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Students’ engagement has been a hot topic since the origin of teaching and learning; and is developing rapidly with time and technology. With the recent advances in Information and Communication Technology (e.g, Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence and 5G), it is a need of the hour to revive its smart use in academia. In underdeveloped countries, parents are offended by financial burdens and educating children is not a priority, resulting students are not effectively engaged in learning. Smartphones are mostly used for fun and entertainment, why not for teaching, learning and monitoring to reshape pedagogy. This study investigated the role of social media in learners’ engagement (l = 734) by making a productive relationship among the parents (p = 400), teachers (t = 21) and Principal in underdeveloped countries’ schools. The results of the study are promising. The statistics for 2018-2019 (i.e, without social media), shows only 3% to 4 % parental participation in meetings and scarce teachers interest in schooling, resulting in the learner disengagement. However, the statistics from 2019-2020 (i.e, use of social media), shows improvements in the parental engagement up to 20% and teachers engagement up to 70%, resulting in a productive learners engagement. It is worth mentioning here that the school (located in the village), learner average attendance increased to 95% (dropped the truancy to almost zero), which got higher authorities admiration.
Afzal Badshah; Ateeqa Jalal; Ghani Ur Rehman; Muhammad Zubair; Muhammad Muneer Umar. Academic use of social networking sites in learners’ engagement in underdeveloped countries’ schools. Education and Information Technologies 2021, 26, 6319 -6336.
AMA StyleAfzal Badshah, Ateeqa Jalal, Ghani Ur Rehman, Muhammad Zubair, Muhammad Muneer Umar. Academic use of social networking sites in learners’ engagement in underdeveloped countries’ schools. Education and Information Technologies. 2021; 26 (5):6319-6336.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAfzal Badshah; Ateeqa Jalal; Ghani Ur Rehman; Muhammad Zubair; Muhammad Muneer Umar. 2021. "Academic use of social networking sites in learners’ engagement in underdeveloped countries’ schools." Education and Information Technologies 26, no. 5: 6319-6336.
In ad hoc networks, the communication is usually made through multiple hops by establishing an environment of cooperation and coordination among self-operated nodes. Such nodes typically operate with a set of finite and scarce energy, processing, bandwidth, and storage resources. Due to the cooperative environment in such networks, nodes may consume additional resources by giving relaying services to other nodes. This aspect in such networks coined the situation of noncooperative behavior by some or all the nodes. Moreover, nodes sometimes do not cooperate with others due to their social likeness or their mobility. Noncooperative or selfish nodes can last for a longer time by preserving their resources for their own operations. However, such nodes can degrade the network's overall performance in terms of lower data gathering and information exchange rates, unbalanced work distribution, and higher end-to-end delays. This work surveys the main roots for motivating nodes to adapt selfish behavior and the solutions for handling such nodes. Different schemes are introduced to handle selfish nodes in wireless ad hoc networks. Various types of routing techniques have been introduced to target different types of ad hoc networks having support for keeping misbehaving or selfish nodes. The major solutions for such scenarios can be trust-, punishment-, and stimulation-based mechanisms. Some key protocols are simulated and analyzed for getting their performance metrics to compare their effectiveness.
Muhammad Altaf Khan; Moustafa M. Nasralla; Muhammad Muneer Umar; Zeeshan Iqbal; Ghani Ur Rehman; Muhammad Shahzad Sarfraz; Nikumani Choudhury. A Survey on the Noncooperative Environment in Smart Nodes-Based Ad Hoc Networks: Motivations and Solutions. Security and Communication Networks 2021, 2021, 1 -17.
AMA StyleMuhammad Altaf Khan, Moustafa M. Nasralla, Muhammad Muneer Umar, Zeeshan Iqbal, Ghani Ur Rehman, Muhammad Shahzad Sarfraz, Nikumani Choudhury. A Survey on the Noncooperative Environment in Smart Nodes-Based Ad Hoc Networks: Motivations and Solutions. Security and Communication Networks. 2021; 2021 ():1-17.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Altaf Khan; Moustafa M. Nasralla; Muhammad Muneer Umar; Zeeshan Iqbal; Ghani Ur Rehman; Muhammad Shahzad Sarfraz; Nikumani Choudhury. 2021. "A Survey on the Noncooperative Environment in Smart Nodes-Based Ad Hoc Networks: Motivations and Solutions." Security and Communication Networks 2021, no. : 1-17.
