make up its urban layout. The scientific objective of the study is a model interpretation of the spatial and functional structure of Lublin. Following Zuziak’s example, it was called the urban structure, and it will be analysed as a proposal for a potential tool to facilitate the control of city development. The research used classical methods applied in urban planning and architecture but was inspired at the by the logic of algorithms simplifying road networks and preserving their typological properties. Thus, different types of layers, information and spatial data were translated into an accessible language and were finally presented in the form of an urban design, consisting of urbanity nodes and development corridors. The main conclusion of the research is that an intelligible model (plan/scheme/graph) of the city can become a useful tool for shaping a high-quality urbanised environment that responds quickly to new challenges.

In many Polish cities, the aspect of integration of urban structures is underestimated and new investments are not properly connected with the city. This article presents the results of a study with the main objective of assessing the level of spatial integration of residential areas. The study was carried out in several stages; it was based on classical and qualitative methods used in urban planning. The first stages of the research procedure focused on literature studies, a review of the area, and a diagnosis of the current state of three different housing complexes in Rzeszów. In subsequent stages, a set of criteria was created to determine the spatial integration level (SIL) of the residential developments under analysis. Research and application objectives were achieved by creating a clear and easily reproducible method to evaluate the level of spatial integration of residential areas. The research demonstrates the validity of a holistic approach to determining the scope of planning activities while based on a set of specific criteria that address integration issues.