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In recent years, there has been an increasing interest and need for alternatives to structural fumigations, and one alternative that has been used across the industry is aerosol insecticides. Previous tests inside a pilot-scale mill demonstrated that aerosol particle size, delivery method, and the spatial configuration of the mill all influenced effectiveness. However, there is no research conducted inside large commercial facilities. The objective of this research was to evaluate a pyrethrin-plus-methoprene aerosol application inside a commercial mill on adult Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal, confused flour beetle, directly exposed to the aerosol and residual effects on larvae. Additionally, five aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometers were placed in the facility and recorded instantaneous spray concentration and estimated aerosol deposition. Adult T. confusum exposed nearest to the aerosol application points had the highest percentage of affected adults (>60%). The aerosol also had vertical movement when released at the top of a three-story open room; instantaneous concentrations were recorded on the ground floor. The aerosol residual was highly effective after 6-weeks post aerosol exposure, as 80% of the bioassays did not have any adult emergence from exposed larvae. This research demonstrates a practical use of aerosol insecticides and their potential to be an effective alternative to structural fumigations.
Deanna S. Scheff; Daniel Brabec; James F. Campbell; Frank H. Arthur. Case Study: A Practical Application of an Aerosol Treatment in a Commercial Mill. Insects 2019, 10, 150 .
AMA StyleDeanna S. Scheff, Daniel Brabec, James F. Campbell, Frank H. Arthur. Case Study: A Practical Application of an Aerosol Treatment in a Commercial Mill. Insects. 2019; 10 (5):150.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeanna S. Scheff; Daniel Brabec; James F. Campbell; Frank H. Arthur. 2019. "Case Study: A Practical Application of an Aerosol Treatment in a Commercial Mill." Insects 10, no. 5: 150.
Fumigation of grain bins with phosphine tablets is one method of insect control for stored products. Monitoring the concentration of the toxic gas at many locations over several days for a given structure or container can be challenging. In this study, a commercially-available system that wirelessly measures phosphine was evaluated in small-scale and large-scale tests. Small-scale testing was performed to study the repeatability and accuracy of the sensors. The wireless sensors were within 30 ppm of each other, over a range of 700 ppm phosphine. Large-scale testing evaluated the system during the fumigation of wheat stored in 7 m diameter, 120 metric ton, steel grain bins. As a reference, monitoring lines were distributed at several positions and depths in the bin in order to sample phosphine gas concentrations. A series of three fumigation trials were performed, with each lasting for over six days. The wireless devices collected local phosphine concentrations and temperatures every two hours without assistance from personnel. Although the fumigation trials were significantly different in terms of patterns in gas concentration over time, the two sampling methods gave similar trendlines. However, the automated data provided a more detailed picture of the fumigation process. This information may help fumigation managers to better evaluate fumigations and assure successful insect control.
Daniel Brabec; James Campbell; Frank Arthur; Mark Casada; Dennis Tilley; Sotiris Bantas. Evaluation of Wireless Phosphine Sensors for Monitoring Fumigation Gas in Wheat Stored in Farm Bins. Insects 2019, 10, 121 .
AMA StyleDaniel Brabec, James Campbell, Frank Arthur, Mark Casada, Dennis Tilley, Sotiris Bantas. Evaluation of Wireless Phosphine Sensors for Monitoring Fumigation Gas in Wheat Stored in Farm Bins. Insects. 2019; 10 (5):121.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Brabec; James Campbell; Frank Arthur; Mark Casada; Dennis Tilley; Sotiris Bantas. 2019. "Evaluation of Wireless Phosphine Sensors for Monitoring Fumigation Gas in Wheat Stored in Farm Bins." Insects 10, no. 5: 121.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) market grades and prices are determined in part by test weight (TW). Millers value high TW because it is typically associated with higher flour extraction rates and better end-use quality. Test weight is expected to be influenced by other directly quantifiable grain attributes such as grain length (GL), grain width (GW), shape, single-grain-density (SGD), thousand-grain-weight (TGW), and packing efficiency (PE). The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the primary morphological grain attributes that comprise TW measurements for winter and spring wheat classes; and (2) determine TW stability and genotype and genotype × environment interactions (GEIs) of the attributes that comprise TW. A market class representative group of 32 hard spring and 24 hard winter wheat cultivars was grown at several locations in South Dakota in 2011 and 2012. A regularized multiple regression algorithm was used to develop a TW model and determine what grain attribute reliably predicts TW. A GGE biplot was used for stability and GEI analyses whereas a linear mixed model was used for variance analyses. Data were collected on eight grain traits: TW, SGD, TGW, protein concentration, GW, GL, shape, size, and PE. Observations showed that in both spring and winter wheat, SGD accounted for over 90% of the phenotypic variation of TW. Cultivars with stable and high TW were identified in both wheat classes. Apart from TW; significant (p < 0.0001) genotype, environment, and GEI variances were observed for GW and SGD, a more direct measure of which could help improve genetic gain for TW.
