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Prof. Dr. Bijan Samali
Senior Professor of Structural Engineering, Centre for Infrastructure Engineering, Western Sydney University, Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia

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0 Earthquake Engineering
0 Wind Engineering
0 Bridge Engineering
0 Structural dynamics and control
0 Structural assessment and health monitoring

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Bridge Engineering
Structural assessment and health monitoring

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Journal article
Published: 09 July 2021 in Materials
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One commonly used cement type for thermal applications is CAC containing 38–40% alumina, although the postheated behavior of this cement subjected to elevated temperature has not been studied yet. Here, through extensive experimentation, the postheated mineralogical and physicochemical features of calcium aluminate cement concrete (CACC) were examined via DTA/TGA, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and the variation in the concrete physical features and the compressive strength deterioration with temperature rise were examined through ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) values. In addition, other mechanical features that were addressed were the residual tensile strength and elastic modulus. According to the XRD test results, with the temperature rise, the dehydration of the C3AH6 structure occurred, which, in turn, led to the crystallization of the monocalcium dialuminate (CA2) and alumina (Al2O3) structures. The SEM images indicated specific variations in morphology that corresponded to concrete deterioration due to heat.

ACS Style

Amirmohamad Abolhasani; Bijan Samali; Fatemeh Aslani. Physicochemical, Mineralogical, and Mechanical Properties of Calcium Aluminate Cement Concrete Exposed to Elevated Temperatures. Materials 2021, 14, 3855 .

AMA Style

Amirmohamad Abolhasani, Bijan Samali, Fatemeh Aslani. Physicochemical, Mineralogical, and Mechanical Properties of Calcium Aluminate Cement Concrete Exposed to Elevated Temperatures. Materials. 2021; 14 (14):3855.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amirmohamad Abolhasani; Bijan Samali; Fatemeh Aslani. 2021. "Physicochemical, Mineralogical, and Mechanical Properties of Calcium Aluminate Cement Concrete Exposed to Elevated Temperatures." Materials 14, no. 14: 3855.

Journal article
Published: 11 June 2021 in Remote Sensing
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Bridge infrastructures are continuously subject to degradation due to aging and excess loading, placing users at risk. It has now become a major concern worldwide, where the majority of bridge infrastructures are approaching their design life. This compels the engineering community to develop robust methods for continuous monitoring of bridge infrastructures including the loads passing over them. Here, a moving load identification method based on the explicit form of Newmark-β method and Generalized Tikhonov Regularization is proposed. Most of the existing studies are based on the state space method, suffering from the errors of a large discretization and a low sampling frequency. The accuracy of the proposed method is investigated numerically and experimentally. The numerical study includes a single simply supported bridge and a three-span continuous bridge, and the experimental study includes a single-span simply supported bridge installed by sensors. The effects of factors such as the number of sensors, sensor locations, road roughness, measurement noise, sampling frequency and vehicle speed are investigated. Results indicate that the method is not sensitive to sensor placement and sampling frequencies. Furthermore, it is able to identify moving loads without disruptions when passing through supports of a continuous bridge, where most the existing methods fail.

ACS Style

Solmaz Pourzeynali; XinQun Zhu; Ali Ghari Zadeh; Maria Rashidi; Bijan Samali. Comprehensive Study of Moving Load Identification on Bridge Structures Using the Explicit Form of Newmark-β Method: Numerical and Experimental Studies. Remote Sensing 2021, 13, 2291 .

AMA Style

Solmaz Pourzeynali, XinQun Zhu, Ali Ghari Zadeh, Maria Rashidi, Bijan Samali. Comprehensive Study of Moving Load Identification on Bridge Structures Using the Explicit Form of Newmark-β Method: Numerical and Experimental Studies. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13 (12):2291.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Solmaz Pourzeynali; XinQun Zhu; Ali Ghari Zadeh; Maria Rashidi; Bijan Samali. 2021. "Comprehensive Study of Moving Load Identification on Bridge Structures Using the Explicit Form of Newmark-β Method: Numerical and Experimental Studies." Remote Sensing 13, no. 12: 2291.

Journal article
Published: 04 June 2021 in Applied Sciences
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This study evaluates an innovative reinforcement method for cold-formed steel (CFS) upright sections through finite element assessment as well as prediction of the normalized ultimate load and deflection of the profiles by artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques. Following the previous experimental studies, several CFS upright profiles with different lengths, thicknesses and reinforcement spacings are modeled and analyzed under flexural loading. The finite element method (FEM) is employed to evaluate the proposed reinforcement method in different upright sections and to provide a valid database for the analytical study. To detect the most influential factor on flexural strength, the “feature selection” method is performed on the FEM results. Then, by using the feature selection method, a hybrid neural network (a combination of multi-layer perceptron algorithm and particle swarm optimization method) is developed for the prediction of normalized ultimate load. The correlation coefficient (R), root mean square error (RMSE), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and Wilmot’s index of agreement (WI) are used as the measure of precision. The results show that the geometrical parameters have almost the same contribution in the flexural capacity and deflection of the specimens. According to the performance evaluation indexes, the best model is detected and optimized by tuning other algorithm parameters. The results indicate that the hybrid neural network can successfully predict the normalized ultimate load and deflection.

