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Kizito Nishimwe
Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA

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Journal article
Published: 19 February 2021 in Toxicon
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Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, and is a known carcinogen in humans and animals. High voltage atmospheric cold plasma (HVACP) technology has already shown promise to decontaminate AFB1 in food and feed. This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity of AFB1 after HVACP treatment. AFB1 (100 μM) was treated at 85 kV with HVACP for 0, 2, 5, 10, and 20 min. HepG2 cells were exposed to HVACP-treated AFB1 for 72 h and assessed for cell viability, caspase-3 activity, DNA fragmentation, and protein carbonyls for each treatment time. Cell viability, caspase-3 activity, DNA fragmentation levels, and protein carbonyls contents of HepG2 cells exposed to HVACP-treated AFB1 after 20 min was not significantly different compared to non-exposed HepG2 cells (P > 0.05). However, their contents were significantly higher in non-exposed cells compared to the other HVACP treatment times (P < 0.01). Twenty minutes of HVACP treatment for AFB1 significantly reduced AFB1 cytotoxicity and oxidative damage and showed potential as a safe aflatoxin decontamination technology.

ACS Style

Kizito Nishimwe; Isaac Agbemafle; Manju B. Reddy; Kevin Keener; Dirk E. Maier. Cytotoxicity assessment of Aflatoxin B1 after high voltage atmospheric cold plasma treatment. Toxicon 2021, 194, 17 -22.

AMA Style

Kizito Nishimwe, Isaac Agbemafle, Manju B. Reddy, Kevin Keener, Dirk E. Maier. Cytotoxicity assessment of Aflatoxin B1 after high voltage atmospheric cold plasma treatment. Toxicon. 2021; 194 ():17-22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kizito Nishimwe; Isaac Agbemafle; Manju B. Reddy; Kevin Keener; Dirk E. Maier. 2021. "Cytotoxicity assessment of Aflatoxin B1 after high voltage atmospheric cold plasma treatment." Toxicon 194, no. : 17-22.

Review article
Published: 26 June 2020 in Global Food Security
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Foodborne disease poses several major threats toward attaining sustainable improvements in food and nutrition security (FNS), on a global scale. These threats have numerous rippling effects on public health, economic growth, and country development. This article—based on a review of literature and experience from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems (LSIL) research activities—seeks to explore and summarize current and ongoing efforts to improve safety of animal-source foods, as well as to identify the interconnected elements of food safety and FNS. This article focuses on emerging evidence for the disease and economic burdens of foodborne disease; source attribution; previous investments in food safety; and current challenges and opportunities.

ACS Style

Jessie L. Vipham; Kebede Amenu; Silvia Alonso; Jean-Baptiste Ndahetuye; Yacob Zereyesus; Kizito Nishimwe; Erin Bowers; Dirk Maier; Keshav Sah; Arie Havelaar; Delia Grace. No food security without food safety: Lessons from livestock related research. Global Food Security 2020, 26, 100382 .

AMA Style

Jessie L. Vipham, Kebede Amenu, Silvia Alonso, Jean-Baptiste Ndahetuye, Yacob Zereyesus, Kizito Nishimwe, Erin Bowers, Dirk Maier, Keshav Sah, Arie Havelaar, Delia Grace. No food security without food safety: Lessons from livestock related research. Global Food Security. 2020; 26 ():100382.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jessie L. Vipham; Kebede Amenu; Silvia Alonso; Jean-Baptiste Ndahetuye; Yacob Zereyesus; Kizito Nishimwe; Erin Bowers; Dirk Maier; Keshav Sah; Arie Havelaar; Delia Grace. 2020. "No food security without food safety: Lessons from livestock related research." Global Food Security 26, no. : 100382.

Journal article
Published: 14 May 2019 in Toxins
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Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites that contaminate crops, food, and animal feeds. Aflatoxins and fumonisins are among the mycotoxins that have been increasingly reported to affect health and productivity of livestock globally. Given that the health and productivity of livestock can directly influence human food safety and security, a study was conducted to assess the levels and factors for aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in feed and feed ingredients in Rwanda. Aflatoxins and fumonisins were analyzed in 3328 feed and feed ingredient samples collected at six time points between March and October 2017 in all 30 districts of Rwanda. Of the 612 participants providing samples, there were 10 feed processors, 68 feed vendors, 225 dairy farmers, and 309 poultry farmers. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used for aflatoxin and fumonisin analyses. Mean aflatoxin levels of 108.83 µg/kg (Median (MD): 43.65 µg/kg), 103.81µg/kg (MD: 48.4 µg/kg), 88.64 µg/kg (MD: 30.90 µg/kg), and 94.95 µg/kg (MD: 70.45 µg/kg) were determined for dairy farmers, poultry farmers, feed vendors, and feed processors, respectively. Mean fumonisin levels were 1.52 mg/kg (MD: 0.71 mg/kg), 1.21 mg/kg (MD: 0.56 mg/kg), 1.48 mg/kg (MD: 0.76 mg/kg), and 1.03 mg/kg (MD: 0.47 mg/kg) for dairy farmers, poultry farmers, feed vendors, and feed processors, respectively. Aflatoxin contamination was significantly affected by time of sampling and district from which feed samples originated (p < 0.05). Fumonisins did not show any correlation trends. Ninety-two percent of survey participants were unaware of aflatoxins and fumonisins and their adverse effects. This study has provided the basic understanding of the extent of feed contamination across the country and has established a baseline for future interventions in Rwanda. Further studies are needed to explore strategies for mitigating mycotoxins in the feed value chain in Rwanda.

ACS Style

Kizito Nishimwe; Erin Bowers; Jean De Dieu Ayabagabo; Richard Habimana; Samuel Mutiga; Dirk Maier. Assessment of Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Contamination and Associated Risk Factors in Feed and Feed Ingredients in Rwanda. Toxins 2019, 11, 270 .

AMA Style

Kizito Nishimwe, Erin Bowers, Jean De Dieu Ayabagabo, Richard Habimana, Samuel Mutiga, Dirk Maier. Assessment of Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Contamination and Associated Risk Factors in Feed and Feed Ingredients in Rwanda. Toxins. 2019; 11 (5):270.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kizito Nishimwe; Erin Bowers; Jean De Dieu Ayabagabo; Richard Habimana; Samuel Mutiga; Dirk Maier. 2019. "Assessment of Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Contamination and Associated Risk Factors in Feed and Feed Ingredients in Rwanda." Toxins 11, no. 5: 270.