Dalitso N. Yabwalo; William A. Berzonsky; Daniel Brabec; Thomas Pearson; Karl D. Glover; Jonathan L. Kleinjan. Impact of grain morphology and the genotype by environment interactions on test weight of spring and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Euphytica 2018, 214, 125 .
AMA StyleDalitso N. Yabwalo, William A. Berzonsky, Daniel Brabec, Thomas Pearson, Karl D. Glover, Jonathan L. Kleinjan. Impact of grain morphology and the genotype by environment interactions on test weight of spring and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Euphytica. 2018; 214 (7):125.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDalitso N. Yabwalo; William A. Berzonsky; Daniel Brabec; Thomas Pearson; Karl D. Glover; Jonathan L. Kleinjan. 2018. "Impact of grain morphology and the genotype by environment interactions on test weight of spring and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Euphytica 214, no. 7: 125.
The distribution of aerosol applications of pyrethrin + methoprene, generated from a mechanical fogger, and pyrethrin + pyriproxyfen, dispensed from a pressurized cylinder, were characterized inside a pilot-scale flour mill using measurements of particle size and concentration and effects on adult confused flour beetles, Tribolium confusum Jacqueline duVal, in bioassay arenas. Particle measurements were made using TSI Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS) units placed in an open straight line at distances of 4.3, 8.9, and 13.5 m from the aerosol release point (open configuration). Measurements were also made using a second configuration (termed obstructed), which was done by moving the APS unit at 8.9 m underneath a piece of equipment, and moving the APS unit at 13.5 m behind a support beam. Actual concentration and calculated deposition were about 4× greater for the pyrethrin + methoprene aerosol compared to the pyrethrin + pyriproxyfen aerosol. However, efficacy was similar since bioassays using adult T. confusum showed no difference in recovery after exposure to either insecticide. Concentration and calculated deposition of both aerosols decreased with increasing distance from the spray release point and when the APS units were in the obstructed configuration, and recovery of bioassay insects after exposure increased with increasing distance from the spray release point. Results from this field trial show how efficacy of aerosol applications is impacted by distance and obstacles, and how use of equipment that measures droplet size and concentration can help quantify the dispersion and spread of insecticidal aerosols. Results also provide guidance to develop relationships between aerosol deposition and efficacy and thus improve pest management programs for structural management of stored product insects.
Frank H. Arthur; J.F. Campbell; Daniel Brabec; G.R. Ducatte; J.E. Donaldson. Aerosol insecticide distribution inside a flour mill: Assessment using droplet measurements and bioassays. Journal of Stored Products Research 2018, 77, 26 -33.
AMA StyleFrank H. Arthur, J.F. Campbell, Daniel Brabec, G.R. Ducatte, J.E. Donaldson. Aerosol insecticide distribution inside a flour mill: Assessment using droplet measurements and bioassays. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2018; 77 ():26-33.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank H. Arthur; J.F. Campbell; Daniel Brabec; G.R. Ducatte; J.E. Donaldson. 2018. "Aerosol insecticide distribution inside a flour mill: Assessment using droplet measurements and bioassays." Journal of Stored Products Research 77, no. : 26-33.
