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Maria Ignatieva
School of Design, The University of Western Australia (UWA), 6009 Perth, Australia

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Journal article
Published: 08 April 2021 in Sustainability
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Significant challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted that features of a modern, sustainable and resilient city should not only relate to fulfilling economic and social urban strategies, but also to functional urban design, in particular, related to urban blue and green infrastructure (BGI). Using results from a web-based questionnaire survey conducted May–July 2020 in Moscow (Russia) and Perth (Australia), this paper provides insights regarding citizens’ needs for and values of urban BGI as well as their changes during and after the COVID-19 restrictions. Survey data collected during the lockdown period have captured information about people’s ability to access green and blue spaces within urban BGI, inequalities in access, feelings, and values as well as needs and perceived pathways of future development of urban natural environment. In both cities, lockdowns limited access of people to green spaces which affected their mental and physical health. Survey results revealed that the quality, functionality, and location of open green spaces illustrated a disparity in distribution, meaning that in many cases several communities from particular neighborhoods suffered from limited access to BGI. Furthermore, in addition to analyzing perceptions and values of urban nature during the COVID-19 pandemic, some suggestions for improvement of urban BGI based on the survey responses are provided.

ACS Style

Diana Dushkova; Maria Ignatieva; Michael Hughes; Anastasia Konstantinova; Viacheslav Vasenev; Elvira Dovletyarova. Human Dimensions of Urban Blue and Green Infrastructure during a Pandemic. Case Study of Moscow (Russia) and Perth (Australia). Sustainability 2021, 13, 4148 .

AMA Style

Diana Dushkova, Maria Ignatieva, Michael Hughes, Anastasia Konstantinova, Viacheslav Vasenev, Elvira Dovletyarova. Human Dimensions of Urban Blue and Green Infrastructure during a Pandemic. Case Study of Moscow (Russia) and Perth (Australia). Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4148.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Diana Dushkova; Maria Ignatieva; Michael Hughes; Anastasia Konstantinova; Viacheslav Vasenev; Elvira Dovletyarova. 2021. "Human Dimensions of Urban Blue and Green Infrastructure during a Pandemic. Case Study of Moscow (Russia) and Perth (Australia)." Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4148.

Short communication
Published: 10 August 2020 in Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
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In this article, we discuss the pros and cons of transdisciplinary research using the results of a research project on lawns carried out in Sweden from 2013 to 2016. We viewed lawns as a complex ecological and cultural phenomenon and searched for different sustainable lawn solutions in urban areas of Sweden. Constraints on the research included the time and effort required for team members to become familiar with the different research approaches, participate in regular meetings and agree on joint methodology. Later in the project, the integration, analysis and understanding of field data, theoretical sources and practical implementation approaches were also time-consuming obstacles. Thus, the initial and final phases of the project were extremely important and demanded a lot of time and effort. Especially challenging was the cross-use of different methodologies from natural and social sciences. Such ambitious multiscale and multitask projects dealing with living urban nature and people require at least five years to complete, rather than the three years typically suggested for classical research projects. The pros of the transdisciplinary approach was its ability to incorporate results of natural and social studies into landscape design, the ability to involve stakeholders in different project activities and to disseminate the research results in practice. This research revealed that lawns are a relatively recent phenomenon that is still expanding globally. The social study component showed that mowing and creating smooth, green lawn surfaces is important to stakeholders (lawn users, planners and managers). However, in Sweden, there is a tendency for local citizens to accept more biodiverse plant communities. Working closely with open-minded stakeholders led to the real implementation of lawn alternatives, which, in turn, increased media attention. The initial concept—that management was a central factor to the whole transdisciplinary project—was confirmed. The goal of this article is to share the unique experiences and lessons learned by researchers of conducting transdisciplinary research and to make such complex research more successful.

ACS Style

M. Ignatieva; F. Eriksson; T. Kätterer; P. Tidåker; J. Wissman; K. Ahrné; J. Bengtsson; M. Hedblom. Pros and cons of transdisciplinary research: A case study of Swedish lawns and their sustainable alternatives. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2020, 56, 126799 .

AMA Style

M. Ignatieva, F. Eriksson, T. Kätterer, P. Tidåker, J. Wissman, K. Ahrné, J. Bengtsson, M. Hedblom. Pros and cons of transdisciplinary research: A case study of Swedish lawns and their sustainable alternatives. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2020; 56 ():126799.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Ignatieva; F. Eriksson; T. Kätterer; P. Tidåker; J. Wissman; K. Ahrné; J. Bengtsson; M. Hedblom. 2020. "Pros and cons of transdisciplinary research: A case study of Swedish lawns and their sustainable alternatives." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 56, no. : 126799.

