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Route scheduling is crucial for uninterrupted operation of modern bus fleets consisting of electric buses. This paper proposes an exact route scheduling optimization model for centralized bus depots based on mixed integer linear programming. In order to adjust to the current situation at many electric bus depots, the model considers a heterogeneous fleet consisting of multiple types of electric buses with different battery capacities. With additional charging scheduling the model can minimize the number of buses charging simultaneously which directly leads to load peak reduction. This allows considering further parameters, such as for example the grid capacity limit. The model can be used to minimize the necessary number of buses, to define the optimum composition of the fleet as well as to minimize the total cost of the fleet. The results show a clear cost advantage of operating a heterogeneous fleet as well as the benefits of combined route- and charging scheduling. Timetables from five real depots from the city of Hamburg in Germany were used as examples in this paper. Analysis of the proposed model using real data can provide a valuable input to other transportation companies preparing for the electrification of their fleet.
Amra Jahic; Maik Plenz; Mina Eskander; Detlef Schulz. Route scheduling for centralized electric bus depots. IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems 2021, 2, 1 -1.
AMA StyleAmra Jahic, Maik Plenz, Mina Eskander, Detlef Schulz. Route scheduling for centralized electric bus depots. IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems. 2021; 2 ():1-1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmra Jahic; Maik Plenz; Mina Eskander; Detlef Schulz. 2021. "Route scheduling for centralized electric bus depots." IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems 2, no. : 1-1.
With increasing interest in clean energy generation in the transportation sector, increasing attention has been given to polymer-electrolyte-membrane fuel cells as viable power sources. One issue, the widespread application of this technology faces, is the insufficient knowledge regarding the transient behaviour of fuel cells, for instance, following a short-circuit event. In this paper, an agglomerate model is presented and validated, which enables the transient simulation of short-circuit events to predict the resulting peak current and discharge of the double layer capacity. The model allows for the incorporation of detailed morphological and compositional information regarding all fuel cell components. This information is used to calculate the reaction rate, diffusional and convectional species transfer, and the momentum transport. It can be shown that the charge in the double layer capacitance of the fuel cell is key to predicting the peak current and its charge is dependent on the operating conditions of the fuel cell. Further, the effects of the magnitude of the double layer capacity, current rise time and stoichiometry on the dynamic behaviour of the fuel cell are investigated. It can be shown that the discharge of the double layer capacity proceeds from the membrane through the catalyst layer to the gas diffusion layer and that the stoichiometry of the gas supply does not significantly change the absolute peak value of the short-circuit current.
Carsten Cosse; Marc Schumann; Florian Grumm; Daniel Becker; Detlef Schulz. Numerical Investigation of PEMFC Short-Circuit Behaviour Using an Agglomerate Model Approach. Energies 2020, 13, 4108 .
AMA StyleCarsten Cosse, Marc Schumann, Florian Grumm, Daniel Becker, Detlef Schulz. Numerical Investigation of PEMFC Short-Circuit Behaviour Using an Agglomerate Model Approach. Energies. 2020; 13 (16):4108.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarsten Cosse; Marc Schumann; Florian Grumm; Daniel Becker; Detlef Schulz. 2020. "Numerical Investigation of PEMFC Short-Circuit Behaviour Using an Agglomerate Model Approach." Energies 13, no. 16: 4108.
One of the essential parameters to measure the stability and power-quality of an energy grid is the network impedance. Including distinct resonances which may also vary over time due to changing load or generation conditions in a network, the frequency characteristic of the impedance is an import part to analyse. The determination and analysis of the impedance go hand in hand with a massive amount of data output. The reduction of this high-resolution voltage and current datasets, while maintaining the fidelity of important information, is the main focus of this paper. The presented approach takes measured impedance datasets and a set of lossy compression procedures, to monitor the performance success with known key metrics. Afterwards, it continually compares the results of various lossy compression techniques. The innovative contribution is the combination of new and existing procedures as well as metrics in one approach, to reduce the size of the impedance datasets for the first time. The approach needs to be efficient, suitable, and exact, otherwise the decompression results are useless.