Two of the most commonly used approved grain moisture air-oven reference methods for corn are the air oven method ASAE S352.2, which requires long heating time (72 h) at 103 ± 1°C for unground samples, and the AACC 44-15.02 air-oven method, which dries a ground sample for 1 h at 130 ± 1°C, but there is specific moisture measurement method for popcorn. The AACC 44-15.02 recommends a two-stage drying method for grain over 13%. But this involves more handling and drying time. The objective of this study was to develop an air-oven procedure for popcorn that requires short heating time (1h or less) based on existing reference method for ground corn (AACC 44-15.02). In the process of procedure development, two laboratory mills (Wiley Mini-Mill and Perten 3303 Mill) were optimized for mesh screen size and mill gap settings. The approved AACC method recommends using a 20-mesh screen fitted to the Wiley Mill, which failed, with wires breaking during the grinding process, possibly due to the hard nature of popcorn and/or clogging. It was replaced with the 10-mesh screen which produced larger particle size distribution with ~73% greater than 840 µm. The Perten Mill 3303 was set to gap No. 3 which produced ~68% particles that were greater than 840 µm. Additionally, this study evaluated the effectiveness of single-stage moisture measurement with the 14.5% and 16% moisture popcorn samples. Using the proposed procedure, four varieties of popcorn were tested at three different moisture contents (13%, 14.5%, and 16%). The method using the Wiley grinder and 60 min. heating time yielded oven moisture values which were statistically (p<0.05) similar to the approved ASAE S352.2 and AACC 44-15.02 (72-h, whole grain method). The moisture content of ground samples obtained from the Perten 3303 Mill had elevated moisture measurements and bias across the moisture levels when dried for 60 min. A reduction in heating time to 50 min. resulted in Perten mill samples yielding statistically (p<0.05) similar moisture measurements with the reference 72-h, whole grain method. Keywords: Air-oven, Drying, Popcorn.
Daniel Brabec; Mayra Perez-Fajardo; Hülya Doğan; Kathleen Yeater; Elizabeth Maghirang. Effectiveness of Modified 1-Hour Air-Oven Moisture Methods for Determining Popcorn Moisture. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 2018, 34, 617 -621.
AMA StyleDaniel Brabec, Mayra Perez-Fajardo, Hülya Doğan, Kathleen Yeater, Elizabeth Maghirang. Effectiveness of Modified 1-Hour Air-Oven Moisture Methods for Determining Popcorn Moisture. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 2018; 34 (3):617-621.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Brabec; Mayra Perez-Fajardo; Hülya Doğan; Kathleen Yeater; Elizabeth Maghirang. 2018. "Effectiveness of Modified 1-Hour Air-Oven Moisture Methods for Determining Popcorn Moisture." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 34, no. 3: 617-621.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of an image sorter to select for kernel color within early generations of segregating hard winter wheat populations. The wheat crosses originated from different combinations of white and red parents. Three generations (F3, F4 and F5) of sorting were applied to six segregating populations. At each generation, samples of whitesorted, red-sorted, and unsorted populations, along with the parents of the populations, were planted in replicated trials at multiple locations. The sorter processed 1kg sized samples in ~30 min and samples were sorted for 108 plots per season. ~10% of the F3 populations were sorted and planted as white-sort population. This resulted in minimal changes in the % of white kernels. ~3% of the F4 and F5 populations were sorted and planted as white-sorted populations and significant advancement occurred. The F6 populations of white-sorted samples from Dakota Lake ranged from 80% to 92% white kernels. The F6 populations from Brookings ranged from 53% to 83% white kernels. Sorting for red seed decreased the frequency of white seed as compared to the unsorted reference populations; however reductions, of white seeds in the red populations, were modest and required three cycles of selection for significant effect. The effectiveness of the image-sorter varied with population and environment and sorting methods.
D. Brabec; M.J. Guttieri; T. Pearson; B. Carsrud. Effectiveness of an image-based sorter to select for kernel color within early segregating hard winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Populations. Cereal Research Communications 2017, 45, 488 -499.
AMA StyleD. Brabec, M.J. Guttieri, T. Pearson, B. Carsrud. Effectiveness of an image-based sorter to select for kernel color within early segregating hard winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Populations. Cereal Research Communications. 2017; 45 (3):488-499.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Brabec; M.J. Guttieri; T. Pearson; B. Carsrud. 2017. "Effectiveness of an image-based sorter to select for kernel color within early segregating hard winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Populations." Cereal Research Communications 45, no. 3: 488-499.