Journal article
Published: 07 July 2020 in Cities
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This article aims to position postsocialist cities in Central and Eastern Europe in the broader debate on urban environmental justice. The article crosscuts through all three dimensions of justice (distributive/distributional, procedural/participatory, and interactional/recognition) in the context of urban green and blue space provision. Environmental justice is still an emerging topic in postsocialist cities, constrained by market-orientation and neoliberal trends within society, privatization, and the primacy of private interests. The respective situation in postsocialist cities provides insights into the international debate on environmental justice, by highlighting some extremes related to neoliberal and populist governments and very rapid processes that lack long-term democratic consensus within societies. The findings of this study are discussed in the context of a postsocialist legacy, which includes broad tolerance for inequalities, a lack of solidarity in society, a lack of responsibility for the public interest, and extreme individualization and disregard for social interests. This has gradually led to the corporatization of local authorities and various business–government coalitions. This setting is more likely to favor business models related to the use and management of urban green and blue spaces than the environmental justice discourse.

ACS Style

Jakub Kronenberg; Annegret Haase; Edyta Łaszkiewicz; Attila Antal; Aliaksandra Baravikova; Magdalena Biernacka; Diana Dushkova; Richard Filčak; Dagmar Haase; Maria Ignatieva; Yaryna Khmara; Mihai Razvan Niţă; Diana Andreea Onose. Environmental justice in the context of urban green space availability, accessibility, and attractiveness in postsocialist cities. Cities 2020, 106, 102862 .

AMA Style

Jakub Kronenberg, Annegret Haase, Edyta Łaszkiewicz, Attila Antal, Aliaksandra Baravikova, Magdalena Biernacka, Diana Dushkova, Richard Filčak, Dagmar Haase, Maria Ignatieva, Yaryna Khmara, Mihai Razvan Niţă, Diana Andreea Onose. Environmental justice in the context of urban green space availability, accessibility, and attractiveness in postsocialist cities. Cities. 2020; 106 ():102862.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jakub Kronenberg; Annegret Haase; Edyta Łaszkiewicz; Attila Antal; Aliaksandra Baravikova; Magdalena Biernacka; Diana Dushkova; Richard Filčak; Dagmar Haase; Maria Ignatieva; Yaryna Khmara; Mihai Razvan Niţă; Diana Andreea Onose. 2020. "Environmental justice in the context of urban green space availability, accessibility, and attractiveness in postsocialist cities." Cities 106, no. : 102862.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2020 in GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY
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Urban living style is associated with various negative impacts on human health, e.g. connected with the environmental problems. Thus, promoting health of urban population is nowadays one of the most challenging issues of the 21st century together with the growing needs for sustainable development and establishment of the biophilic or livable cities. It is increasing awareness among researchers and health practitioners of the potential benefits to the health from activities in natural settings and especially from regular contact with nature, which can be perceived as a preventive medical tool. This paper discusses the close relationship between the concepts of health-supporting landscapes and sustainability in modern cities based on literature review and case studies from EU, Russian and Australian projects. We first review the historical and modern paradigms (of the various disciplines) which determine the discourse in nature – human health and well-being research. This includes examination of Hippocrates «naturalistic history», Humboldt’s concept of natural garden design; Oertel ‘s ‘Terrain Kur’; «salutogenic approach» of Antonovsky; McHarg’s Design with Nature; Ecopolis programme, Wilson’s biophilia and some other approaches. Then there is a comparative analysis of structural similarities and differences in the past and current scientific schools devoted to understanding human – landscape interaction. One of the principal arguments is that nature also has another value for health, regardless of natural remedies. It includes, for example, the healing of space, outdoor training trails in parks, everyday use of urban green spaces and peri-urban recreation areas for sport and exercises. We provide an analysis of some examples based on the modern concepts of biophilic cities, therapeutic landscapes, healing gardens, green infrastructure and nature-based solutions. This article also discusses the main types of healing gardens and therapeutic landscapes and suggests the framework of design principles of healing and therapeutic landscapes. The analysis proved that healing gardens and therapeutic landscapes provide multiple benefits and can be regarded as nature-based solutions. These essential aspects of multifunctionality, multiculturality and social inclusion are well intertwined with the approach of biophilia.

ACS Style

Diana Dushkova; Maria Ignatieva. New trends in urban environmental health research: from geography of diseases to therapeutic landscapes and healing gardens. GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 2020, 13, 159 -171.

AMA Style

Diana Dushkova, Maria Ignatieva. New trends in urban environmental health research: from geography of diseases to therapeutic landscapes and healing gardens. GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY. 2020; 13 (1):159-171.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Diana Dushkova; Maria Ignatieva. 2020. "New trends in urban environmental health research: from geography of diseases to therapeutic landscapes and healing gardens." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 13, no. 1: 159-171.