ACS Style

Ehsan Taheri; Saeid Esgandarzadeh Fard; Yousef Zandi; Bijan Samali. Experimental and Numerical Investigation of an Innovative Method for Strengthening Cold-Formed Steel Profiles in Bending throughout Finite Element Modeling and Application of Neural Network Based on Feature Selection Method. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 5242 .

AMA Style

Ehsan Taheri, Saeid Esgandarzadeh Fard, Yousef Zandi, Bijan Samali. Experimental and Numerical Investigation of an Innovative Method for Strengthening Cold-Formed Steel Profiles in Bending throughout Finite Element Modeling and Application of Neural Network Based on Feature Selection Method. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (11):5242.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ehsan Taheri; Saeid Esgandarzadeh Fard; Yousef Zandi; Bijan Samali. 2021. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of an Innovative Method for Strengthening Cold-Formed Steel Profiles in Bending throughout Finite Element Modeling and Application of Neural Network Based on Feature Selection Method." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11: 5242.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2021 in Applied Sciences
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This paper aims to investigate the buckling behavior of circular hollow section (CHS) T-joints in retrofitted and non-retrofitted states under axial brace compressive loading. For this purpose, two types of analysis are carried out. The first one is evaluating the critical buckling load in various tubular joints, and the other one is investigating the post-buckling behavior after each buckling mode. More than 180 CHS T-joints with various normalized geometric properties were numerically modeled in non-retrofitted state to compute their governing buckling mode, i.e., chord ovalization, brace local, or global buckling. Then three joints with different buckling modes were selected to be retrofitted by fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) patches to illustrate the improving effect of the FRP wrapping on the post-buckling performance of the retrofitted joints. In addition, FRP composite failures were investigated. The results indicate that the FRP retrofitting is able to prevent the brace local buckling, and that matrix failure is the most common composite failure in the retrofitted joints.

ACS Style

Amin Yazdi; Maria Rashidi; Mohammad Alembagheri; Bijan Samali. Buckling Behavior of Non-Retrofitted and FRP-Retrofitted Steel CHS T-Joints. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 3098 .

AMA Style

Amin Yazdi, Maria Rashidi, Mohammad Alembagheri, Bijan Samali. Buckling Behavior of Non-Retrofitted and FRP-Retrofitted Steel CHS T-Joints. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (7):3098.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amin Yazdi; Maria Rashidi; Mohammad Alembagheri; Bijan Samali. 2021. "Buckling Behavior of Non-Retrofitted and FRP-Retrofitted Steel CHS T-Joints." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7: 3098.

Journal article
Published: 18 February 2021 in Applied Sciences
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Full-scale shake table investigations are strongly required to understand the actual performance of storage racks and to improve the rack design guidelines. This paper presents the results of full-scale shake table tests on New Zealand standard storage rack frames with two-bay and two-level to determine the dynamic characteristics of a standard rack structure and to measure the damping of the system. The experimental program was conducted in three phases. First, the identification parameters including the natural frequency and damping of the system were determined through a series of preliminary tests. Then, shake table tests were performed to capture the inelastic response of rack frames under low to medium intensities of El-Centro ground motion. Finally, the shake-table tests were repeated with scaling down the time domain and broader ranges of ground motion intensities to consider the performance of taller rack systems. In addition, a comprehensive discussion on the damping of the system is also provided based on the test results. The performance of the rack frame is described through an extensive set of measurements, including rack displacement, pallet sliding, the acceleration of a concrete block and rack frame and the damping of the system in the down-aisle direction. The results indicate that the standard rack frames are able to endure large inelastic deformations without loss of stability.

ACS Style

Ahmad Firouzianhaij; Nima Usefi; Bijan Samali; Peyman Mehrabi. Shake Table Testing of Standard Cold-Formed Steel Storage Rack. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 1821 .

AMA Style

Ahmad Firouzianhaij, Nima Usefi, Bijan Samali, Peyman Mehrabi. Shake Table Testing of Standard Cold-Formed Steel Storage Rack. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (4):1821.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmad Firouzianhaij; Nima Usefi; Bijan Samali; Peyman Mehrabi. 2021. "Shake Table Testing of Standard Cold-Formed Steel Storage Rack." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4: 1821.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2021 in Materials
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This paper aims to numerically investigate the cyclic behavior of retrofitted and non-retrofitted circular hollow section (CHS) T-joints under axial loading. Different joints with varying ratios of brace to chord radius are studied. The effects of welding process on buckling instability of the joints in compression and the plastic failure in tension are considered. The finite element method is employed for numerical analysis, and the SAC protocol is considered as cyclic loading scheme. The CHS joints are retrofitted with different numbers of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) layers with varying orientation. The results show that the welding process significantly increases the plastic failure potential. The chord ovalization is the dominant common buckling mode under the compression load. However, it is possible to increase the energy dissipation of the joints by utilizing FRP composite through changing the buckling mode to the brace overall buckling.