D. Brabec; F. Dowell; J. Campbell; M. West. Detection of internally infested popcorn using electrically conductive roller mills. Journal of Stored Products Research 2017, 70, 37 -43.
AMA StyleD. Brabec, F. Dowell, J. Campbell, M. West. Detection of internally infested popcorn using electrically conductive roller mills. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2017; 70 ():37-43.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Brabec; F. Dowell; J. Campbell; M. West. 2017. "Detection of internally infested popcorn using electrically conductive roller mills." Journal of Stored Products Research 70, no. : 37-43.
Brabec. Detection of Lesser Grain Borer Larvae in Internally Infested Kernels of Brown Rice and Wheat Using an Electrically Conductive Roller Mill. Cereal Foods World 2016, 61, 1 .
AMA StyleBrabec. Detection of Lesser Grain Borer Larvae in Internally Infested Kernels of Brown Rice and Wheat Using an Electrically Conductive Roller Mill. Cereal Foods World. 2016; 61 (2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrabec. 2016. "Detection of Lesser Grain Borer Larvae in Internally Infested Kernels of Brown Rice and Wheat Using an Electrically Conductive Roller Mill." Cereal Foods World 61, no. 2: 1.
Undermixing or overmixing the dough results in varied experimental loaf volumes. Bread preparation requires a trained baker to evaluate dough development and determine the stop points of the mixer. Instrumentation and electronic control of the dough mixer would allow for automatic mixing. This study used a 200 g mixer that provided an output signal during dough mixing to evaluate potential mixing stop points. The effect of varied mixing time on the baked loaf volume was tested by using three flours with protein contents of 10.6, 12.4, and 13.8%. Dough samples were undermixed, mixed to peak, and overmixed. Overmixing by 0.6 min reduced the loaf volume in all flours tested, by 16–50 cm3 at 90 rpm and by 29–68 cm3 at 118 rpm. When the high-protein flour sample was undermixed, the largest baked loaves were produced, with an average volume of 922 cm3. A second objective studied the similarities and differences between a 200 g mixer and a 35 g mixograph. The same flours were mixed on both units. The mixing peaks for the 200 g mixer were normalized with the 35 g mixograph peaks. When flour and water were used, the mixing times for the 200 g mixer averaged 0.7, 1.2, and 1.6 min shorter than the 35 g mixograph, at 90, 104, and 118 rpm, respectively. Although both the 200 g mixer and the 35 g mixograph system look mechanically similar, they both have unique mechanical motion, speeds, and sample sizes. Their results may show similar trends, but their measured values are usually different. However, when other baking ingredients were included in the 200 g mixer at 90 rpm, the mixing times were within 0.2 min of the 35 g mixograph times for three of four flours.
Daniel Brabec; Sam Rosenau; Mary Shipman. Effect of Mixing Time and Speed on Experimental Baking and Dough Testing with a 200 g Pin Mixer. Cereal Chemistry 2015, 92, 449 -454.
AMA StyleDaniel Brabec, Sam Rosenau, Mary Shipman. Effect of Mixing Time and Speed on Experimental Baking and Dough Testing with a 200 g Pin Mixer. Cereal Chemistry. 2015; 92 (5):449-454.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Brabec; Sam Rosenau; Mary Shipman. 2015. "Effect of Mixing Time and Speed on Experimental Baking and Dough Testing with a 200 g Pin Mixer." Cereal Chemistry 92, no. 5: 449-454.
Daniel L. Brabec; Thomas C. Pearson; Elizabeth B. Maghirang; Paul W. Flinn. Detection of Fragments from Internal Insects in Wheat Samples Using a Laboratory Entoleter. Cereal Chemistry 2015, 92, 8 -13.