Opinion
Published: 02 March 2020 in Land
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This opinion paper discusses urban lawns, the most common part of open green spaces and urban green infrastructures. It highlights both the ecosystem services and also disservices provided by urban lawns based on the authors’ experience of working within interdisciplinary research projects on lawns in different cities of Europe (Germany, Sweden and Russia), New Zealand (Christchurch), USA (Syracuse, NY) and Australia (Perth). It complements this experience with a detailed literature review based on the most recent studies of different biophysical, social, planning and design aspects of lawns. We also used an international workshop as an important part of the research methodology. We argue that although lawns of Europe and the United States of America are now relatively well studied, other parts of the world still underestimate the importance of researching lawns as a complex ecological and social phenomenon. One of the core objectives of this paper is to share a paradigm of nature-based solutions in the context of lawns, which can be an important step towards finding resilient sustainable alternatives for urban green spaces in the time of growing urbanisation, increased urban land use competition, various user demands and related societal challenges of the urban environment. We hypothesise that these solutions may be found in urban ecosystems and various local native plant communities that are rich in species and able to withstand harsh conditions such as heavy trampling and droughts. To support the theoretical hypothesis of the relevance of nature-based solutions for lawns we also suggest and discuss the concept of two natures—different approaches to the vision of urban nature, including the understanding and appreciation of lawns. This will help to increase the awareness of existing local ecological approaches as well as an importance of introducing innovative landscape architecture practices. This article suggests that there is a potential for future transdisciplinary international research that might aid our understanding of lawns in different climatic and socio-cultural conditions as well as develop locally adapted (to environmental conditions, social needs and management policies) and accepted nature-based solutions.

ACS Style

Maria Ignatieva; Dagmar Haase; Diana Dushkova; Annegret Haase. Lawns in Cities: From a Globalised Urban Green Space Phenomenon to Sustainable Nature-Based Solutions. Land 2020, 9, 73 .

AMA Style

Maria Ignatieva, Dagmar Haase, Diana Dushkova, Annegret Haase. Lawns in Cities: From a Globalised Urban Green Space Phenomenon to Sustainable Nature-Based Solutions. Land. 2020; 9 (3):73.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Ignatieva; Dagmar Haase; Diana Dushkova; Annegret Haase. 2020. "Lawns in Cities: From a Globalised Urban Green Space Phenomenon to Sustainable Nature-Based Solutions." Land 9, no. 3: 73.

Journal article
Published: 13 October 2019 in Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
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The lawn is one of the most visible elements of urban green spaces. China, as one of the latest adopters of lawns, has seen a dramatic increase in yearly planted lawn area. However, there is an urgent need for sustainable lawn alternatives in China due to potential threats to the urban environment from intensive maintenance and cultural inadequacy of lawns. This study aims to explore how stakeholders and park visitors relate to lawns and how this affects their decisions in designing, managing and interacting with lawns and lawn alternatives in China by using Xi’an as a case study city. The study uses face-to-face interviews with stakeholders and questionnaires with park visitors as well as observational studies of people’s activity on park lawns. Results show that park lawns in Xi’an are subject to high maintenance compared with some European cities and people have limited access to them. Lawn activities differ from western countries due to cultural reasons. The lawn is valued for its ecological and aesthetical values but least appreciated as important places for outdoor activities. Recognition of various functions of lawns, western influences and unavailability of sustainable alternatives are reasons of increasing use of conventional lawns. Physical factors, cultural preferences, limited maintenance budget, local policies, biodiversity-oriented attitudes and unsuitability of current lawn alternatives are factors favouring the search of sustainable lawn alternatives. Park visitors like lawns because of their neatness and green colour, meanwhile they appreciate groundcovers with bright colourful flowers. The establishment of biodiverse lawn alternatives is not welcomed in urban areas but can be accepted in districts with ecological visions, wetland parks and suburban areas. Our findings might lessen the knowledge gaps among decision makers, park visitors and researchers regarding lawns. This study contributes to the knowledge of policy making and planning of sustainable green spaces from region, city to park levels.

ACS Style

Fengping Yang; Maria Ignatieva; Anders Larsson; Shuoxin Zhang; Na Ni. Public perceptions and preferences regarding lawns and their alternatives in China: A case study of Xi’an. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2019, 46, 126478 .