ACS Style

Mohammad Alembagheri; Maria Rashidi; Amin Yazdi; Bijan Samali. Numerical Analysis of Axial Cyclic Behavior of FRP Retrofitted CHS Joints. Materials 2021, 14, 648 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Alembagheri, Maria Rashidi, Amin Yazdi, Bijan Samali. Numerical Analysis of Axial Cyclic Behavior of FRP Retrofitted CHS Joints. Materials. 2021; 14 (3):648.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Alembagheri; Maria Rashidi; Amin Yazdi; Bijan Samali. 2021. "Numerical Analysis of Axial Cyclic Behavior of FRP Retrofitted CHS Joints." Materials 14, no. 3: 648.

Journal article
Published: 12 January 2021 in Remote Sensing
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Cracks in concrete can cause the degradation of stiffness, bearing capacity and durability of civil infrastructure. Hence, crack diagnosis is of great importance in concrete research. On the basis of multiple image features, this work presents a novel approach for crack identification of concrete structures. Firstly, the non-local means method is adopted to process the original image, which can effectively diminish the noise influence. Then, to extract the effective features sensitive to the crack, different filters are employed for crack edge detection, which are subsequently tackled by integral projection and principal component analysis (PCA) for optimal feature selection. Moreover, support vector machine (SVM) is used to design the classifiers for initial diagnosis of concrete surface based on extracted features. To raise the classification accuracy, enhanced salp swarm algorithm (ESSA) is applied to the SVM for meta-parameter optimization. The Dempster–Shafer (D–S) fusion algorithm is utilized to fuse the diagnostic results corresponding to different filters for decision making. Finally, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, a total of 1200 images are collected from a real concrete bridge including intact (without crack), longitudinal crack, transverse crack and oblique crack cases. The results validate the performance of proposed method with promising results of diagnosis accuracy as high as 96.25%.

ACS Style

Yang Yu; Maria Rashidi; Bijan Samali; Amir M. Yousefi; Weiqiang Wang. Multi-Image-Feature-Based Hierarchical Concrete Crack Identification Framework Using Optimized SVM Multi-Classifiers and D–S Fusion Algorithm for Bridge Structures. Remote Sensing 2021, 13, 240 .

AMA Style

Yang Yu, Maria Rashidi, Bijan Samali, Amir M. Yousefi, Weiqiang Wang. Multi-Image-Feature-Based Hierarchical Concrete Crack Identification Framework Using Optimized SVM Multi-Classifiers and D–S Fusion Algorithm for Bridge Structures. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13 (2):240.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yang Yu; Maria Rashidi; Bijan Samali; Amir M. Yousefi; Weiqiang Wang. 2021. "Multi-Image-Feature-Based Hierarchical Concrete Crack Identification Framework Using Optimized SVM Multi-Classifiers and D–S Fusion Algorithm for Bridge Structures." Remote Sensing 13, no. 2: 240.

Journal article
Published: 20 December 2020 in Materials
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The modal properties of modular structures, such as their natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes, are different than those of conventional structures, mainly due to different structural systems being used for assembling prefabricated modular units onsite. To study the dynamic characteristics of modular systems and define a dynamic model, both the modal properties of the individual units and their connections need to be considered. This study is focused on the former aspect. A full-scale prefabricated volumetric steel module was experimentally tested using operational modal analysis technique under pure ambient vibrations and randomly generated artificial hammer impacts. It was tested in different situations: [a] bare (frame only) condition, and [b] infilled condition with different configurations of gypsum and cement-boards light-steel framed composite walls. The coupled module-wall system was instrumented with sensitive accelerometers, and its pure and free vibration responses were synchronously recorded through a data acquisition system. The main dynamic characteristics of the module were extracted using output-only algorithms, and the effects of the presence of infill wall panels and their material are discussed. Then, the module’s numerical micromodel for bare and infilled states is generated and calibrated against experimental results. Finally, an equivalent linear strut macro-model is proposed based on the calibrated data. The contribution of this study is assessing the effects of different infill wall materials on the dynamic characteristics of modular steel units, and proposing simple models for macro-analysis of infilled module assemblies.

ACS Style

Maria Rashidi; Pejman Sharafi; Mohammad Alembagheri; Ali Bigdeli; Bijan Samali. Operational Modal Analysis, Testing and Modelling of Prefabricated Steel Modules with Different LSF Composite Walls. Materials 2020, 13, 5816 .

