With the rapid development of the Internet, many traditional retailers have built their online channels. The fairness concern may play an important role in a dual‐channel supply chain with a multichannel retailer. This paper establishes a Stackelberg game model in which a manufacturer produces and sells products through direct online channel and a retailer sells directly to consumers through online and offline channels. The manufacturer’s fairness concern (advantageous inequity) and the retailer’s fairness concern (disadvantageous inequity) are considered. Four scenarios are investigated: no fairness concern (NF), the retailer fairness concern (RF), the manufacturer fairness concern (MF), and both the manufacturer and the retailer fairness concern (MRF). The theoretical analysis shows that if the manufacturer’s advantageous inequity concern is low, the profit of the whole supply chain in the MRF scenario is the greatest. Otherwise, the supply chain profit in the NF or RF scenario is the greatest. That is, the manufacturer’s and the retailer’s fairness concern may increase the profit of the supply chain. This study also finds that the manufacturer’s advantageous inequity concern can increase the social welfare. The retailer should not concern about fairness if the manufacturer has high fairness concern. Besides, this paper shows that the manufacturer’s selling price cannot be affected by the fairness concern. Adjusting the wholesale price is the only thing that the manufacturer can do to reduce disadvantageous or advantageous inequity. In the RF scenario, the role of the retailer’s disadvantageous inequity concern is to reallocate the supply chain profit. Our findings provide some managerial insights on the pricing decision when the multichannel retailer and the manufacturer consider the fairness.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore the operation strategies of a manufacturer who produces brown and green product simultaneously.Design/methodology/approach: The authors establish three models to examine the joint decisions of pricing and advertising. Three advertising strategies are: non-advertising investment (NA), advertising investment for brown product (BA) and advertising investment for green product (GA).Findings: The theoretical analysis shows that advertising investment can substantially increase the product greening level and manufacturer's profit. More importantly, we find that the GA strategy is more likely to be the best strategy as the advertising investment efficiency increases. The BA strategy is more likely to be preferred as the R&D cost increases. Finally, the modeling results are verified by numerical experiments, and more insights are obtained.Research limitations/implications: This paper considers the case in which a single manufacturer produces the brown and green product simultaneously. In fact, many manufacturers in the market produce brown and green product at the same time. Furthermore, in addition to advertising investment for brown product and green product, manufacturers can also invest in advertising for brands.Originality/value: The paper contributes to the investigations on green production and advertising decisions of a manufacturer who produces brown and green products simultaneously.

Low-carbon production is a vital solution for many environmental problems, as is consumers’ consciousness about carbon playing a more important role and ultimately passing upstream. Supply chains are eager to seek sustainable development via appropriate decision making with data-driven methods. Consistent with this aim, we investigated decisions toward lower carbon efforts and prices in a two-echelon supply chain via a game theoretical approach. The decision-making scenarios of decentralized, centralized, and cost-sharing contracts were investigated and compared. The results show that the level of improvement in environmental performance is positively correlated with the degree of cooperation between partners. Cooperation between partners would be even more significant with an increase in consumers’ low carbon awareness. Furthermore, cost-sharing contracts improve the performance of the entire supply chain compared with decentralized cases. Finally, we implemented numerical experiments to verify the modeling results. Therefore, this study provides theoretical support toward sustainable operations for supply chains concerning low carbon awareness.

Risk analysis of emergency is vital to effective emergency management. However, conventional analysis is challenged by the emerging problems as risk of emergency appearing increasingly complicated. The risk attributes of emergency originate in complicated sources, and their information is always incomplete. To ensure the efficiency and stability of emergency risk analysis, we proposed an elaborative approach composed of structural description framework and fuzzy evidential reasoning. Firstly, the risk attributes are identified by structural description framework. The information as evidence is obtained and normalized for further analysis. Secondly, risk analysis model with fuzzy evidential reasoning is constructed, and risk grade is evaluated. Finally, a certain railway project accident is taken as an example to test the model and some managerial insights are demonstrated. An approach combining structural description framework and fuzzy evidential reasoning model is feasible and effective; furthermore, it provides stable support for emergency risk analysis.