Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. (fireweed) is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Onagraceae family widely used in folk and scientific medicine. It is a promising source of bioactive components. One of the modern trends in extraction is the use of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) combined with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). However, works devoted to the extraction of biologically active substances from C. angustifolium using NADESs are scarce. The aim of this work is a comprehensive study of UAE of bioactive components from C. angustifolium using NADESs based on choline chloride and malonic, malic, tartaric, and citric acids. The antioxidative properties, total phenols, and flavonoids content were estimated for NADES-based extracts. The reference solvents were water and 90% v/v ethanol. Volatile extracted components were identified using GC-MS. The kinetics of the UAE were studied at 45 °C for 20–180 min with water added to 30 wt% NADES. The power of the ultrasound was 120 W, and the frequency was 40 kHz. It was found that NADES choline chloride + citric acid is more effective for the extraction of bioactive components. For this, NADES UAE conditions were optimized following a Box–Behnken design of the experiment and a response surface methodology. The temperature ranged from 30 to 60 °C, the time of extraction ranged from 20 to 60, and the addition of water ranged from 30 to 70 wt%. We established the optimal extraction conditions: temperature 58 °C, time of extraction 35 min, and 70 wt% water. The obtained results expand the knowledge about the use of NADES for the extraction of biologically active compounds from cheap and available plant raw materials.

Cardiovascular diseases caused by free radical oxidation processes are taking the lion’s share in the structure of the overall morbidity, mortality and disability amongst the adult population in Murmansk region. The need for developing new health-saving technologies, as well as import substitution in the pharmacological sphere necessitate the search for new natural and effective sources. Weyrich’s knotweed (Poligonum weyrichii Fr. Schmidt.) growing in Murmansk region is a promising source of flavonoid compounds for the production of adaptogenic drugs. Our pilot study was conducted to evaluate the flavonoid content and the ecological dependencies of their accumulation in the tissues of the inflorescences, the leaves of the upper and middle layers and in the rhizomes during the growing season in two nearly adjacent areas which differ in climatic conditions. We used wild-growing (in both areas) and cultivated (only one location) plants. The study revealed that the content of flavonoids in the leaves and inflorescences of the Weyrich’s knotweed growing on the territories of the industrially developed central part of the Murmansk region can exceed 5.0% by weight of the dried tissue. The obtained data indicate that the leaves (up to 3.4%) and inflorescences (up to 5.6%) differ by the highest content of these compounds at the beginning or in the second half of the growing season, respectively, and the deterioration of external conditions stimulates their synthesis. Taking into account the high biomass of Weyrich’s knotweed plants, their high growth rate and resistance under extreme conditions, they can be considered as a promising pharmacologically valuable plant for the Murmansk region. The possibilities and prospects of using the P. weyrichii plants as the main plant for the regional production of adaptogenic drugs are discussed.

Koenigia Weyrichii (F. Schmidt) T.M. Schust. et Reveal, which grows on the Kola Peninsula, contains a significant amount of flavonoids in the aerial parts of the plant, rapidly builds up biomass, and is resistant to various climatic conditions. This makes K. Weyrichii a promising source of biologically active substances (BAS) in the Arctic zone. A relatively new method for extracting biologically active substances from plants is the use of deep eutectic solvents (DES), for example, a mixture of choline chloride with glycerol, which has shown high efficiency in the extraction of flavonoids from other plants. Previously, DES was not used for the extraction of biologically active substances from K. Weyrichii. The aim of this work is to evaluate the efficiency of ultrasonic extraction using traditional solvents (water, ethanol) and DES choline chloride + glycerol and to optimize the extraction conditions. Comparison of the total content of polyphenols, flavonoids, antioxidative, and antiradical activity in various extracts is carried out. It was found that the most favorable conditions for extraction are: water content in DES – 17.5 wt%, temperature – 65 °C, and time – 3 hours. At the same time, under identical extraction conditions (temperature and time), more target substances can be extracted with 60% ethanol than with DES. However, DES can be seen as an alternative to using ethanol. The data obtained can be useful for the further development of innovative technologies of the extraction of biologically active substances from plant material. Also, K. Weyrichii may be considered as a source of biologically active substances in cosmetics and the food industry.

Flavonoids are valuable polyphenolic compounds that accumulate in plants and have various biological activities. Koenigia Weyrichii (F. Schmidt) T.M. Schust. et Reveal is one of the plants with high flavonoid content in aerial parts. The aim of this work is to compare the total content of polyphenols, flavonoids, the total antioxidant and antiradical activity of ethanol extracts obtained from different parts of the K. Weyrichii plant growing in the Arctic zone of Russia, to compare the efficiency of ultrasonic extraction and maceration, and to determine the optimal extraction conditions. The determination of the total content of polyphenolic components was carried out using the Folin-Chocalteu reagent, the total content of flavonoids - using the complexation reaction with aluminum chloride, the total antioxidant activity - using the phosphomolybdate method, and the free radical scavenging - in the reaction with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). An increased yield of flavonoids is observed when maceration is used. According to the data on the total content of flavonoids, the optimal conditions for maceration (time and ratio of the components of the water-ethanol mixture) were determined. K. Weyrichii can be considered as a promising source of flavonoids and cultivated in the Arctic for further use.

Koenigia Weyrichii (F. Schmidt) T.M. Schust. et Reveal – травянистое многолетнее растение, интродуцированное в Мурманскую и Томскую области в середине ХХ в. Это растение накапливает достаточно большое количество флавоноидов, что делает его перспективным источником биологически активных соединений. Целью данного исследования было определить, как различное месторасположение и климатические условия влияют на содержание общих фенолов, флавоноидов, антиоксидантную и антирадикальную активность этанольных экстрактов K. Weyrichii, полученных из разных органов растений в разные фазы вегетации. Соцветия, листья верхнего и среднего ярусов K. Weyrichii собирали в трех местах – в районах г. Апатиты, Кировска (Кольский полуостров, Мурманская область) и г. Томска (Западная Сибирь, Томская область) в периоды цветения и плодоношения. Для этанольных экстрактов определялось общее содержание полифенольных компонентов в реакции с реактивом Фолина-Чокалтеу, флавоноидов в реакции с хлоридом алюминия, общая антиоксидантная и антирадикальная активность, определяемые фосфомолибдатным и DPPH методами соответственно. Результаты факторного анализа ANOVA показали, что указанные параметры зависят от места произрастания, периода сбора и типа растительной ткани. Большее значение накопления общих полифенолов наблюдалось в Кировске – 106.2 мг GAE/г (GAE – эквивалент галловой кислоты), наименьшее – в Томске: 86.1 мг GAE/г. Среднее значение накопления флавоноидов было больше в Апатитах – 4.39 мг, RE/г (RE – эквивалент рутина), меньше – в Томске – 3.12 мг RE/г. Более низкие температуры, меньшее количество осадков, большая продолжительность светового дня в Апатитах и Кировске способствовали большему накоплению флавоноидов по сравнению с Томском. В соцветиях в период массового цветения отмечено большее накопление флавоноидов и большая антиоксидантная активность экстрактов на всех трех площадках. Полученные данные могут быть использованы в качестве теоретической основы для рационального использования K. Weyrichii в качестве перспективного источника флавоноидов.