AMA Style

Maria Rashidi, Pejman Sharafi, Mohammad Alembagheri, Ali Bigdeli, Bijan Samali. Operational Modal Analysis, Testing and Modelling of Prefabricated Steel Modules with Different LSF Composite Walls. Materials. 2020; 13 (24):5816.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Rashidi; Pejman Sharafi; Mohammad Alembagheri; Ali Bigdeli; Bijan Samali. 2020. "Operational Modal Analysis, Testing and Modelling of Prefabricated Steel Modules with Different LSF Composite Walls." Materials 13, no. 24: 5816.

Review
Published: 19 November 2020 in Remote Sensing
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Over the last decade, particular interest in using state-of-the-art emerging technologies for inspection, assessment, and management of civil infrastructures has remarkably increased. Advanced technologies, such as laser scanners, have become a suitable alternative for labor intensive, expensive, and unsafe traditional inspection and maintenance methods, which encourage the increasing use of this technology in construction industry, especially in bridges. This paper aims to provide a thorough mixed scientometric and state-of-the-art review on the application of terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) in bridge engineering and explore investigations and recommendations of researchers in this area. Following the review, more than 1500 research publications were collected, investigated and analyzed through a two-fold literature search published within the last decade from 2010 to 2020. Research trends, consisting of dominated sub-fields, co-occurrence of keywords, network of researchers and their institutions, along with the interaction of research networks, were quantitatively analyzed. Moreover, based on the collected papers, application of TLS in bridge engineering and asset management was reviewed according to four categories including (1) generation of 3D model, (2) quality inspection, (3) structural assessment, and (4) bridge information modeling (BrIM). Finally, the paper identifies the current research gaps, future directions obtained from the quantitative analysis, and in-depth discussions of the collected papers in this area.

ACS Style

Maria Rashidi; Masoud Mohammadi; Saba Sadeghlou Kivi; Mohammad Abdolvand; Linh Truong-Hong; Bijan Samali. A Decade of Modern Bridge Monitoring Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning: Review and Future Directions. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 3796 .

AMA Style

Maria Rashidi, Masoud Mohammadi, Saba Sadeghlou Kivi, Mohammad Abdolvand, Linh Truong-Hong, Bijan Samali. A Decade of Modern Bridge Monitoring Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning: Review and Future Directions. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (22):3796.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Rashidi; Masoud Mohammadi; Saba Sadeghlou Kivi; Mohammad Abdolvand; Linh Truong-Hong; Bijan Samali. 2020. "A Decade of Modern Bridge Monitoring Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning: Review and Future Directions." Remote Sensing 12, no. 22: 3796.

Journal article
Published: 07 August 2020 in Engineering Structures
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This paper presents one of the first attempts of indirect Bridge Health Monitoring (BHM) for cable damage identification in a cable-stayed bridge. The premise of the work is to identify the location and the severity of a sustained structural damage to the cables, measured solely by vibration response of a moving vehicle passing over the bridge. To this aim, new formulations of dynamic coupling between the vehicle and the bridge are developed, utilizing finite element (FE) approach and validated. Further, the proposed framework to obtain the Vehicle-Bridge Interaction (VBI) is extended to a large-scale cable-stayed bridge. Various damage cases, caused by a partial and incremental change in structural stiffness of cables, being representative of gradual sectional loss due to corrosion, are taken into account. A damage index based on the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) scheme is presented, and through extensive numerical investigations, it is demonstrated that under certain vehicle parameters the vehicle vibration response not only is capable of identifying the suffered damage to the bridge, but also is able to identify the damage location, and further to assess its severity. The contributions of the work are fourfold: (1) Many of the existing studies only focus on the simplified models of the bridge based on a simply supported Euler–Bernoulli beam theory; however, this paper extends the VBI framework to a three-dimensional numerical model of a large-scale bridge structure, being rarely reported in the BHM context. (2) The validation of the technique is demonstrated through extensive numerical investigations on a statically indeterminate cable-stayed bridge. (3) Successful detection, localization and assessment of damage to the cables are obtained using realistic range of vehicle parameters without any bridge response measurements. (4) Through extensive parametric study, the significance of various parameters on the effectiveness of the proposed approach is carefully investigated and discussed.

ACS Style

K. Kildashti; M. Makki Alamdari; C.W. Kim; W. Gao; B. Samali. Drive-by-bridge inspection for damage identification in a cable-stayed bridge: Numerical investigations. Engineering Structures 2020, 223, 110891 .

AMA Style

K. Kildashti, M. Makki Alamdari, C.W. Kim, W. Gao, B. Samali. Drive-by-bridge inspection for damage identification in a cable-stayed bridge: Numerical investigations. Engineering Structures. 2020; 223 ():110891.