AMA StyleDaniel L. Brabec, Thomas C. Pearson, Elizabeth B. Maghirang, Paul W. Flinn. Detection of Fragments from Internal Insects in Wheat Samples Using a Laboratory Entoleter. Cereal Chemistry. 2015; 92 (1):8-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel L. Brabec; Thomas C. Pearson; Elizabeth B. Maghirang; Paul W. Flinn. 2015. "Detection of Fragments from Internal Insects in Wheat Samples Using a Laboratory Entoleter." Cereal Chemistry 92, no. 1: 8-13.
A laboratory roller mill that monitors the conductance of kernels that pass through it was tested for its ability to estimate the number of insect fragments in flour after milling. This system can test a kilogram of whole wheat in approximately 1 min and requires little sample preparation. Hard red winter wheat samples were infested with lesser grain borers and stored at 24 °C. Infestations ranged from 12 to over 2000 infested kernels per 1 kg or per 30,000 kernels. After crushing of samples in the conductance instrument, the samples were milled into flour and sub-samples were sent to two laboratories for insect fragment analysis. The insect fragments were proportional to the number of detection incidences obtained using the conductance instrument and X-ray images. Insect fragment counts per 50 g of flour ranged from 0 to over 5000. For insect fragment counts from 0 to 250, correlations between fragment counts and conductance mill detection were 0.75 and 0.80 from two separate cereal chemistry laboratories. Therefore, the conductance mill is potentially a good method for testing incoming grain for live internally infesting insects; it is able to test 1 kg of grain in about 1 min and can detect low levels (as low as three insects) of live internal infestations in a 1- or 2-kg sample.
D. Brabec; T. Pearson; P. Flinn; D. Katzke. Detection of internal insects in wheat using a conductive roller mill and estimation of insect fragments in the resulting flour. Journal of Stored Products Research 2010, 46, 180 -185.
AMA StyleD. Brabec, T. Pearson, P. Flinn, D. Katzke. Detection of internal insects in wheat using a conductive roller mill and estimation of insect fragments in the resulting flour. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2010; 46 (3):180-185.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Brabec; T. Pearson; P. Flinn; D. Katzke. 2010. "Detection of internal insects in wheat using a conductive roller mill and estimation of insect fragments in the resulting flour." Journal of Stored Products Research 46, no. 3: 180-185.
T. C. Pearson; D. T. Wicklow; D. L Brabec. Technical Note: Characteristics and Sorting of White Food Corn Contaminated with Mycotoxins. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 2009, 26, 109 -113.
AMA StyleT. C. Pearson, D. T. Wicklow, D. L Brabec. Technical Note: Characteristics and Sorting of White Food Corn Contaminated with Mycotoxins. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 2009; 26 (1):109-113.
Chicago/Turabian StyleT. C. Pearson; D. T. Wicklow; D. L Brabec. 2009. "Technical Note: Characteristics and Sorting of White Food Corn Contaminated with Mycotoxins." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 26, no. 1: 109-113.
Natural variation of hardness of wheat kernels often results in overlapping hardness indices (HI) distributions between hard and soft classes as measured with the single kernel characterization system (SKCS). This is particularly true for the case of the hard white (HW) and soft white (SW) wheat classes. To address this problem, a color camera was incorporated into the SKCS system so that color and kernel size data could be combined with SKCS measurements for classification purposes. Samples of hard red (HR), soft red (SR), HW, and SW wheat were classified using the SKCS system with and without the camera and results compared. Using the camera system, errors for separating HW from SW classes were reduced to less than 5%, as compared to 17.1% using SKCS alone. Furthermore, improved data processing applied to the low-level data currently produced by the SKCS system led to greater than 50% reduction in classification errors between SW and HR as compared to using HI data alone. Similar improvements in classification accuracies for 300-kernel sample containing mixtures of SW and HW were also achieved. The 300 kernel sample classification is usually what inspectors and grain traders use to determine sample purity rather than individual kernel results. The techniques developed should aid grain inspectors in properly identifying mixtures of these two classes. Unfortunately, for the SR and HR classes, incorporating the camera data decreased classification accuracy while increasing the complexity of the system. However, SR and HR classes can be adequately distinguished with the SKCS in its current form.
Thomas C. Pearson; Daniel L. Brabec; Hulya Dogan. Improved discrimination of soft and hard white wheat using SKCS and imaging parameters. Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety 2008, 3, 89 -99.