Maik Plenz; Marc Florian Meyer; Florian Grumm; Daniel Becker; Detlef Schulz; Malcom McCulloch. Impact of Lossy Compression Techniques on the Impedance Determination. Energies 2020, 13, 3661 .
AMA StyleMaik Plenz, Marc Florian Meyer, Florian Grumm, Daniel Becker, Detlef Schulz, Malcom McCulloch. Impact of Lossy Compression Techniques on the Impedance Determination. Energies. 2020; 13 (14):3661.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaik Plenz; Marc Florian Meyer; Florian Grumm; Daniel Becker; Detlef Schulz; Malcom McCulloch. 2020. "Impact of Lossy Compression Techniques on the Impedance Determination." Energies 13, no. 14: 3661.
The reduction of greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions is a major issue in modern society. Therefore, environmentally friendly technologies like fuel cells should replace conventional energy generation plants. Today, fuel cells are used in households for CHP (combined heat and power) applications, for emergency power supply in many stationary applications and for the power supply of cars, buses and ships and emergency power supply of aircrafts. A significant challenge is the optimal electrical grid integration and selection of the appropriate grid protection mechanism for fuel cell applications. For this, the short circuit capability and behavior needs to be known. This paper gives a mathematical estimation of the short circuit behavior of fuel cells. Five main transient and dynamic phenomena are investigated. The impact of the main transient effect for the provision of additional short circuit energy is simulated, and the simulation is experimentally validated. For this purpose, a 25 c m 2 single cell consisting of a NafionTM 212 membrane and carbon cloth electrodes with a catalyst loading of 0 . 5 m g / c m 2 Pt is analyzed. The magnitude of the transient short circuit current depends on the operating point right before the short circuit occurs, whereas the stationary short circuit current of fuel cells is invariably about twice the operational current. Based on these results, a novel fuel cell model for the estimation of the short circuit behavior is proposed.
Florian Grumm; Marc Schumann; Carsten Cosse; Maik Plenz; Arno Lücken; Detlef Schulz. Short Circuit Characteristics of PEM Fuel Cells for Grid Integration Applications. Electronics 2020, 9, 602 .
AMA StyleFlorian Grumm, Marc Schumann, Carsten Cosse, Maik Plenz, Arno Lücken, Detlef Schulz. Short Circuit Characteristics of PEM Fuel Cells for Grid Integration Applications. Electronics. 2020; 9 (4):602.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlorian Grumm; Marc Schumann; Carsten Cosse; Maik Plenz; Arno Lücken; Detlef Schulz. 2020. "Short Circuit Characteristics of PEM Fuel Cells for Grid Integration Applications." Electronics 9, no. 4: 602.
The encoding of high-resolution energy profile datasets from end-users generated by smart electricity meters while maintaining the fidelity of relevant information seems to be one of the backbones of smart electrical markets. In the end-user sphere of smart grids, specific load curves of households can easily be utilized to aggregate detailed information about customer’s daily activities, which would be attractive for cyber attacks. Based on a dataset measured by a smart meter installed in a German household, this paper integrates two complementary approaches to encrypt load profile datasets. On the one hand, the paper explains an integration of a lossy compression and classification technique, which is usable for individual energy consumption profiles of households. On the other hand, a perturbation approach with the Gaussian distribution is used to enhance the safety of a large amount of privacy profiles. By this complete workflow, involving the compression and perturbation, the developed framework sufficiently cut off the chance of de-noising attacks on private data and implement an additional, easy-to-handle layer of data security.
Maik Plenz; Chaoyu Dong; Florian Grumm; Marc Florian Meyer; Marc Schumann; Malcom McCulloch; Hongjie Jia; Detlef Schulz. Framework Integrating Lossy Compression and Perturbation for the Case of Smart Meter Privacy. Electronics 2020, 9, 465 .
