Wheat is the third most producing crop in China after maize and rice. In order to enhance the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and grain yield of winter wheat, a two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different nitrogen ratios and doses at various development stages of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A total of five N doses (0, N75, N150, N225, and N300 kg ha⁻¹) as main plots and two N ratios were applied in split doses (50%:50% and 60%:40%, referring to 50% at sowing time and 50% at jointing stage, 50% at sowing time + 50% at flowering stage, 50% at sowing time + 50% at grain filling stage, and 60% + 40% N ratio applied as a 60% at sowing time and 40% at jointing stage, 60% at sowing time and 40% at flowering stage, and 60% at sowing time and 40% at grain filling stage in subplots). The results of this study revealed that a nitrogen dose of 225 kg ha⁻¹ significantly augmented the plant height by 27% and above ground biomass (ABG) by 24% at the grain filling stage, and the leaf area was enhanced by 149% at the flowering stage under 60 + 40% ratios. Furthermore, the N225 kg ha⁻¹ significantly prompted the photosynthetic rate by 47% at the jointing and flowering stages followed by grain filling stage compared to the control. The correlation analysis exhibited the positive relationship between nitrogen uptake and nitrogen content, chlorophyll, and dry biomass, revealing that NUE enhanced and ultimately increased the winter wheat yield. In conclusion, our results depicted that optimizing the nitrogen dose (N225 kg/ha⁻¹) with a 60% + 40% ratio at jointing stage increased the grain yield and nitrogen utilization rate.

The application of organic manures was found to be beneficial, however, the integrated use of organic manures with chemical nitrogen fertilizers has proven more sustainable in increasing the photosynthetic attributes and grain yield of the winter-wheat crop. A multi-factor split-plot design was adopted, nitrogen and manure fertilizer treatments were set in the sub-plots, including nitrogen-gradient treatment of T1:0 kg N ha⁻¹, T2:100 kg N ha⁻¹, T3:200 kg N ha⁻¹, and T4:300 kg N ha⁻¹ (pure nitrogen -fertilizer application) The 25% reduction in nitrogen combined with the manure-fertilizer application includes T5:75 kg N ha⁻¹ nitrogen and 25 kg N ha⁻¹ manure, T6:150 kg N ha⁻¹ nitrogen and 50 kg N ha⁻¹ manure, and T7:225 kg N ha⁻¹ nitrogen and 75 kg N ha⁻¹ manure. The maximum results of the total chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate were 5.73 mg/g FW and 68.13 m mol m⁻² s⁻¹, observed under T4 in Zhongmai 175, as compared to Jindong 22 at the heading stage. However, the maximum results of intercellular CO₂ concentration were 1998.47 μmol mol⁻¹, observed under T3 in Jindong 22, as compared to Zhongmai 175 at the tillering stage. The maximum results of LAI were 5.35 (cm²), observed under T7 in Jindong 22, as compared to Zhongmai 175 at the booting stage. However, the maximum results of Tr and Gs were 6.31 mmol H₂O m⁻² s⁻¹ and 0.90 H₂O mol m⁻² s⁻¹, respectively, observed under T7 in Zhongmai 175 as compared to Jindong 22 at the flowering stage. The results revealed that grain yield 8696.93 kg ha⁻¹, grains spike⁻¹ 51.33 (g), and 1000-grain weight 39.27 (g) were significantly higher, under T3 in Zhongmai 175, as compared to Jindong 22. Moreover, the spike number plot⁻¹ of 656.67 m² was significantly higher in Jindong 22, as compared to Zhongmai 175. It was concluded from the study that the combined application of nitrogen and manure fertilizers in winter wheat is significant for enhancing seed at the jointing and flowering stages. For increased grain yield and higher economic return, Zhongmai 175 outperformed the other cultivars examined. This research brings awareness toward the nitrogen-fertilizer-management approach established for farmers’ practice, which might be observed as an instruction to increase agricultural management for the winter-wheat-growth season.