AMA Style

Fengping Yang, Maria Ignatieva, Anders Larsson, Shuoxin Zhang, Na Ni. Public perceptions and preferences regarding lawns and their alternatives in China: A case study of Xi’an. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2019; 46 ():126478.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fengping Yang; Maria Ignatieva; Anders Larsson; Shuoxin Zhang; Na Ni. 2019. "Public perceptions and preferences regarding lawns and their alternatives in China: A case study of Xi’an." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 46, no. : 126478.

Journal article
Published: 14 February 2019 in Landscape and Urban Planning
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Green spaces are important refuges for biodiversity in urban areas, and lawns are one of the most widespread elements of urban green spaces globally. Chinese cities have adopted the use of lawns relatively lately and are currently experiencing a rapid increase in lawn area. In order to obtain knowledge and develop recommendations related to planning, design, and management of lawns in public parks, this study compared lawns with other three types of herbaceous vegetation in terms of plant and pollinator diversity and composition, using Xi’an City as a case study. Plants and pollinators were inventoried in 72 lawns, 12 perennial meadows, 15 Ophiopogon japonicus groundcovers, and eight Oxalis corymbosa groundcovers. Plant species diversity in lawns was positively associated with proportion of green space around lawns and lawn age, and negatively associated with frequency of use of chemical fertilizers. Proportion of native plant species in lawns was negatively associated with use frequency of chemical fertilizers and mowing frequency, and positively associated with irrigation frequency and lawn size. Pollinator species diversity is positively related to flowering plant species richness in all vegetation types. In order to enhance plant and pollinator species diversity, less mowing and chemical use on lawns are recommended. Future urban planning should also consider preserving and increasing the green area coverage within the city. Based on abundance and attractiveness to pollinators, several native herbaceous plant species have potential when creating alternative green spaces to lawns, but more studies are required to test their performance.

ACS Style

Fengping Yang; Maria Ignatieva; Jörgen Wissman; Karin Ahrné; Shuoxin Zhang; Siying Zhu. Relationships between multi-scale factors, plant and pollinator diversity, and composition of park lawns and other herbaceous vegetation in a fast growing megacity of China. Landscape and Urban Planning 2019, 185, 117 -126.

AMA Style

Fengping Yang, Maria Ignatieva, Jörgen Wissman, Karin Ahrné, Shuoxin Zhang, Siying Zhu. Relationships between multi-scale factors, plant and pollinator diversity, and composition of park lawns and other herbaceous vegetation in a fast growing megacity of China. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2019; 185 ():117-126.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fengping Yang; Maria Ignatieva; Jörgen Wissman; Karin Ahrné; Shuoxin Zhang; Siying Zhu. 2019. "Relationships between multi-scale factors, plant and pollinator diversity, and composition of park lawns and other herbaceous vegetation in a fast growing megacity of China." Landscape and Urban Planning 185, no. : 117-126.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2019 in Environment and History
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Lawn, the most common human-created and culture-shaped habitat in urban green areas, has recently been questioned because of the negative environmental impacts from intensive lawn management. China, a late adopter of lawns, has a great potential to implement sustainable lawns. Based on a literature review, field observations and interviews with local politicians, lawn managers, landscape architects and local residents in Chinese cities, this study seeks inspiration for sustainable lawns within classical Chinese gardening and European examples and identifies the drivers of lawn development in China. The definition of lawns has varied over time, evolving with the changes in the relationship between human and environment. Chinese people's paradigm on lawns is influenced by the trend of Westernisation and globalisation after 1840s. We conclude that shifting the existing paradigm to environmentally friendly lawn aesthetics and bridging the knowledge gap between researchers and practitioners are challenges in achieving sustainable lawns in China. This paper creates a better understanding of the lawn phenomenon in China and is one step ahead in shifting people's paradigm of lawns in countries that are later adopters of lawns.

ACS Style

Fengping Yang; Maria Ignatieva; Anders Larsson; Na Xiu; Shuoxin Zhang. Historical Development and Practices of Lawns in China. Environment and History 2019, 25, 23 -54.

AMA Style

Fengping Yang, Maria Ignatieva, Anders Larsson, Na Xiu, Shuoxin Zhang. Historical Development and Practices of Lawns in China. Environment and History. 2019; 25 (1):23-54.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fengping Yang; Maria Ignatieva; Anders Larsson; Na Xiu; Shuoxin Zhang. 2019. "Historical Development and Practices of Lawns in China." Environment and History 25, no. 1: 23-54.

Articles
Published: 07 December 2018 in Landscape Research
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Green structure has undergone many changes during the process of urban development. This paper compares Stockholm, Sweden, and Xi’an, China, in order to illustrate these changes over time and how they reflect the deeper human–nature relationship. This type of analysis can uncover the cultural identity of different cities and clarify urban forms that are common to other geographical locations. We found well-preserved green structure of different periods in the two cities, indicating similar structural development traditions but using different components. Analysis and comparison of three stages of formation revealed that conflicts between the built environment and green structure are an illustration of human–nature interactions, which change with cultural and societal changes in different areas. We argue that rethinking green structure and invoking deep respect for nature is a starting point for resolving such conflicts and the wider environmental crisis.