Chicago/Turabian Style

K. Kildashti; M. Makki Alamdari; C.W. Kim; W. Gao; B. Samali. 2020. "Drive-by-bridge inspection for damage identification in a cable-stayed bridge: Numerical investigations." Engineering Structures 223, no. : 110891.

Journal article
Published: 07 August 2020 in Journal of Building Engineering
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This paper presents numerical and experimental investigations on a typical thermal break composite façade profile under four-point bending. The purpose of this study is to gain the knowledge of the interfacial behaviour between aluminum extrusion and polyamide insert beyond elastic range. Understanding the behaviour of this energy efficient façade profile within plastic range is important for the design under extreme loading, such as earthquakes, strong wind conditions and even blast loads. The experimental investigation was carried out on four types of beam specimens. The specimens were grouped by their span lengths with three specimens for each span length. As the specimens’ geometry and composite action are complicated, seven strain gauges were used per specimen including small strain gauges to fit in the limited space of the thermal break section. A three stage failure process was observed during the experiments. A numerical investigation was carried out by using Finite Element modelling to simulate behaviour of the thermal break composite façade profile under similar loading condition in order to compare with the testing results as well as to capture the corresponding failure mechanisms. Numerical simulations were setup by applying a proposed partitioned multi-phase failure model to simulate three stage failure process discovered by experiments. The results from FE models were compared and discussed with experimental counterparts. In summary, FE models showed consistent results to the experimental counterparts and it also provided the insight and more details of failure mechanism and stress distribution including interfacial condition details. Behaviour of the thermal break façade profile in the plastic range displayed excellent ductility and high strength capacity of this type of thermal break section in the plastic range after slip.

ACS Style

Susan Huang; Bijan Samali; Jianchun Li. Numerical and experimental investigations of a thermal break composite façade mullion under four-point bending. Journal of Building Engineering 2020, 34, 101590 .

AMA Style

Susan Huang, Bijan Samali, Jianchun Li. Numerical and experimental investigations of a thermal break composite façade mullion under four-point bending. Journal of Building Engineering. 2020; 34 ():101590.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Susan Huang; Bijan Samali; Jianchun Li. 2020. "Numerical and experimental investigations of a thermal break composite façade mullion under four-point bending." Journal of Building Engineering 34, no. : 101590.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2020 in Applied Sciences
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Perforated cold-formed steel (CFS) beams subjected to different bending scenarios should be able to deal with different buckling modes. There is almost no simple way to address this significant concern. This paper investigates the bending capacity and flexural behavior of a novel-designed system using bolt and nut reinforcing system through both experimental and numerical approaches. For the experiential program, a total of eighteen specimens of three types were manufactured: a non-reinforced section, and two sections reinforced along the upright length at 200 mm and 300 mm pitches. Then, monotonic loading was applied to both the minor and major axes of the specimens. The finite element models were also generated and proved the accuracy of the test results. Using the proposed reinforcing system the flexural capacity of the upright sections was improved around either the major axis or minor axis. The 200 mm reinforcement type provided the best performance of the three types. The proposed reinforcing pattern enhanced flexural behavior and constrained irregular buckling and deformation. Thus, the proposed reinforcements can be a very useful and cost-effective method for strengthening all open CFS sections under flexural loading, considering the trade-off between flexural performance and the cost of using the method.

ACS Style

Ehsan Taheri; Ahmad Firouzianhaji; Peyman Mehrabi; Bahador Vosough Hosseini; Bijan Samali. Experimental and Numerical Investigation of a Method for Strengthening Cold-Formed Steel Profiles in Bending. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 3855 .

AMA Style

Ehsan Taheri, Ahmad Firouzianhaji, Peyman Mehrabi, Bahador Vosough Hosseini, Bijan Samali. Experimental and Numerical Investigation of a Method for Strengthening Cold-Formed Steel Profiles in Bending. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (11):3855.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ehsan Taheri; Ahmad Firouzianhaji; Peyman Mehrabi; Bahador Vosough Hosseini; Bijan Samali. 2020. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of a Method for Strengthening Cold-Formed Steel Profiles in Bending." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11: 3855.

Journal article
Published: 20 February 2020 in Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing
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The vehicle and bridge responses in a vehicle-bridge interaction (VBI) system have been widely studied with some aiming at the bridge health monitoring. The extraction of bridge modal frequencies from bridge or vehicle responses was mostly conducted with the assumption of an invariant vehicle and bridge system and/or the responses are stationary during the interaction. This assumption may be appropriate when the vehicle mass is negligible compared with the bridge mass. The vehicle and bridge frequencies are time-varying in practice during the VBI process and these time-varying characteristics are potential indicators for bridge condition assessment. This paper presents a new method to extract the time-varying characteristics of the bridge under the passage of vehicles. A time-frequency (TF) analysis method, the synchroextracting transform, is adopted for the purpose. It is a post-processing procedure with short-time Fourier transform to improve the TF resolution on the time-varying features of the signal. The instantaneous frequency of mono-components related to the vehicle and bridge frequencies can then be extracted from the time-frequency representation of the responses. Numerical investigation is conducted to study the effect of measurement noise, vehicle properties and road surface roughness on the identified results. Laboratory and field tests are also conducted to validate the proposed approach. Results show that the time-varying characteristics are good indicators for bridge condition assessment.