AMA StyleMaik Plenz, Chaoyu Dong, Florian Grumm, Marc Florian Meyer, Marc Schumann, Malcom McCulloch, Hongjie Jia, Detlef Schulz. Framework Integrating Lossy Compression and Perturbation for the Case of Smart Meter Privacy. Electronics. 2020; 9 (3):465.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaik Plenz; Chaoyu Dong; Florian Grumm; Marc Florian Meyer; Marc Schumann; Malcom McCulloch; Hongjie Jia; Detlef Schulz. 2020. "Framework Integrating Lossy Compression and Perturbation for the Case of Smart Meter Privacy." Electronics 9, no. 3: 465.
The city of Hamburg has decided to electrify its bus fleets. The two public transportation companies in this city expect to operate up to 1500 buses by 2030. In order to accomplish this ambitious goal, both companies need to build an appropriate charging infrastructure. They have both decided to implement the centralized depot charging concept. Buses can therefore charge only at the depot and do not have the possibility for opportunity charging at intermediate stations. The load profile of such a bus depot is highly dependent on the charging schedule of buses. Without an intelligent scheduling system, the buses charge on demand as soon as they arrive to the depot. This can lead to an unevenly distributed load profile with high load peaks, which is problematic for the local grid as well as for the equipment dimensioning at the depot. Charging scheduling on large-scale bus depots is a relatively new and poorly researched topic. This paper addresses the issue and proposes two algorithms for charging scheduling on large-scale bus depots with the goal to minimize the peak load. The schedules created with the proposed algorithms were both tested and validated in the Bus Depot Simulator, a cosimulation platform used for bus depot simulations.
Amra Jahic; Mina Eskander; Detlef Schulz. Charging Schedule for Load Peak Minimization on Large-Scale Electric Bus Depots. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 1748 .
AMA StyleAmra Jahic, Mina Eskander, Detlef Schulz. Charging Schedule for Load Peak Minimization on Large-Scale Electric Bus Depots. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (9):1748.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmra Jahic; Mina Eskander; Detlef Schulz. 2019. "Charging Schedule for Load Peak Minimization on Large-Scale Electric Bus Depots." Applied Sciences 9, no. 9: 1748.
The aviation industry pursues the integration of fuel cells to reduce pollutant emissions. Their connection to the on-board power supply leads to new requirements for electrical grid protection. The limited short-circuit current of a weight-optimized fuel cell system cannot trip a standard fuse. Hence, in this article, a new protection device is developed as an under/over voltage primary protection. The proposed device consists of three basic elements: relay, differential amplifier, current source. This article includes a detailed description of the protections design process, that includes a requirement analysis, a detailed robustness consideration, and an experimental validation of a developed prototype.
Florian Grumm; Jens Storjohann; Arno Lucken; Marc Florian Meyer; Marc Schumann; Detlef Schulz. Robust Primary Protection Device for Weight-Optimized PEM Fuel Cell Systems in High-Voltage DC Power Systems of Aircraft. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2018, 66, 5748 -5758.
AMA StyleFlorian Grumm, Jens Storjohann, Arno Lucken, Marc Florian Meyer, Marc Schumann, Detlef Schulz. Robust Primary Protection Device for Weight-Optimized PEM Fuel Cell Systems in High-Voltage DC Power Systems of Aircraft. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2018; 66 (7):5748-5758.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlorian Grumm; Jens Storjohann; Arno Lucken; Marc Florian Meyer; Marc Schumann; Detlef Schulz. 2018. "Robust Primary Protection Device for Weight-Optimized PEM Fuel Cell Systems in High-Voltage DC Power Systems of Aircraft." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 66, no. 7: 5748-5758.
The large scale integration of photovoltaic systems into the low voltage distribution grid changes the short-circuit conditions. The aim of this work is to analyse and determine the influence of inverters on the short circuit conditions. For this purpose a reference network of structurally weak areas is set up and a method to calculate the contribution of photovoltaic systems is derived.
Florian Grumm; Maik Plenz; Marc Florian Meyer; Michael Jordan; Gesa Kaatz; Detlef Schulz. Influence of PV-Systems on Short-Circuit Currents in Low-Voltage Distribution Grids in Structurally Weak Areas. 2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe) 2018, 1 -6.