AMA StyleThomas C. Pearson, Daniel L. Brabec, Hulya Dogan. Improved discrimination of soft and hard white wheat using SKCS and imaging parameters. Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety. 2008; 3 (2):89-99.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThomas C. Pearson; Daniel L. Brabec; Hulya Dogan. 2008. "Improved discrimination of soft and hard white wheat using SKCS and imaging parameters." Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety 3, no. 2: 89-99.
A simple imaging system was developed to inspect and sort wheat samples and other grains at moderate feed-rates (30 kernels/s or 3.5 kg wheat/h). A single camera captured color images of three sides of each kernel by using mirrors, and the images were processed using a personal computer (PC). Real time image acquisition and processing was enabled on an ordinary PC under Windows XP operating system using the IEEE 1394 data transfer protocol, DirectX application software, and dual-core computer processor. Image acquisition and transfer to the PC required approximately 17 ms per kernel, and an additional 1.5 ms was required for image processing. After classification, the computer could output a signal from the parallel port to activate an air valve to divert (sort) kernels into a secondary container. Hard red and hard white wheat kernels were used in this study to test and demonstrate sorter capability. Simple image statistics and histograms were used as features. Discriminant analysis was performed with one, two, or three features to demonstrate classification improvements with increased numbers of features. The sorter was able to separate hard red kernels from hard white kernels with 95 to 99% accuracy, depending on the wheat varieties, feed-rate, and number of classification features. The system is an economical and useful instrument for sorting wheat and other grains with high accuracy.
Tom Pearson; Daniel Brabec; Scott Haley. Color image based sorter for separating red and white wheat. Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety 2008, 2, 280 -288.
AMA StyleTom Pearson, Daniel Brabec, Scott Haley. Color image based sorter for separating red and white wheat. Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety. 2008; 2 (4):280-288.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTom Pearson; Daniel Brabec; Scott Haley. 2008. "Color image based sorter for separating red and white wheat." Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety 2, no. 4: 280-288.
T. Pearson; D. L. Brabec. Detection of Wheat Kernels with Hidden Insect Infestations with an Electrically Conductive Roller Mill. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 2007, 23, 639 -645.
AMA StyleT. Pearson, D. L. Brabec. Detection of Wheat Kernels with Hidden Insect Infestations with an Electrically Conductive Roller Mill. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 2007; 23 (5):639-645.
Chicago/Turabian StyleT. Pearson; D. L. Brabec. 2007. "Detection of Wheat Kernels with Hidden Insect Infestations with an Electrically Conductive Roller Mill." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 23, no. 5: 639-645.
T. C. Pearson; D. L. Brabec. Camera Attachment for Automatic Measurement of Single-Wheat Kernel Size on a Perten SKCS 4100. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 2006, 22, 927 -933.
AMA StyleT. C. Pearson, D. L. Brabec. Camera Attachment for Automatic Measurement of Single-Wheat Kernel Size on a Perten SKCS 4100. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 2006; 22 (6):927-933.
Chicago/Turabian StyleT. C. Pearson; D. L. Brabec. 2006. "Camera Attachment for Automatic Measurement of Single-Wheat Kernel Size on a Perten SKCS 4100." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 22, no. 6: 927-933.
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a fungal disease that affects small cereal grains, such as wheat and barley, and is becoming more prevalent throughout much of the world's temperate climates. The disease poses a health risk to humans and livestock because of the associated production of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON or vomitoxin) by the causal organism, Fusarium graminearum. A study was undertaken to examine the efficiency of high-speed, optical sorting of intact wheat (Triticum aestivum) kernels for reduction of DON concentration. Soft red winter (n = 32) and soft white (n = 3) wheat samples, known to have elevated levels of FHB, were obtained from commercial mills throughout the eastern United States. An additional seven samples of wheat from the discard piles of in-mill cleaners were also studied. Fusarium-damaged wheat, cleaned of nonkernels and foreign material ( ~4.5 kg/sample, DON range = 0.6 to 20 mg/kg), was fed into a commercial high-speed bichromatic sorter operating at a throughput of 0.33 kg/(channel-min) and a kernel rejection rate of 10%. A wavelength filter pair combination of 675 and 1,480 nm was selected for sorting, based on prior research. Visual measurements of the proportion of Fusarium-damaged kernels were collected on incoming and sorted seed (separate analyses of accepted and rejected portions), as were measurements of DON concentration. Results indicated that the fraction of DON contaminant level in the sorted wheat to that in the unsorted wheat ranged from 18 to 112%, with an average of 51%. Nine of the 35 regular samples and all seven of the discard pile samples underwent a second sort, with five from this second set undergoing a third sort. Multiple sorting was effective in producing wheat whose DON concentration was between 16 and 69% of its original, unsorted value.