ACS Style

Jiantao Li; XinQun Zhu; Siu-Seong Law; Bijan Samali. Time-varying characteristics of bridges under the passage of vehicles using synchroextracting transform. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 2020, 140, 106727 .

AMA Style

Jiantao Li, XinQun Zhu, Siu-Seong Law, Bijan Samali. Time-varying characteristics of bridges under the passage of vehicles using synchroextracting transform. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing. 2020; 140 ():106727.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiantao Li; XinQun Zhu; Siu-Seong Law; Bijan Samali. 2020. "Time-varying characteristics of bridges under the passage of vehicles using synchroextracting transform." Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 140, no. : 106727.

Journal article
Published: 23 December 2019 in Applied Sciences
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In this paper, an evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithm named NSGA-II was used to determine the optimum radius for shape memory alloy (SMA) wires employed in conjunction with the lead rubber bearing (LRB), referred to as an SMA-LRB isolator. This algorithm simultaneously minimizes the mid-span displacement and the base shear force. Then, the optimized SMA-LRBs were implemented in a benchmark bridge to reduce excessive displacements. The results obtained from the nonlinear dynamic analysis show that the implemented approach could effectively optimize the SMA-LRBs. These improved smart isolators can noticeably reduce the maximum displacements and residual deformations of the structure; meanwhile, the base shear and deck acceleration remain less than those of the non-isolated benchmark bridge. This isolator can reduce the maximum mid-span displacement of the bridge by up to 61%, and the mid-span residual deformations by up to 100%, compared to an uncontrolled isolated bridge under different ground motions. This optimized passive system was compared with nonlinear dampers, passive SMA dampers, and a negative stiffness device. The results indicate that the optimized SMA-LRB isolators are generally more successful in reducing and recovering displacements than the other controllers.

ACS Style

Reyhaneh Hosseini; Maria Rashidi; Farshad Hedayati Dezfuli; Kamyar Karbasi Arani; Bijan Samali. Seismic Assessment of a Benchmark Highway Bridge Equipped with Optimized Shape Memory Alloy Wire-Based Isolators. Applied Sciences 2019, 10, 141 .

AMA Style

Reyhaneh Hosseini, Maria Rashidi, Farshad Hedayati Dezfuli, Kamyar Karbasi Arani, Bijan Samali. Seismic Assessment of a Benchmark Highway Bridge Equipped with Optimized Shape Memory Alloy Wire-Based Isolators. Applied Sciences. 2019; 10 (1):141.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Reyhaneh Hosseini; Maria Rashidi; Farshad Hedayati Dezfuli; Kamyar Karbasi Arani; Bijan Samali. 2019. "Seismic Assessment of a Benchmark Highway Bridge Equipped with Optimized Shape Memory Alloy Wire-Based Isolators." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1: 141.

Journal article
Published: 25 November 2019 in Applied Sciences
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Cold-formed steel (CFS) storage rack structures are extensively used in various industries to store products in safe and secure warehouses before distribution to the market. Thin-walled open profiles that are typically used in storage rack structures are prone to loss of stability due to different buckling modes such as local, distortional, torsional and flexural, or any interaction between these modes. In this paper, an efficient way of increasing ultimate capacity of upright frames under compression load is proposed using bolts and spacers which are added externally to the section with certain pitches along the height. Hereinto, experimental tests on 81 upright frames with different thicknesses and different heights were conducted, and the effect of employing reinforcement strategies was examined through the failure mode and ultimate load results. Non-linear finite element analyses were also performed to investigate the effect of different reinforcement spacing on the upright performance. The results showed that the reinforcement method could restrain upright flange and consequently increase the distortional strength of the upright profiles. This method can also be effective for any other light gauged steel open section with perforation. It was also observed that the reinforcement approach is much more useful for short length upright frames compared to the taller frames.

ACS Style

Ehsan Taheri; Ahmad Firouzianhaji; Nima Usefi; Peyman Mehrabi; Hamid Ronagh; Bijan Samali. Investigation of a Method for Strengthening Perforated Cold-Formed Steel Profiles under Compression Loads. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 5085 .