ACS Style

Na Xiu; Maria Ignatieva; Cecil Konijnendijk Van Den Bosch. Historical perspectives on green structure development: the examples of Stockholm, Sweden and Xi’an, China. Landscape Research 2018, 44, 1050 -1063.

AMA Style

Na Xiu, Maria Ignatieva, Cecil Konijnendijk Van Den Bosch. Historical perspectives on green structure development: the examples of Stockholm, Sweden and Xi’an, China. Landscape Research. 2018; 44 (8):1050-1063.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Na Xiu; Maria Ignatieva; Cecil Konijnendijk Van Den Bosch. 2018. "Historical perspectives on green structure development: the examples of Stockholm, Sweden and Xi’an, China." Landscape Research 44, no. 8: 1050-1063.

Article commentary
Published: 11 October 2018 in Science
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ACS Style

Maria Ignatieva; Marcus Hedblom. An alternative urban green carpet. Science 2018, 362, 148 -149.

AMA Style

Maria Ignatieva, Marcus Hedblom. An alternative urban green carpet. Science. 2018; 362 (6411):148-149.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Ignatieva; Marcus Hedblom. 2018. "An alternative urban green carpet." Science 362, no. 6411: 148-149.

Article
Published: 27 January 2017 in Urban Ecosystems
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Landscape fragmentation threatens habitats, biodiversity and other ecosystem services. In tackling this threat, the dynamic processes of social-ecological systems should be recognised and understood. Although network analysis based on graph theory has been recognised as an efficient way of spatially understanding landscape or habitat connectivity, only few studies have offered specific approaches or suggestions for integrating detailed social-ecological values into geographical distributions. As a contribution to bridging this gap, this paper introduces a social-ecological network model for the issue of landscape or habitat fragmentation applied to the case of Stockholm, Sweden. Graph theory was used in combination with sociotope and biotope maps for simple visualisation of network situations in two-dimensional maps. The European crested tit (Lophophanes cristatus), European common toad (Bufo bufo) and human beings were selected as indicator species, based on a landscape ecology analysis in Stockholm Municipality in 2009. Slope, land use and human disturbance maps were assessed in order to decide cost values of travelling from node to node. Lease-cost-path accumulation was used to create ideal reference maps of green networks. Three separate maps were then developed for suggesting efficient routes for three indicators in city scale that mainly connect from the Royal National City Park to the other parts of the city. The model in Hjorthagen neighbourhood to highlight two practical paths that link this fragmented community to its neighbouring park areas. Findings make it possible to address two scales of network improvement strategies, namely first for the city-scale green network that connects geographical habitats (nodes) and the regional green wedges of the city, and the second that of neighbourhood links between habitats in detailed layers of green networks. Strategic improvement potentials are presented based on ideal reference maps of green networks correspondingly.

ACS Style

Na Xiu; Maria Ignatieva; Cecil Konijnendijk Van Den Bosch; Yongyu Chai; Fei Wang; Tengfei Cui; Fengping Yang. A socio-ecological perspective of urban green networks: the Stockholm case. Urban Ecosystems 2017, 20, 729 -742.

AMA Style

Na Xiu, Maria Ignatieva, Cecil Konijnendijk Van Den Bosch, Yongyu Chai, Fei Wang, Tengfei Cui, Fengping Yang. A socio-ecological perspective of urban green networks: the Stockholm case. Urban Ecosystems. 2017; 20 (4):729-742.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Na Xiu; Maria Ignatieva; Cecil Konijnendijk Van Den Bosch; Yongyu Chai; Fei Wang; Tengfei Cui; Fengping Yang. 2017. "A socio-ecological perspective of urban green networks: the Stockholm case." Urban Ecosystems 20, no. 4: 729-742.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
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ACS Style

Maria Ignatieva; Fredrik Eriksson; Tuula Eriksson; Per Berg; Marcus Hedblom. The lawn as a social and cultural phenomenon in Sweden. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2017, 21, 213 -223.

AMA Style

Maria Ignatieva, Fredrik Eriksson, Tuula Eriksson, Per Berg, Marcus Hedblom. The lawn as a social and cultural phenomenon in Sweden. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2017; 21 ():213-223.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Ignatieva; Fredrik Eriksson; Tuula Eriksson; Per Berg; Marcus Hedblom. 2017. "The lawn as a social and cultural phenomenon in Sweden." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 21, no. : 213-223.