Many Internet of Things (IoT) applications have been developed and implemented on unreliable wireless networks like the delay tolerant network (DTN); however, efficient data transfer in DTN is still an important issue for the IoT applications. One of the application areas of DTN is vehicular delay tolerant network (VDTN) where the network faces communication disruption due to lack of end‐to‐end relay route. It is challenging as some of the nodes show selfish behavior to preserve their resources like memory and energy and become noncooperative. In this article, an honesty‐based democratic scheme (HBDS) is introduced where vehicles with higher honesty level are elected as heads—during the process. Vehicles involved in the process would maximize their rewards (reputation) through active participation in the network activities, whereas vehicles with noncooperative selfish behavior are punished. The honesty level of the heads is analyzed using Vickrey, Clarke, and Groves (VCG) model. The mathematical model and algorithms developed in the proposed HBDS technique are simulated using the VDTNSim framework to evaluate their efficiency. The performance results show that the proposed scheme dominates current schemes in terms of packet delivery probability, packet delivery delay, number of packets drop, and overhead ratio.
Ghani Ur Rehman; Anwar Ghani; Muhammad Zubair; Shahbaz A. K. Ghayyure; Shad Muhammad. Honesty based democratic scheme to improve community cooperation for Internet of Things based vehicular delay tolerant networks. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies 2020, 32, 1 .
AMA StyleGhani Ur Rehman, Anwar Ghani, Muhammad Zubair, Shahbaz A. K. Ghayyure, Shad Muhammad. Honesty based democratic scheme to improve community cooperation for Internet of Things based vehicular delay tolerant networks. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies. 2020; 32 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhani Ur Rehman; Anwar Ghani; Muhammad Zubair; Shahbaz A. K. Ghayyure; Shad Muhammad. 2020. "Honesty based democratic scheme to improve community cooperation for Internet of Things based vehicular delay tolerant networks." Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies 32, no. 1: 1.
Smart and connected communities (SCC) is an emerging field of internet of things (IoT), and it has potential applications to improve human life. The improvement may be in terms of preservation, revitalization, livability, and sustainability of a community. The resources of the nodes and devices in the SCC have certain constraints that may not allow the devices and nodes to cooperate to save their resources such as memory, energy, and buffer, or simply maximize their performance. Thus, to stimulate the nodes to avoid selfish behavior, SSC needs a novel and well‐organized solution to motivate nodes for cooperation. This article aims to resolve the issue of selfish behaviors in SCC and to encourage the nodes for cooperation. A novel mechanism, socially omitting selfishness (SOS), has been proposed to manage/eradicate selfishness using a socially oriented election process. The election process elects different heads based on weight and cooperation (using Vickrey, Clarke, and Groves model). The election of heads and incentive mechanism encourages the nodes to show participation and behave as highly cooperative members of the community. Furthermore, an extended version of the Dempster Shafer model has been used to discourage the selfish behavior of the participating nodes in the SOS scheme. It uses different monitoring and gateway nodes to efficiently employ the proposed scheme. A mathematical model has been developed for the aforementioned aspects and simulated through NS2 simulation environment to analyze the performance of SOS. The results of the proposed scheme outperform the contemporary schemes in terms of average delivery delay, packet delivery ratio, throughput, and average energy.
Ghani Ur Rehman; Anwar Ghani; Muhammad Zubair; Muhammad Imran Saeed; Dhananjay Singh. SOS: Socially omitting selfishness in IoT for smart and connected communities. International Journal of Communication Systems 2020, e4455 .