AMA Style

Ehsan Taheri, Ahmad Firouzianhaji, Nima Usefi, Peyman Mehrabi, Hamid Ronagh, Bijan Samali. Investigation of a Method for Strengthening Perforated Cold-Formed Steel Profiles under Compression Loads. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (23):5085.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ehsan Taheri; Ahmad Firouzianhaji; Nima Usefi; Peyman Mehrabi; Hamid Ronagh; Bijan Samali. 2019. "Investigation of a Method for Strengthening Perforated Cold-Formed Steel Profiles under Compression Loads." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23: 5085.

Articles
Published: 04 October 2019 in Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials
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The study researched the effectiveness of four polymer admixtures (3%, 5%, 10%, and 15% of water weight) on the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) cast using recycled and natural aggregates. Results show that polymer additives had positive effects on the fresh properties of SCC using recycled aggregates. Incorporating polymer additives increased the filling ability of concrete by more than four times. All polymer modified SCCs had a 100% passing ability compared to the 80% passing ability of the control samples. The compressive strength of materials at similar polymer ratios decreased by about 50% when natural aggregates were replaced with recycled aggregates. The flexural strength of SCC including recycled aggregates with 15% polymer was maintained compared to the control SCC including natural aggregates. The addition of 15% polymer to recycled aggregates concrete could improve workability and maintain flexural strength.

ACS Style

Reza Bani Ardalan; Zahra Nouri Emamzadeh; Haleh Rasekh; Alireza Joshaghani; Bijan Samali. Physical and mechanical properties of polymer modified self-compacting concrete (SCC) using natural and recycled aggregates. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials 2019, 9, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Reza Bani Ardalan, Zahra Nouri Emamzadeh, Haleh Rasekh, Alireza Joshaghani, Bijan Samali. Physical and mechanical properties of polymer modified self-compacting concrete (SCC) using natural and recycled aggregates. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials. 2019; 9 (1):1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Reza Bani Ardalan; Zahra Nouri Emamzadeh; Haleh Rasekh; Alireza Joshaghani; Bijan Samali. 2019. "Physical and mechanical properties of polymer modified self-compacting concrete (SCC) using natural and recycled aggregates." Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials 9, no. 1: 1-16.

Journal article
Published: 13 July 2019 in Applied Sciences
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Monitoring of structures to identify types of damages that occur under loading is essential in practical applications of civil infrastructure. In this paper, we detect and visualize damage based on several non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. A machine learning (ML) approach based on the Support Vector Machine (SVM) method is developed to prevent misdirection of the event interpretation of what is happening in the material. The objective is to identify cracks in the early stages, to reduce the risk of failure in structures. Theoretical and experimental analyses are derived by computing the performance indicators on the smart aggregate (SA)-based sensor data for concrete and reinforced-concrete (RC) beams. Validity assessment of the proposed indices was addressed through a comparative analysis with traditional SVM. The developed ML algorithms are shown to recognize cracks with a higher accuracy than the traditional SVM. Additionally, we propose different algorithms for microwave- or millimeter-wave imaging of steel plates, composite materials, and metal plates, to identify and visualize cracks. The proposed algorithm for steel plates is based on the gradient magnitude in four directions of an image, and is followed by the edge detection technique. Three algorithms were proposed for each of composite materials and metal plates, and are based on 2D fast Fourier transform (FFT) and hybrid fuzzy c-mean techniques, respectively. The proposed algorithms were able to recognize and visualize the cracking incurred in the structure more efficiently than the traditional techniques. The reported results are expected to be beneficial for NDT-based applications, particularly in civil engineering.

ACS Style

Azadeh Noori Hoshyar; Maria Rashidi; Ranjith Liyanapathirana; Bijan Samali. Algorithm Development for the Non-Destructive Testing of Structural Damage. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 2810 .

AMA Style

Azadeh Noori Hoshyar, Maria Rashidi, Ranjith Liyanapathirana, Bijan Samali. Algorithm Development for the Non-Destructive Testing of Structural Damage. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (14):2810.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Azadeh Noori Hoshyar; Maria Rashidi; Ranjith Liyanapathirana; Bijan Samali. 2019. "Algorithm Development for the Non-Destructive Testing of Structural Damage." Applied Sciences 9, no. 14: 2810.

Journal article
Published: 13 April 2019 in Sensors
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A feature extraction methodology based on lamb waves is developed for the non-invasive detection and prediction of the gap in concrete–metal composite structures, such as concrete-filled steel tubes. A popular feature extraction method, partial least squares regression, is utilised to predict the gaps. The data is collected using the piezoelectric transducers attached to the external surface of the metal of the composite structure. A piezoelectric actuator generates a sine burst signal, which propagates along the metal and is received by a piezoelectric sensor. The partial least squares regression is performed on the raw sensor signal to extract features and to determine the relationship between the signal and the gap size, which is then used to predict the gaps. The applicability of the developed system is tested on two concrete-metal composite specimens. The first specimen consisted of an aluminium plate and the second specimen consisted of a steel plate. This technique is able to detect and predict gaps as low as 0.1 mm. The results demonstrate the applicability of this technique for the gap and debonding detection in concrete-filled steel tubes, which are critical in determining the degree of composite action between concrete and metal.