Stephen R. Delwiche; Thomas C. Pearson; Daniel Brabec. High-Speed Optical Sorting of Soft Wheat for Reduction of Deoxynivalenol. Plant Disease 2005, 89, 1214 -1219.
AMA StyleStephen R. Delwiche, Thomas C. Pearson, Daniel Brabec. High-Speed Optical Sorting of Soft Wheat for Reduction of Deoxynivalenol. Plant Disease. 2005; 89 (11):1214-1219.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephen R. Delwiche; Thomas C. Pearson; Daniel Brabec. 2005. "High-Speed Optical Sorting of Soft Wheat for Reduction of Deoxynivalenol." Plant Disease 89, no. 11: 1214-1219.
D. Brabec; R. Maghirang; M. Casada; E. Haque. CHARACTERIZATION AND MODELING OF A HIGH-PRESSURE WATER-FOGGING SYSTEM FOR GRAIN DUST CONTROL. Transactions of the ASAE 2005, 48, 331 -339.
AMA StyleD. Brabec, R. Maghirang, M. Casada, E. Haque. CHARACTERIZATION AND MODELING OF A HIGH-PRESSURE WATER-FOGGING SYSTEM FOR GRAIN DUST CONTROL. Transactions of the ASAE. 2005; 48 (1):331-339.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Brabec; R. Maghirang; M. Casada; E. Haque. 2005. "CHARACTERIZATION AND MODELING OF A HIGH-PRESSURE WATER-FOGGING SYSTEM FOR GRAIN DUST CONTROL." Transactions of the ASAE 48, no. 1: 331-339.
D. L. Brabec; R. G. Maghirang; M. E. Casada. EFFECTIVENESS OF A HIGH-PRESSURE WATER-FOGGING SYSTEM IN CONTROLLING DUST EMISSIONS AT GRAIN RECEIVING. Transactions of the ASAE 2004, 47, 505 -511.
AMA StyleD. L. Brabec, R. G. Maghirang, M. E. Casada. EFFECTIVENESS OF A HIGH-PRESSURE WATER-FOGGING SYSTEM IN CONTROLLING DUST EMISSIONS AT GRAIN RECEIVING. Transactions of the ASAE. 2004; 47 (2):505-511.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. L. Brabec; R. G. Maghirang; M. E. Casada. 2004. "EFFECTIVENESS OF A HIGH-PRESSURE WATER-FOGGING SYSTEM IN CONTROLLING DUST EMISSIONS AT GRAIN RECEIVING." Transactions of the ASAE 47, no. 2: 505-511.
T. C. Pearson; D. L. Brabec; C. R. Schwartz. AUTOMATED DETECTION OF INTERNAL INSECT INFESTATIONS IN WHOLE WHEAT KERNELS USING A PERTEN SKCS 4100. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 2003, 19, 727 -733.
AMA StyleT. C. Pearson, D. L. Brabec, C. R. Schwartz. AUTOMATED DETECTION OF INTERNAL INSECT INFESTATIONS IN WHOLE WHEAT KERNELS USING A PERTEN SKCS 4100. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 2003; 19 (6):727-733.
Chicago/Turabian StyleT. C. Pearson; D. L. Brabec; C. R. Schwartz. 2003. "AUTOMATED DETECTION OF INTERNAL INSECT INFESTATIONS IN WHOLE WHEAT KERNELS USING A PERTEN SKCS 4100." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 19, no. 6: 727-733.