Journal article
Published: 25 September 2016 in JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
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During the 20th century, a variety of concepts were developed aimed to provide frameworks for green space planning and design in urban areas. Both China and Scandinavia represent important experience in green space planning and management. However, none of the current concepts is generated based on the explicit combination of both a Western and Eastern context. In this paper, based on the analysis of various green space planning concepts and their development, a novel “hybrid’ approach is introduced. This “Green Network’ concept focuses on green and blue connectivity in urban areas and comprises the network of green spaces and the surface water system within and around settlements. The concept offers a platform for integrating best practices from Scandinavian and Chinese open space planning and can provide a guiding tool for sustainable urban development.

ACS Style

Na Xiu; Maria Ignatieva; Cecil Konijnendijk Van Den Bosch. THE CHALLENGES OF PLANNING AND DESIGNING URBAN GREEN NETWORKS IN SCANDINAVIAN AND CHINESE CITIES. JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 2016, 40, 163 -176.

AMA Style

Na Xiu, Maria Ignatieva, Cecil Konijnendijk Van Den Bosch. THE CHALLENGES OF PLANNING AND DESIGNING URBAN GREEN NETWORKS IN SCANDINAVIAN AND CHINESE CITIES. JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM. 2016; 40 (3):163-176.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Na Xiu; Maria Ignatieva; Cecil Konijnendijk Van Den Bosch. 2016. "THE CHALLENGES OF PLANNING AND DESIGNING URBAN GREEN NETWORKS IN SCANDINAVIAN AND CHINESE CITIES." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 40, no. 3: 163-176.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
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Globalisation and urbanisation are driving the worldwide homogenisation of urban landscapes. The flora and fauna of cities in different parts of the world are very similar, irrespective of geography and climate. One of the most powerful symbols of modern urban landscapes is the lawn. There are just a few management options for urban lawns, regardless of how they are used and where in the city they are situated. Today, lawns occupy much of the green open spaces in cities (70–75%) and are located in private front and rear gardens, public parks, cemeteries, golf courses and along roads. Most people in the Western world view lawns as a ‘natural’ and even compulsory element of the urban landscape, without questioning their social, symbolic, ecological or aesthetic values. In this article we discuss the conceptual framework and methodological approaches being used in an ongoing transdisciplinary collaboration project including stakeholders to study lawns in Sweden as a social and ecological phenomenon. The overall aim is to understand the role of lawns in sustainable urban planning, design and management. The transdisciplinary approach allows us to exchange knowledge between scientific disciplines in order to influence the studies within each subject throughout the project and to achieve a multi-dimensional understanding of the lawn as a phenomenon. The involvement and close collaboration of stakeholders in the project allows us to obtain first-hand information on planning issues connected to lawns and existing planning data from cities and to focus on true implementation aspects rather than just theoretical recommendations

ACS Style

Maria Ignatieva; Karin Ahrné; Jörgen Wissman; Tuula Eriksson; Pernilla Tidåker; Marcus Hedblom; Thomas Kätterer; Håkan Marstorp; Per Berg; Tom Eriksson; Jan Bengtsson. Lawn as a cultural and ecological phenomenon: A conceptual framework for transdisciplinary research. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2015, 14, 383 -387.

AMA Style

Maria Ignatieva, Karin Ahrné, Jörgen Wissman, Tuula Eriksson, Pernilla Tidåker, Marcus Hedblom, Thomas Kätterer, Håkan Marstorp, Per Berg, Tom Eriksson, Jan Bengtsson. Lawn as a cultural and ecological phenomenon: A conceptual framework for transdisciplinary research. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2015; 14 (2):383-387.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Ignatieva; Karin Ahrné; Jörgen Wissman; Tuula Eriksson; Pernilla Tidåker; Marcus Hedblom; Thomas Kätterer; Håkan Marstorp; Per Berg; Tom Eriksson; Jan Bengtsson. 2015. "Lawn as a cultural and ecological phenomenon: A conceptual framework for transdisciplinary research." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14, no. 2: 383-387.

Book chapter
Published: 05 September 2013 in Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities
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Urbanization destroys or modifies native habitats and creates new ones with its infrastructure. Because of these changes, urban landscapes favor non-native and native species that are generalists. Nevertheless, cities reveal a great variety of habitats and species, and, especially in temperate cities, the diversity of vascular plants and birds can be higher than in the surrounding landscapes. The actual occurrence of a species, however, depends on habitat availability and quality, the spatial arrangements of habitats, species pools, a species’ adaptability and natural history, and site history. In addition, cities are particularly human-made ecological systems. Top-down and bottom-up activities of planners, land managers, and citizens create the urban biodiversity in general and in detail. Plants and animals in cities are the everyday life contact with nature of the most humans on our earth. The intrinsic interplay of social and ecological systems with a city often forms unique biotic assemblages inherent to that city. To support native biodiversity, landscape architects, conservation biologists, and other groups are linking landscape design with ecosystem structure and function to create and restore habitats and reintroduce native species in cities.