AMA StyleFlorian Grumm, Maik Plenz, Marc Florian Meyer, Michael Jordan, Gesa Kaatz, Detlef Schulz. Influence of PV-Systems on Short-Circuit Currents in Low-Voltage Distribution Grids in Structurally Weak Areas. 2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe). 2018; ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlorian Grumm; Maik Plenz; Marc Florian Meyer; Michael Jordan; Gesa Kaatz; Detlef Schulz. 2018. "Influence of PV-Systems on Short-Circuit Currents in Low-Voltage Distribution Grids in Structurally Weak Areas." 2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe) , no. : 1-6.
Besides aircraft safety, reducing weight is one major objective of aircraft system development. Aircraft weight reduction is an essential contributor to minimizing aircraft fuel consumption and direct operating costs. Various investigations to lower the weight of the electrical system have been performed and some been put in place. Specific approaches are based on an effective Power Management function to optimize the weight of that part of the electrical system, which supplies non-flight relevant loads only. That part of the electrical system is also referred to as Cabin and Cargo electrical distribution system. In the scope of the optimization of the Cabin and Cargo power distribution system based on an effective Power Management function, the question of how far distribution capacities can be reduced had continually been raised. An answer to that question based on a newly introduced Mean Time Between Under-Capacities allows dimensioning the Cabin and Cargo electrical power distribution system based on the actual power demand of loads during flights. This paper describes an extension of this method to a flight-phase-dependent approach using mission-based fault tree analysis and so allowing for further weight reduction when optimizing the electrical network.
Torben Schroter; Detlef Schulz. Power management on aircraft: Flight-phase-dependent network design for electrical networks with limited resources. 2017 2nd International Conference on System Reliability and Safety (ICSRS) 2017, 360 -367.
AMA StyleTorben Schroter, Detlef Schulz. Power management on aircraft: Flight-phase-dependent network design for electrical networks with limited resources. 2017 2nd International Conference on System Reliability and Safety (ICSRS). 2017; ():360-367.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTorben Schroter; Detlef Schulz. 2017. "Power management on aircraft: Flight-phase-dependent network design for electrical networks with limited resources." 2017 2nd International Conference on System Reliability and Safety (ICSRS) , no. : 360-367.
The increasing share of distributed generation (DG) offers new chances in grid restoration of low-voltage distribution grids. Instead of relying on the transmission or high- and medium-voltage levels, establishing islanding operation in low-voltage grids might be a good option after a wide-area voltage collapse. This paper proposes a restoration strategy from zero voltage conditions for inverter-interfaced DG under islanded conditions. In the approach, a flexible and scalable Master DG inverter concept is introduced for distributed generations, where no communication is needed and an outage of the Master can be balanced by other DG inverters. The control strategy ensures the tracking of nominal values of the system voltage and frequency without zero steady-state error. The influences of non-controllable DG are also taken into account in the strategy with an effective countermeasure developed. Experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Markus Dietmannsberger; Xiongfei Wang; Frede Blaabjerg; Detlef Schulz. Restoration of Low-Voltage Distribution Systems With Inverter-Interfaced DG Units. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2017, 54, 5377 -5386.
AMA StyleMarkus Dietmannsberger, Xiongfei Wang, Frede Blaabjerg, Detlef Schulz. Restoration of Low-Voltage Distribution Systems With Inverter-Interfaced DG Units. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2017; 54 (5):5377-5386.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarkus Dietmannsberger; Xiongfei Wang; Frede Blaabjerg; Detlef Schulz. 2017. "Restoration of Low-Voltage Distribution Systems With Inverter-Interfaced DG Units." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 54, no. 5: 5377-5386.