However, increasing the rates and adjusting the time of nitrogen treatment might worsen nitrogen loss and lower grain yields, which will have a detrimental effect on the quality of the environment. The relationship between nitrogen nutrition and grain production has been extensively studied, but much has been discovered about how nitrogen concentration in winter wheat, higher up in components like leaves, stems, and grains, reacts to nitrogen nutrition. At Shanxi Agricultural University's Taigu Experimental Agricultural Centre in Shanxi Province, China, experiments in the field were carried out. Three repetitions of these split-plot tests were conducted. In the main plots, four nitrogen application levels—75, 150, 225, and 300 kg ha-1 were tested. Different nitrogen levels were used in the subplots, including 5:5 (50%, 50%) and 6:4 (60%, 40%). Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at pre-sowing, jointing, flowering, and grain filling stages, respectively. The 12 m² (3 m × 4 m) experimental plots were used. As nitrogen fertilizer rates increased, there was a considerable increase in the total nitrogen content of the dry matter. In comparison to other growing phases and nitrogen rates, plants got nitrogen nutrition at 60% during sowing and 40% during the jointing stage, increasing the average total nitrogen content from 40.00 to 60.00% under 225 kg N ha-1. Less than 225 kg N ha-1 at the jointing stage, when nitrogen was given in 6:4 ratios, the maximum nitrogen content in leaves was recorded at 32–34 g kg-1. Similarly, at 225 kg N ha-1, the maximum nitrogen contents in the stem were measured at 13–15 g kg-1, meaning that plants absorbed 60% of their nitrogen nutrition during sowing and 40% during the jointing stage. 225 kg ha-1 of nitrogen, applied in the following proportions: 60%, 40%, 0%, and 0% (amount applied at the sowing, jointing, blooming, and grain filling stages) successfully increased the nitrogen content of winter wheat's leaves, stems, and grains above ground.

Six main peach tree varieties in Shanxi Province were selected as the test materials. Branches of six peach tree varieties were sectionized in paraffin, and their anatomical structures were observed and analyzed. Anatomical structure characteristics such as epidermal thickness, thickness of thick horn tissue, vascular bundle, ratio of xylem to stem area, and number of catheterization were selected as evaluation indexes for drought resistance. The method of fuzzy mathematical membership function analysis was used to comprehensively evaluate its drought resistance. The results showed that the drought resistance of six main peach tree varieties were as follows: Pinggu 14> Qinwang> Jinyumi> Jinhongmi> Hongfenghuang, thus providing scientific reference for the breeding and management of peach tree varieties in our province.

Efficient nitrogen (N) fertilizer management is pivotal for enhancing agronomic indices while ensuring sustainable agricultural practices. This study explored the effects of different nitrogen levels (0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 kg N ha-1), application ratios 5:5 (50% + 50%) and 6:4 (60 + 40%) and timing (jointing, flowering, and grain filling stages) on agronomic parameters of winter wheat. The results revealed that the 225 kg N ha-1treatment at a 6:4 ratio performed significantlybetter than other treatments across growth parameters. At this optimal rate and ratio, plant height, aboveground dry biomass (AGDB), leaf dry weight, and stem dry weight were significantly higher compared to lower (75 kg N ha-1) or excessive (300 kg N ha-1) applications. Plant height exhibited an increasing setup up to 27.30% at jointing, 24.34% at flowering, and 33.13% at grain filling under 225 kg N ha-¹at 6:4. Aboveground biomass followed a similar trend, achieving a 66.90% increase at jointing under 225 kg N ha-1, while leaf and stem dry weights reflected the vigorous contribution of nitrogen rates and ratios, particularly at jointing and flowering stages. Leaf area dynamics and leaf area index (LAI) further validated these findings, peaking at the flowering stage for 225 kg N ha-1at 6:4. The results emphasize the importance of optimizing N fertilizer rates, ratios, and application timing to improve crop growth dynamics and productivity. The results provide appropriate evidence for sustainable nitrogen management, application of nitrogen at 225 kg N ha-1and a 6:4 ratio as an effective approach to maximize agronomic performance inwinter wheat while mitigating environmental impacts. These results contribute novel perspectives to nitrogen use efficiency and influence practical recommendations for precision agriculture.