ACS Style

Norbert Müller; Maria Ignatieva; Charles H. Nilon; Peter Werner; Wayne C. Zipperer. Patterns and Trends in Urban Biodiversity and Landscape Design. Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities 2013, 123 -174.

AMA Style

Norbert Müller, Maria Ignatieva, Charles H. Nilon, Peter Werner, Wayne C. Zipperer. Patterns and Trends in Urban Biodiversity and Landscape Design. Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities. 2013; ():123-174.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Norbert Müller; Maria Ignatieva; Charles H. Nilon; Peter Werner; Wayne C. Zipperer. 2013. "Patterns and Trends in Urban Biodiversity and Landscape Design." Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities , no. : 123-174.

Journal article
Published: 09 April 2013 in JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
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Modern urban green infrastructures are following globalisation trends and contribute to homogenization at all levels of green areas from the master plan to the finest scale. We discuss the place and role of three principal urban living spaces, the “skeleton” of green infrastructures: lawns, green walls and green roofs. This “trio” of modern GI elements provide significant ecosystem services, it contributes to biodiversity and social values; and have environmental and economic impact. The main goal of our approach to sustainable GI is to introduce a new landscape architecture style – biodiversinesque – as an alternative to the existing global homogenised picturesque-gardenesque. This new approach will combine the best achievements of innovative and alternative landscape design solutions (biodiverse lawns, pictorial meadows, walls and green roofs) and implement them on three major scales: city, intermediate neighborhood and the small biotope level.

ACS Style

Maria Ignatieva; Karin Ahrné. BIODIVERSE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: FROM “GREEN DESERT” OF LAWNS TO BIOPHILIC CITIES. JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 2013, 37, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Maria Ignatieva, Karin Ahrné. BIODIVERSE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: FROM “GREEN DESERT” OF LAWNS TO BIOPHILIC CITIES. JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM. 2013; 37 (1):1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Ignatieva; Karin Ahrné. 2013. "BIODIVERSE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: FROM “GREEN DESERT” OF LAWNS TO BIOPHILIC CITIES." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 37, no. 1: 1-9.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2012 in GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY
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Today in Russia, much attention is given to research and practical identification of the cultural landscape (CL) stability parameters that define its dependency on the character of the territorial land use. As a rule, these are projects of territorial and landscape planning (LP) aimed at assessment of stability of the CL depending on the conditions of the social and natural environment, on the level of changes of its components, and on the direct relation with the nature and the type of natural resources management. This approach defines most fully conditions and the level of impact on the landscape.The paper discusses the main types of natural resource management of the CL. Residential areas are the most complex and multifunctional types of natural resource management. They are of the greatest interest to the research as an object of “co-creation of man and nature” [Sochava, 1978]. This is determined by an important role of residential areas with their infrastructure as a landscape reshaping element that influences the functioning and structure of the CL. Cities, suburbs and towns, as human environment, require a special attention in order to achieve an environmentally friendly and sustainable landscape.In the concept of LP, much attention is given to assessment of the natural components of the CL. As a rule, assessment of soil, climate (atmosphere), water, and landscape sensitivity and significance is conducted [Drozdov, 2006]. The selection of assessment criteria varies depending on the natural resource management type. Obtained results are compared with parameters that are indicative for or specific to naturally occurring landscape. The crisis of environmental components makes LP the vitally necessary management instrument. The goals of landscape planning are broadly formulated—landscape planning should cover the entire territory of the country, should consider both natural and socio-economic factors, and should develop measures to prevent and control impacts on the landscape.

ACS Style

Elena Golubeva; Maria Ignatieva; Tatiana Korol; Valentina Toporina. ECO-GEOGRAPHICAL APPROACH TO INVESTIGATION OF STABILITY OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE. GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 2012, 5, 63 -83.

AMA Style

Elena Golubeva, Maria Ignatieva, Tatiana Korol, Valentina Toporina. ECO-GEOGRAPHICAL APPROACH TO INVESTIGATION OF STABILITY OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE. GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY. 2012; 5 (4):63-83.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elena Golubeva; Maria Ignatieva; Tatiana Korol; Valentina Toporina. 2012. "ECO-GEOGRAPHICAL APPROACH TO INVESTIGATION OF STABILITY OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 5, no. 4: 63-83.