Hamburg als dicht besiedelter Ballungsraum ist ein Nettoimporteur von Strom. Im Jahr 2014 z. B. wurden in Hamburg insgesamt 12,4 TWh Elektrizität verbraucht, aber nur 3 TWh innerhalb der Stadtgrenzen produziert. Die beste Option für den Klimaschutz in der Energieerzeugung ist die Vermeidung von Treibhausgasen durch Nutzung erneuerbarer Quellen, wenn der Strom auch lokal verbraucht und in Zeiten geringen erneuerbaren Angebots nicht durch emissionsintensive Kraftwerke substituiert wird. Der Anteil von erneuerbaren Energien in der FHH am Primärenergieverbrauch lag 2012 mit 4,7 % deutlich unter dem Bundesdurchschnitt von 10,3 %. Noch deutlicher ist die Differenz bei der Stromerzeugung. Während in der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (FHH) 2,9 % des Bruttostromverbrauchs durch erneuerbare Energien gedeckt werden konnten, waren dies bundesweit bereits 23,7 % (Umweltbundesamt 2015). Der primäre Grund hierfür ist die für Stadtstaaten typische Flächenknappheit. Eine ausführliche Betrachtung der unterschiedlichen Kraftwerkstypen sowie die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf diese findet sich in ▶ Abschn. 9.2.
Detlef Schulz; Thomas Weiß. Technischer Klimaschutz. Hamburger Klimabericht – Wissen über Klima, Klimawandel und Auswirkungen in Hamburg und Norddeutschland 2017, 283 -291.
AMA StyleDetlef Schulz, Thomas Weiß. Technischer Klimaschutz. Hamburger Klimabericht – Wissen über Klima, Klimawandel und Auswirkungen in Hamburg und Norddeutschland. 2017; ():283-291.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDetlef Schulz; Thomas Weiß. 2017. "Technischer Klimaschutz." Hamburger Klimabericht – Wissen über Klima, Klimawandel und Auswirkungen in Hamburg und Norddeutschland , no. : 283-291.
Munira Halimjanova; Gesa Kaatz; Marc Florian Meyer; Klaus-Dieter Dettmann; Detlef Schulz; Florian Grumm. WAYS TO INCREASE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE POWER SYSTEM USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN. Ecosystems and Sustainable Development XI 2017, 1, 57 -65.
AMA StyleMunira Halimjanova, Gesa Kaatz, Marc Florian Meyer, Klaus-Dieter Dettmann, Detlef Schulz, Florian Grumm. WAYS TO INCREASE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE POWER SYSTEM USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN. Ecosystems and Sustainable Development XI. 2017; 1 ():57-65.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMunira Halimjanova; Gesa Kaatz; Marc Florian Meyer; Klaus-Dieter Dettmann; Detlef Schulz; Florian Grumm. 2017. "WAYS TO INCREASE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE POWER SYSTEM USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN." Ecosystems and Sustainable Development XI 1, no. : 57-65.
Emergency power supplies are mainly used to protect critical infrastructure in case of blackouts. For ordinary population, there are hardly any investigations on usability of different technologies for emergency power supply systems. This paper provides a detailed analysis on which requirements are relevant for laymen usage of emergency power supplies. Furthermore, a method which combines these requirements is used to evaluate a variety of technologies based on the presented criteria and to compare their individual suitability. Advantages and disadvantages of all the examined technologies are provided. With this, a quick evaluation of different technologies with respect to small scale systems is possible. As all requirements are addressed, this helps the reader to get a quite but differentiated overview. Finally, a benchmarking is presented for each criterion and each technology.
Lucas Lang; Markus Dietmannsberger; Detlef Schulz. Assessment of possible Technologies for Small Scale Emergency Power Supplies. NEIS Conference 2016 2017, 43 -49.
AMA StyleLucas Lang, Markus Dietmannsberger, Detlef Schulz. Assessment of possible Technologies for Small Scale Emergency Power Supplies. NEIS Conference 2016. 2017; ():43-49.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLucas Lang; Markus Dietmannsberger; Detlef Schulz. 2017. "Assessment of possible Technologies for Small Scale Emergency Power Supplies." NEIS Conference 2016 , no. : 43-49.
