This study proposed a structural model capturing the exhibitor’s internal resources, a trade show (TS) outputs and domestic market and international export performance derived from the conceptual framework underpinning the resource-based theory. Longitudinal analysis is applied to determine how TS output affects market performance over time after the conclusion of the TS. The results showed that the exhibitor’s resources partially affected TS output and market performance and that TS output influenced market performance differently over time after the TS ended. By providing a better understanding of market performance in a TS context, this paper enriches research on TS issues.

Green marketing in the hotel industry is no longer just an option. As awareness of environmental issues has increased, more consumers have began to prefer eco-friendly products, the so-called “green option” in relation to their behavioral intentions despite higher cost. Previous literatures focused on the relationship from green marketing to value, belief, and norm separately. However, this research applied green marketing to VBN simultaneously. The purpose of the study is to clarify whether hotels’ green marketing activities have a significant effect on the actual behavioral intentions and decision making. The eleven 5-star hotels located in Seoul, South Korea were selected for the survey. The survey was via online due to COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) from August 15, 2020 to August 30, 2020. A total of 318 responses were used for analysis. This study conducted an empirical analysis using SPSS 22 and Amos 22. The result shows that hotels’ green marketing has a positive impact via the VBN theory at large, though the relationships from recycling to norm and pro-environmental programs to value are less significant. In other words, variables such as recycling and energy saving as they pertain to direct behavioral intentions influence hotel customers’ value and belief in psychological perspectives and indirect variables such as pro-environmental programs also influence customer’s belief and norm but not as significantly for value. The results of this study are expected to help us understand which attributes affect behavioral intentions, especially in the hotel industry which is conducting green marketing.

This study examined international students’ engagement in leisure activities using data derived from an integrated method and analyzed through acculturation and means-end chain approaches. A cluster analysis was conducted to identify acculturation types. An initial qualitative survey with 30 respondents produced the questionnaire items, and a quantitative survey to construct value maps was conducted targeting 415 respondents. The cluster analysis identified bicultural acceptance, heritage culture maintenance, and bicultural marginalization as distinct types that distinguish the acculturation level among international students. The results from three acculturation types indicate that the significant items and strong linkages between attribute-consequence and consequence-value at each level reflect the international students’ inner thoughts and ultimate value. Such strong associations provide value maps, which differ according to the acculturation types. Such findings present that availability of leisure services is necessary to better cater to the special interests of international students at different stages of acculturation. Given that international student mobility has increased substantially, relevant leisure professionals and organizations should understand that international students’ sustainable leisure engagement can only be achieved if attention is paid to cultural contexts.

Medizintourismus (auch Medizinreisen, Internationaler Patientenservice oder cross-border bzw. global health care) ist ein aktuelles Phänomen, das sowohl für den Medizin- als auch für den Tourismusbereich immer bedeutender wird. Beide Seiten versprechen sich eine Verbesserung der Reputation und des Images sowie mehr Einnahmen und Arbeitsplätze, aber auch verbesserte Leistungen für Patienten und für Touristen: Medizintourismus hilft, Lücken des heimatlichen Gesundheitswesens zu schließen und ermöglicht qualitativ bessere, günstigere bzw. schnellere Behandlungen im Ausland, teilweise mit Verfahren, die im Heimatland nicht – legal – angeboten werden. Im Tourismus erweitert er die Angebotspalette des Gastlandes und verbindet medizinische Behandlung und Genesung mit einem attraktiven Aufenthalt für Pa­tienten und deren Begleiter in einer touristischen Destination. Doch bei aller Popularität dieser neuen Reise- und Behandlungsformen gibt es Lücken im theoretisch-analytischen Bereich. Es wird der aktuelle Stand der Forschung aus Sicht der beiden Disziplinen Medizin und Tourismus aufgezeigt. Dies erfolgt methodisch in Form einer inter-disziplinären Betrachtung und basiert vorwiegend auf einem aktuellen Literaturüberblick. Es besteht ein hoher Forschungsbedarf für das Gebiet des Medizintourismus, wo mithilfe eines inter-disziplinären Ansatzes die Basis für theoretische und empirische Analysen zu entwickeln sind: Es fehlen klare theo­retische Abgrenzungen und Statistiken, um das wahre Ausmaß und die Nachhaltigkeit von touristischen und medizinischen Leistungen sowohl für die Gastländer wie für die Quellgebiete exakt zu erfassen. Im Medizinbereich sind die internen Abläufe an die Anforderungen Internationaler Patienten anzupassen, wie z. B. Gebührenordnung, Rechnungslegung, Sprache, inter-kulturelle Qualifikation des Personals. Zudem sind verstärkt die vor- und nachgelagerten Bereiche der gesamten medizinisch-touristischen Leistungskette zu betrachten, die zumeist im Ausland beginnen bzw. enden. Hier sind einheitliche Qualitäts-Standards und Akkreditierungen wichtige aktuelle Themen. Hinzu kommen zahlreiche sozio-kulturelle Auswirkungen, die zu untersuchen sind, wie z. B. Verschiebungen der Versorgungskapazitäten für einheimische Patienten und/oder moralisch-ethische Fragen bestimmter Behandlungsmethoden. Ferner kann es rechtliche Probleme des Haftungsrisikos bei Fehlbehandlungen geben. Medical tourism (or medical travel, international patient service, cross-border or global health care) is a new current phenomenon with increasing relevance for the two disciplines of medicine and tourism. Both sides hope to improve their reputation and image, as well as to increase their revenues and rate of employment; furthermore, they want to provide better care and service for patients and tourists: Medical tourism can close the gap of the health care system at home, providing better quality, quicker access and cheaper procedures abroad, also with treatments, not – legally – available in the sending country. For the tourism sector it broadens the variety of tourism products and supply of the host country and combines medical treatments and recovery with an attractive stay in a tourism destination for patients and their companions. But in spite of all popularity of this new type of tourism and treatment, there is quite a lack of theory and academic analysis. This article outlines the status quo of scientific research both from a medical and tourism point of view. This interdisciplinary method of approach is based mainly on a state-of-the art review of the current literature. There is a great need for more scientific research in the field of medical tourism, based on the common knowledge of both disciplines tourism and medicine. First there is neither an internationally agreed definition nor a common methodology for data collection. So the real impact of touristic and medical services both for the source and for the receiving countries is un­known and imprecise. Second the internal processes of the health system have to be adapted to the needs of international patients, e. g., medical fee schedule, billing, language, inter-cultural qualifications of the staff. Moreover the whole service chain has to be taken into account, especially the pre- and post-processes, which mostly start or end abroad. Here quality standards as well as accreditations are current issues. Furthermore, several sociocultural impacts need to be analysed, such as making health care less affordable for local patients and/or moral and ethical concerns about certain treatment methods. Another area concerns the legal questions of risk, liability and malpractice.

The study examined the comparative assessment of destination image according to the perception of COVID-19 and travel risk among international students. The online survey was administered to 786 international students enrolled in universities in Korea. Cluster analysis was performed, and three distinct clusters were identified based on risk perception. Destination image attributes were generated into four underlying dimensions: social environment, tourist environment, destination environment, and imagery, using the exploratory factor analysis. A revised Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) method was utilized to assess the destination image of Korea and used to compare the expected performance of the attributes on each cluster. In addition, a revised IPA grid of each cluster was presented to unveil the satisfaction attributes of the destination image and suggest communication strategies. This study provides practical insights to destination marketers and organizations to design marketing strategies for international students. Further practical and theoretical implications are discussed.