Book chapter
Published: 13 September 2011 in Applied Urban Ecology
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This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The beginning of plant material globalization Victorian Gardenesque (1820–1880) Influence of the Victorian garden on the global planting pattern Victorian tropical and subtropical paradise Modern nurseries' direction: global pool of plants Innovative solutions: searching for new ecological planting design Discussion and conclusion Acknowledgments References

ACS Style

Maria Ignatieva. Plant Material for Urban Landscapes in the Era of Globalization: Roots, Challenges and Innovative Solutions. Applied Urban Ecology 2011, 139 -151.

AMA Style

Maria Ignatieva. Plant Material for Urban Landscapes in the Era of Globalization: Roots, Challenges and Innovative Solutions. Applied Urban Ecology. 2011; ():139-151.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Ignatieva. 2011. "Plant Material for Urban Landscapes in the Era of Globalization: Roots, Challenges and Innovative Solutions." Applied Urban Ecology , no. : 139-151.

Book chapter
Published: 18 August 2011 in Plants and Habitats of European Cities
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Peter the Great initiated a gigantic experiment to change an inhospitable natural wetland landscape into a major city and port by the construction of drainage canals and buildings, the spreading of fertile soil and the planting of millions of broad-leaved trees. During Soviet times the city was surrounded by high-rise ­apartment blocks. The city is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The historic parks and gardens have the highest plant biodiversity of all the urban biotopes in the central areas although the most common biotopes are associated with walls, buildings and embankments. There are six protected areas (2,150 ha) comprising unique native habitats and which contain the most rare species and “pure” undisturbed examples of natural habitats. The recent shift to a market economy and the consequential increase in air pollution has seen a decrease in lichen biodiversity and degradation of urban soils. The shift has also resulted in the sub-urbanisation of the city caused by a change in emphasis from public green space in the Soviet era to the large private gardens of affluent people. St. Petersburg is following international trends in landscape design; all the plant material for new public and private sectors is sourced from ‘western’ nurseries and based mainly on non-native, fashionable “global” taxa, as a consequence the urban flora is also becoming standardised.

ACS Style

Maria Ignatieva; Galina Konechnaya; Glenn Stewart. St. Petersburg. Plants and Habitats of European Cities 2011, 407 -452.

AMA Style

Maria Ignatieva, Galina Konechnaya, Glenn Stewart. St. Petersburg. Plants and Habitats of European Cities. 2011; ():407-452.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Ignatieva; Galina Konechnaya; Glenn Stewart. 2011. "St. Petersburg." Plants and Habitats of European Cities , no. : 407-452.

Journal article
Published: 29 December 2010 in Landscape and Ecological Engineering
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Urban ecological networks are defined differently in ecology, urban planning and landscape ecology, but they all have linearity and linkage in common. Early urban representations evolved from the constraints of deep ecological structure in the landscape to built elements that must work around natural linear obstacles—rivers, coastlines, dunes, cliffs, hills and valley swamps. Village commons were linked by roads. The Industrial Revolution led to accelerating urban growth, where the role of open space focussed on public health and transport. The Renaissance, Baroque and Picturesque movements accentuated networks in wooded parks, boulevards and sweeping riverine vistas. These provided a new aesthetic and sense of grandeur in the urban centres of European empires and later their colonies. Grafted onto this visual connectivity has been an awakened ecological understanding of spatial dynamics. The emergent notion of ecological corridor functionality provided support for green linear features, although initially this was based on untested theory. The idea of organisms moving along green highways seemed logical, but only recently has unequivocal empirical evidence emerged that demonstrates this functionality. Nevertheless, the main role of corridors may be to provide habitat rather than to act as connectors of nodal habitats. Most organisms can utilise stepping stones, and these may accommodate desired meta-populations while deterring pest movement. Swale drains and treatment wetlands provide riparian services and serve as biodiversity corridors. However, to most people the obvious function is visual—providing green fingers through what would otherwise be urban grey. The health benefits of these are have been demonstrated to be psychological as much as biophysical.

ACS Style

Maria IgnatievaGlenn; Glenn H. Stewart; Colin Meurk. Planning and design of ecological networks in urban areas. Landscape and Ecological Engineering 2010, 7, 17 -25.

AMA Style

Maria IgnatievaGlenn, Glenn H. Stewart, Colin Meurk. Planning and design of ecological networks in urban areas. Landscape and Ecological Engineering. 2010; 7 (1):17-25.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria IgnatievaGlenn; Glenn H. Stewart; Colin Meurk. 2010. "Planning and design of ecological networks in urban areas." Landscape and Ecological Engineering 7, no. 1: 17-25.