In the future, the provision of ancillary services in low-voltage grids will become more and more important. Low-voltage ride-through capability has been a requirement in medium- and high-voltage grids but will become mandatory even in low-voltage grids. There may be conflicts with existing requirements such as anti-islanding detection. This paper proposes a method that allows for both low-voltage ride-through capability and anti-islanding protection to be implemented simultaneously in three-phase inverters connected to low-voltage grids. This method uses constant voltage and frequency monitoring and reacts according to the relevant specific requirements. With the proposed method, inverters can contribute to system stability without the risk of unintentional islanding operation. The implementation of low-voltage ride-through capability is shown to even facilitate the detection of islanded grids. To prove the merit of this proposal, a model for a three-phase inverter is developed, which incorporates the proposed method and is successfully tested both in simulation and in experiments in the laboratory.
Markus Dietmannsberger; Florian Grumm; Detlef Schulz. Simultaneous Implementation of LVRT Capability and Anti-Islanding Detection in Three-Phase Inverters Connected to Low-Voltage Grids. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 2017, 32, 505 -515.
AMA StyleMarkus Dietmannsberger, Florian Grumm, Detlef Schulz. Simultaneous Implementation of LVRT Capability and Anti-Islanding Detection in Three-Phase Inverters Connected to Low-Voltage Grids. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 2017; 32 (2):505-515.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarkus Dietmannsberger; Florian Grumm; Detlef Schulz. 2017. "Simultaneous Implementation of LVRT Capability and Anti-Islanding Detection in Three-Phase Inverters Connected to Low-Voltage Grids." IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 32, no. 2: 505-515.
In this article applications of solid state switches at medium- and high-voltage-level are presented. The switches have been developed to excite grid connection point with pulsed current signals in order to identify the frequency characteristic of the internal network impedance. Further on these switches can be used as switching nodes to change different grid structures as well as remote controlled load switches within a smart grid. Both switches are designed to control DC voltages. With modification however for example in an anti-serial setup they can also be applied at AC power grids.
Thanh Trung Do; Michael Jordan; Hauke Langkowski; Detlef Schulz. Solid state switches for applications at medium- and high-voltage-level. 2017 11th IEEE International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering (CPE-POWERENG) 2017, 276 -281.
AMA StyleThanh Trung Do, Michael Jordan, Hauke Langkowski, Detlef Schulz. Solid state switches for applications at medium- and high-voltage-level. 2017 11th IEEE International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering (CPE-POWERENG). 2017; ():276-281.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThanh Trung Do; Michael Jordan; Hauke Langkowski; Detlef Schulz. 2017. "Solid state switches for applications at medium- and high-voltage-level." 2017 11th IEEE International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering (CPE-POWERENG) , no. : 276-281.
Detlef Schulz. NEIS Conference 2016. NEIS Conference 2016 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleDetlef Schulz. NEIS Conference 2016. NEIS Conference 2016. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDetlef Schulz. 2017. "NEIS Conference 2016." NEIS Conference 2016 , no. : 1.
Nur mit einer zuverlässigen und wirtschaftlichen elektrischen Energieversorgung ist eine nachhaltige gesellschaftliche Entwicklung von Industrienationen möglich. Gleichzeitig muss diese selbst so nachhaltig, d. h. umweltverträglich gestaltet werden, dass auch zukünftige Generationen nicht in ihrer Entfaltung behindert werden. Eine versorgungssichere, wirtschaftliche und umweltverträgliche Energiebereitstellung ergibt sich nicht zwingend allein aus einer technisch evolutionären Entwicklung und ist auch bis heute nicht ausschließlich nur mit einer der bekannten Wandlungstechnologien nachweislich realisierbar. Daher wird die Energieversorgung insgesamt, wegen ihrer gesellschaftlichen Relevanz jedoch insbesondere die elektrische Energieversorgung, durch politische Steuerungsinstrumente und Gesetzgebung gelenkt. Dazu gehören neben dem Energiewirtschaftsgesetz das Stromeinspeisungsgesetz, europäische Richtlinien, das Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz sowie verschiedene weitere Instrumente zur Regulierung und Setzung von Investitionsanreizen.
Dr.-Ing. Habil. Detlef Schulz. Elektrische Energieversorgung. Handbuch Elektrotechnik 2016, 1009 -1074.