ACS Style

Paritosh Giri; Spandan Mishra; Simon Martin Clark; Bijan Samali. Detection of Gaps in Concrete–Metal Composite Structures Based on the Feature Extraction Method Using Piezoelectric Transducers. Sensors 2019, 19, 1769 .

AMA Style

Paritosh Giri, Spandan Mishra, Simon Martin Clark, Bijan Samali. Detection of Gaps in Concrete–Metal Composite Structures Based on the Feature Extraction Method Using Piezoelectric Transducers. Sensors. 2019; 19 (8):1769.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paritosh Giri; Spandan Mishra; Simon Martin Clark; Bijan Samali. 2019. "Detection of Gaps in Concrete–Metal Composite Structures Based on the Feature Extraction Method Using Piezoelectric Transducers." Sensors 19, no. 8: 1769.

Review
Published: 10 April 2019 in Journal of Composites Science
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Composite panels with polyurethane (PU) foam-core and facing materials, such as gypsum, engineered wood or some composite materials, are being used as structural members in building construction. This paper reviews and summarises major research developments, and provides an updated review of references on the structural performance of foam-filled building composite panels from 1998 to 2017. The review revealed that previous studies on the structural performance of foam-filled building composite panels could be categorised into five themes; namely, energy absorption and dynamic behaviour; bending and shear behaviour, edgewise and flatwise compressive/tensile behaviour; delamination/deboning issues; and finally some miscellaneous issues. These categories comprise approximately 30%, 40%, 11%, 11% and 8% of related studies over the last two decades, respectively. Also, over the past five years, the number of relevant studies has increased by ~400% relative to the previous similar periods, indicating the attention and focus of researchers to the importance of the structural performance of foam-filled composite panels.

ACS Style

Bijan Samali; Saeed Nemati; Pezhman Sharafi; Farzaneh Tahmoorian; Farshad Sanati. Structural Performance of Polyurethane Foam-Filled Building Composite Panels: A State-Of-The-Art. Journal of Composites Science 2019, 3, 40 .

AMA Style

Bijan Samali, Saeed Nemati, Pezhman Sharafi, Farzaneh Tahmoorian, Farshad Sanati. Structural Performance of Polyurethane Foam-Filled Building Composite Panels: A State-Of-The-Art. Journal of Composites Science. 2019; 3 (2):40.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bijan Samali; Saeed Nemati; Pezhman Sharafi; Farzaneh Tahmoorian; Farshad Sanati. 2019. "Structural Performance of Polyurethane Foam-Filled Building Composite Panels: A State-Of-The-Art." Journal of Composites Science 3, no. 2: 40.

Journal article
Published: 05 April 2019 in Energies
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Exergy analysis is one of the useful decision-support tools in assessing the environmental impact related to waste emissions from fossil fuel. This paper proposes a thermodynamic-based design to estimate the exergy quantity and losses during the recycling of copper and other valuable metals out of electronic waste (e-waste) through a secondary copper recycling process. The losses related to recycling, as well as the quality losses linked to metal and oxide dust, can be used as an index of the resource loss and the effectiveness of the selected recycling route. Process-based results are presented for the emission exergy of the major equipment used, which are namely a reduction furnace, an oxidation furnace, and fire-refining, electrorefining, and precious metal-refining (PMR) processes for two scenarios (secondary copper recycling with 50% and 30% waste printed circuit boards in the feed). The results of the work reveal that increasing the percentage of waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) in the feed will lead to an increase in the exergy emission of CO2. The variation of the exergy loss for all of the process units involved in the e-waste treatment process illustrated that the oxidation stage is the key contributor to exergy loss, followed by reduction and fire refining. The results also suggest that a fundamental variation of the emission refining through a secondary copper recycling process is necessary for e-waste treatment.

ACS Style

Maryam Ghodrat; Bijan Samali; Muhammad Akbar Rhamdhani; Geoffrey Brooks. Thermodynamic-Based Exergy Analysis of Precious Metal Recovery out of Waste Printed Circuit Board through Black Copper Smelting Process. Energies 2019, 12, 1313 .

AMA Style

Maryam Ghodrat, Bijan Samali, Muhammad Akbar Rhamdhani, Geoffrey Brooks. Thermodynamic-Based Exergy Analysis of Precious Metal Recovery out of Waste Printed Circuit Board through Black Copper Smelting Process. Energies. 2019; 12 (7):1313.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maryam Ghodrat; Bijan Samali; Muhammad Akbar Rhamdhani; Geoffrey Brooks. 2019. "Thermodynamic-Based Exergy Analysis of Precious Metal Recovery out of Waste Printed Circuit Board through Black Copper Smelting Process." Energies 12, no. 7: 1313.