AMA StyleGhani Ur Rehman, Anwar Ghani, Muhammad Zubair, Muhammad Imran Saeed, Dhananjay Singh. SOS: Socially omitting selfishness in IoT for smart and connected communities. International Journal of Communication Systems. 2020; ():e4455.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhani Ur Rehman; Anwar Ghani; Muhammad Zubair; Muhammad Imran Saeed; Dhananjay Singh. 2020. "SOS: Socially omitting selfishness in IoT for smart and connected communities." International Journal of Communication Systems , no. : e4455.
Various operational communication models are using Delay-Tolerant Network as a communication tool in recent times. In such a communication paradigm, sometimes there are disconnections and interferences as well as high delays like vehicle Ad hoc networks (VANETs). A new research mechanism, namely, the vehicle Delay-tolerant network (VDTN), is introduced due to several similar characteristics. The store-carry-forward mechanism in VDTNs is beneficial in forwarding the messages to the destination without end-to-end connectivity. To accomplish this task, the cooperation of nodes is needed to forward messages to the destination. However, we cannot be sure that all the nodes in the network will cooperate and contribute their computing resources for message forwarding without any reward. Furthermore, there are some selfish nodes in the network which may not cooperate to forward the messages, and are inclined to increase their own resources. This is one of the major challenges in VDTNs and incentive mechanisms are used as a major solution. This paper presents a detailed study of the recently proposed incentive schemes for VDTNs. This paper also gives some open challenges and future directions for interested researchers in the future.
Ghani-Ur Rehman; Anwar Ghani; Shad Muhammad; Madhusudan Singh; Dhananjay Singh. Selfishness in Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Networks: A Review. Sensors 2020, 20, 3000 .
AMA StyleGhani-Ur Rehman, Anwar Ghani, Shad Muhammad, Madhusudan Singh, Dhananjay Singh. Selfishness in Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Networks: A Review. Sensors. 2020; 20 (10):3000.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhani-Ur Rehman; Anwar Ghani; Shad Muhammad; Madhusudan Singh; Dhananjay Singh. 2020. "Selfishness in Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Networks: A Review." Sensors 20, no. 10: 3000.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a new emerging concept and is an extended notion of Vehicular Ad-hoc networks (VANETs). In IoV the vehicles (nodes) are connected to the internet and able to transmit information. However, due to resources constraint nature of vehicles, they may not want to cooperate in order to save its own resources such as memory, energy, and buffer, etc. This behavior may lead to poor system performance. IoV needs an efficient solution to motivate the nodes in terms of cooperation to avoid selfish behavior. A novel mechanism Incentive and Punishment Scheme (IPS) has been proposed in this article where vehicles with higher weight and cooperation are elected as Heads during the election process. Vickrey, Clarke, and Groves (VCG) model has been used to scrutinize the weight of these heads. Vehicle participating in the election process can increase its incentives (reputation) by active participation (forwarding data). Vehicles with repeated selfish behavior are punished. The monitoring nodes monitor the performance of their neighbor nodes after the election process. A mathematical model and algorithms has been developed for the election, monitoring and incentive processes. The proposed approach has been simulated through VDTNSim environment to analyze the performance of the proposed IPS. The performance results demonstrate that the proposed schemes outperform the existing schemes in terms of packet delivery ratio, average delivery delay, average cost, and overhead.
Ghani-Ur Rehman; Anwar Ghani; Muhammad Zubair; Syed Husnain A. Naqvi; Dhananjay Singh; Shad Muhammad. IPS: Incentive and Punishment Scheme for Omitting Selfishness in the Internet of Vehicles (Iov). IEEE Access 2019, 7, 109026 -109037.
AMA StyleGhani-Ur Rehman, Anwar Ghani, Muhammad Zubair, Syed Husnain A. Naqvi, Dhananjay Singh, Shad Muhammad. IPS: Incentive and Punishment Scheme for Omitting Selfishness in the Internet of Vehicles (Iov). IEEE Access. 2019; 7 ():109026-109037.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhani-Ur Rehman; Anwar Ghani; Muhammad Zubair; Syed Husnain A. Naqvi; Dhananjay Singh; Shad Muhammad. 2019. "IPS: Incentive and Punishment Scheme for Omitting Selfishness in the Internet of Vehicles (Iov)." IEEE Access 7, no. : 109026-109037.