AMA StyleDr.-Ing. Habil. Detlef Schulz. Elektrische Energieversorgung. Handbuch Elektrotechnik. 2016; ():1009-1074.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDr.-Ing. Habil. Detlef Schulz. 2016. "Elektrische Energieversorgung." Handbuch Elektrotechnik , no. : 1009-1074.
The amount of ancillary services provided in the low voltage (LV) grids increased in the past. Active power reduction due to over frequency and the allocation of reactive power are the most common ones including loss of mains detection. In the future, additional requirements will be necessary for generators connected to LV grids: fault-ride-through capability (FRT). But this contradicts the terms of loss of mains or anti-islanding-detection (AID). AID uses the event of voltage drops to trip the inverter and thus shuts down islands. Hence there is a potential danger that stabilizing the grid with FRT causes the AID to become ineffective. In this paper, a detailed analysis is made on that challenge. A possible solution is presented that enables a conjoint implementation of both FRT and AID. Its advantages and drawbacks are discussed in detail. For validation purposes, a model for a three phase inverter is developed which includes the proposed algorithm. It is successfully tested in simulation.
Markus Dietmannsberger; Detlef Schulz. Compatibility of fault-ride-through capability and anti-islanding-detection in inverters connected to low voltage distribution grids. IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society 2016, 7010 -7015.
AMA StyleMarkus Dietmannsberger, Detlef Schulz. Compatibility of fault-ride-through capability and anti-islanding-detection in inverters connected to low voltage distribution grids. IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. 2016; ():7010-7015.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarkus Dietmannsberger; Detlef Schulz. 2016. "Compatibility of fault-ride-through capability and anti-islanding-detection in inverters connected to low voltage distribution grids." IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society , no. : 7010-7015.
According to system indicators characterizing low usage efficiency of fuel and energy resources and the level of energy availability in Tajikistan, the...
M. Halimjanova; D. Schulz; K.-D. Dettmann; A. Akhrorova. Energy efficiency in the context of energy availability in the Republic of Tajikistan. Energy Production and Management in the 21st Century II: The Quest for Sustainable Energy 2016, 205, 115 -123.
AMA StyleM. Halimjanova, D. Schulz, K.-D. Dettmann, A. Akhrorova. Energy efficiency in the context of energy availability in the Republic of Tajikistan. Energy Production and Management in the 21st Century II: The Quest for Sustainable Energy. 2016; 205 ():115-123.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Halimjanova; D. Schulz; K.-D. Dettmann; A. Akhrorova. 2016. "Energy efficiency in the context of energy availability in the Republic of Tajikistan." Energy Production and Management in the 21st Century II: The Quest for Sustainable Energy 205, no. : 115-123.
Unintentional islanding is a well known problem for distributed generation units. Due to several hazards, grid-codes regarding anti-islanding-detection have been introduced and adapted in the near past. Those standards have been implemented with respect to parallel RLC load behaviour, which is assumed to represent worst-case conditions. But today, more and more loads do not show a linear behaviour any more. In fact, switch-mode power supplies are applied especially in consumer products connected to the low voltage grid. In this paper, the behaviour of non-linear loads is scrutinized by using IEEE standards and synthetic models representing a broad variety of different loads. It was found, that load composition influences the operating voltage in islanded grids and thus has a direct effect on the effectiveness of anti-islanding-detection. The results of the investigation show, that with an increasing share of non-linear loads the NDZ is reduced i.e. effectiveness of anti-islanding-detection is increased and in turn stable control in intended islanding is becoming more complicated. The findings indicate that the changes in low voltage load composition should be considered, when grid codes are revised in the future.
Markus Dietmannsberger; Detlef Schulz. Different load types and their effect on islanding detection and control in low voltage grids. 2016 10th International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering (CPE-POWERENG) 2016, 222 -227.
AMA StyleMarkus Dietmannsberger, Detlef Schulz. Different load types and their effect on islanding detection and control in low voltage grids. 2016 10th International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering (CPE-POWERENG). 2016; ():222-227.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarkus Dietmannsberger; Detlef Schulz. 2016. "Different load types and their effect on islanding detection and control in low voltage grids." 2016 10th International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering (CPE-POWERENG) , no. : 222-227.