The demand for newer, lighter, and smaller batteries with longer lifespans, higher energy densities, and generally improved overall battery performance has gone up along with the need for electric vehicles. Alternatives must be found because lithium sources are limited and the metal is expensive. Aligned with this, efforts are being carried out to enhance the battery performance of electric vehicles and have shown promise in allaying consumer concerns about range anxiety and safety. This demonstrates that the electric car market will remain very dynamic in the coming decades, with costs continuing to fall. However, developing advanced energy storage technologies from more abundant resources that are cheaper and safer than lithium-ion batteries is a viable option for future mobility and product sustainability. This paper recapitulates the current state of multivalent particularly zinc and iron metal-air battery applications for electric mobility. The cycle capability, range, costs, service life, safety, discharge, and charging rate are all investigated. Factors hampering the further development and marketing of these technologies in connection with possible solutions are also conferred.

Renewable energy sources are crucial for addressing the energy crisis and global warming, but their intermittent nature necessitates storage.

This paper deals with the transesterification of Ricinus Communis (RC) oil with methanol to produce biodiesel in the presence of KOH as a catalyst. Moreover, this study analysis the fuel properties of RC biodiesel and diesel fuel blend to use castor oil methyl ester as a possible alternative fuel for diesel engines. Various properties of the RC biodiesel and their blends such as density, kinematic viscosity, iodine value, saponification number, Cetane number, heating value, flash point and acid value were determined. The experimental results were compared well with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D6751) and European biodiesel standards (EN 14214). The experimental design as well as statistical analysis were done and analyzed using design expert 8.0.7.1 version soft ware. The predicted optimum conditions for castor oil biodiesel production were a reaction temperature of 59.890c, methanol to oil ratio of 8.10:1 and a catalyst of 1.22 wt% of oil. The methyl ester content under these optimum conditions was 94.5% w/w of oil, and all of the measured properties of the biodiesel met the international standards of EN14214 and ASTM D 6751 with the exception of density and viscosity. Therefore, the viscosity and density of the ester was high and further reduced by blending with diesel fuel up to B45 to satisfy within the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 limits for biodiesel.