By designing a structured gas density profile between the dual-stage gas jets to manipulate electron seeding and energy chirp reversal for compressing the energy spread, we have experimentally produced high-brightness high-energy electron beams from a cascaded laser wakefield accelerator with peak energies in the range of 200–600 MeV, 0.4%–1.2% rms energy spread, 10–80 pC charge, and $\sim 0.2\mathrm{mrad}\mathrm{rms}$ divergence. The maximum six-dimensional brightness $B_{6\mathrm{D},n}$ is estimated as $\sim 6.5\times 10^{15}\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{m}}^2/0.1\%$, which is very close to the typical brightness of $e$ beams from state-of-the-art linac drivers. These high-brightness high-energy $e$ beams may lead to the realization of compact monoenergetic gamma-ray and intense coherent x-ray radiation sources.

A simple, efficient scheme was developed to obtain near-gigaelectronvolt electron beams with energy spreads of few per-mille level in a single-stage laser wakefield accelerator. Longitudinal plasma density was tailored to control relativistic laser-beam evolution, resulting in injection, dechirping, and a quasi-phase-stable acceleration. With this scheme, electron beams with peak energies of 780–840 MeV, rms energy spreads of 2.4‰–4.1‰, charges of 8.5–23.6 pC, and rms divergences of 0.1–0.4 mrad were experimentally obtained. Quasi-three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations agreed well with the experimental results. The dechirping strength was estimated to reach up to $11\mathrm{TeV}/\mathrm{mm}\mathrm{/m}$, which is higher than previously obtained results. Such high-quality electron beams will boost the development of compact intense coherent radiation sources and x-ray free-electron lasers.

Inverse Compton scattering between ultra-relativistic electrons and an intense laser field has been proposed as a major route to generate compact high-brightness and high-energy γ-rays. Attributed to the inherent synchronization mechanism, an all-optical Compton scattering γ-ray source, using one laser to both accelerate electrons and scatter via the reflection of a plasma mirror, has been demonstrated in proof-of-principle experiments to produce a x-ray source near 100 keV. Here, by designing a cascaded laser wakefield accelerator to generate high-quality monoenergetic e-beams, which are bound to head-on collide with the intense driving laser pulse via the reflection of a 20-um-thick Ti foil, we produce tunable quasi-monochromatic MeV γ-rays (33% full-width at half-maximum) with a peak brilliance of ~3 × 10²² photons s⁻¹ mm⁻² mrad⁻² 0.1% BW at 1 MeV. To the best of our knowledge, it is one order of magnitude higher than ever reported value of its kinds in MeV regime. This compact ultrahigh brilliance γ-ray source may provide applications in nuclear resonance fluorescence, x-ray radiology and ultrafast pump-probe nondestructive inspection.

By irradiating a flat Al target with femtosecond laser pulses at moderate intensities of $\sim {10}^{17}\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$, we obtained stable collimated quasimonoenergetic electrons in the specular direction but deviated somewhat toward the target normal. An associated local minimum located on the other side of the specular direction seems to indicate that the peak actually results from the deflection of the collimated electrons from their initial ejection direction. We have proposed a two-step model in which some laser-accelerated electrons are able to leave the plasma in a narrow phase-locked window of the moving wave interference pattern, and are then steered toward the target normal by the ponderomotive force of the interference field. The periodic repetition of the electron emission leads to a pulse train of collimated quasimonoenergetic electrons with subcycle duration.

By employing pump-probe back longitudinal diffractometry, the electron density and decay dynamics of a weak plasma channel created by a 1-KHz fs laser in air has been investigated. With ultrashort laser pulses of 50 fs and low energy of 0.6 mJ, we observe weak plasma channels with a length $\sim 2\mathrm{cm}$ in air. An analytical reconstruction method of electron density has been analyzed, which is sensitive to the phase shift and channel size. The electron density in the weak plasma channel is extracted to be about $4\times {10}^{16}{\mathrm{cm}}^{-3}$. The diameters of the plasma channel and the filament are about 50 and $150\mu \mathrm{m}$, respectively, and the measurable electron density can be extended to less than ${10}^{15}{\mathrm{cm}}^{-3}$. Moreover, a different time-frequency technique called linearly chirped longitudinal diffractometry is proposed to time-resolved investigate ultrafast ionization dynamics of laser-irradiated gas, laser interaction with cluster beam, etc.