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Kiwon Lim
Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea

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Journal article
Published: 21 August 2021 in Metabolites
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In this study, we investigated the effects of exogenous lactate administration before exercise on energy substrate utilization during exercise. Mice were divided into exercise control (EX) and exercise with lactate intake (EXLA) groups; saline/lactate was administered 30 min before exercise. Respiratory gas was measured during moderate intensity treadmill exercise (30 min). Immediately after exercise, blood, liver, and skeletal muscle samples were collected and mRNA levels of energy metabolism-related and metabolic factors were analyzed. At 16–30 min of exercise, the respiratory exchange ratio (p = 0.045) and carbohydrate oxidation level (p = 0.014) were significantly higher in the EXLA than in the EX group. Immediately after exercise, the muscle and liver glycogen content and blood glucose level of the EXLA group were lower than those of the EX group. In addition, muscle mRNA levels of HK2 (hexokinase 2; p = 0.009), a carbohydrate oxidation-related factor, were higher in the EXLA than in the EX group, whereas the expression of PDK4 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4; p = 0.001), CS (citrate synthase; p = 0.045), and CD36 (cluster of differentiation 36; p = 0.002), factors related to oxidative metabolism, was higher in the EX than in the EXLA group. These results suggest that lactate can be used in various research fields to promote carbohydrate metabolism.

ACS Style

Inkwon Jang; Jisu Kim; Sunghwan Kyun; Deunsol Hwang; Kiwon Lim. Acute Administration of Exogenous Lactate Increases Carbohydrate Metabolism during Exercise in Mice. Metabolites 2021, 11, 553 .

AMA Style

Inkwon Jang, Jisu Kim, Sunghwan Kyun, Deunsol Hwang, Kiwon Lim. Acute Administration of Exogenous Lactate Increases Carbohydrate Metabolism during Exercise in Mice. Metabolites. 2021; 11 (8):553.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Inkwon Jang; Jisu Kim; Sunghwan Kyun; Deunsol Hwang; Kiwon Lim. 2021. "Acute Administration of Exogenous Lactate Increases Carbohydrate Metabolism during Exercise in Mice." Metabolites 11, no. 8: 553.

Journal article
Published: 11 July 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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We investigated the effects of acute thermal stress (30 °C and 40 °C) and ordinary temperature (20 °C) on cardiorespiratory function, skeletal muscle oxygenation, and exercise performance in healthy men. Eleven healthy males (21.5 ± 2.3 years) performed a graded exercise test (GXT) using a cycle ergometer in each environmental condition (20 °C, 30 °C, and 40 °C) in a random order with an interval of 1 week between each test. Before the test, they were allowed to rest for 30 min in a given environmental condition. All dependent variables (body temperature, cardiorespiratory function parameters, skeletal muscle oxygenation profiles, and exercise performance) were measured at rest and during GXT. GXT was started at 50 W and increased by 25 W every 2 min until subjects were exhausted. Body temperature increased proportionally at rest and at the end of exercise as thermal stress increased. There were no differences in the rating of perceived exertion, oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, and carbon dioxide excretion between environmental conditions. Heart rate (HR), minute ventilation (VE), and blood lactate levels were significantly higher at 30 °C and 40 °C than at 20 °C, and oxygen pulse was significantly lower at 40 °C than at 20 °C at various exercise loads. None of the skeletal muscle oxygenation profiles showed significant changes at rest or during exercise. Maximal oxygen uptake, peak power, and exercise time significantly decreased proportionally as thermal stress increased, and this decrease was most pronounced at 40 °C. Acute thermal stress induces a decrease in exercise performance via increased body temperature, HR, VE, and blood lactate levels and decreased oxygen pulse during load-homogenized exercise. This phenomenon was more prominent at 40 °C than at 30 °C and 20 °C.

ACS Style

Won-Sang Jung; Sung-Woo Kim; Hun-Young Park; Jisu Kim; Kiwon Lim. Effects of Acute Exposure to Thermal Stress on Cardiorespiratory Function, Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation, and Exercise Performance in Healthy Males. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7404 .

AMA Style

Won-Sang Jung, Sung-Woo Kim, Hun-Young Park, Jisu Kim, Kiwon Lim. Effects of Acute Exposure to Thermal Stress on Cardiorespiratory Function, Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation, and Exercise Performance in Healthy Males. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (14):7404.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Won-Sang Jung; Sung-Woo Kim; Hun-Young Park; Jisu Kim; Kiwon Lim. 2021. "Effects of Acute Exposure to Thermal Stress on Cardiorespiratory Function, Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation, and Exercise Performance in Healthy Males." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7404.

Journal article
Published: 30 June 2021 in Physical Activity and Nutrition
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[Purpose] This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of hypertension according to the body mass index (BMI) and relative handgrip strength (RHGS) among elderly individuals in Korea. [Methods] We analyzed the data of 44,183 Korean elderly individuals over 65 years old (men: n = 15,798, age = 73.31 ± 5.04 years, women: n = 28,385, age = 72.14 ± 5.04 years) obtained from the Korean National Fitness Assessment in 2019. All the participants were categorized into three groups according to the BMI and RHGS; additionally, one-way ANOVA and logistic regression analysis were performed. [Results] Overweight (men: 1.16 odds ratio [OR] 1.06–1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI]; women: 1.15 OR, 1.07–1.23 95% CI) and obese (men: 1.54 OR, 1.42–1.66 95% CI; women: 1.44 OR, 1.36–1.53 95% CI) elderly individuals showed a higher prevalence of hypertension than elderly individuals with normal weight, after controlling for age. In men, a lower RHGS was associated with a higher prevalence of hypertension after controlling for age (weak RHGS: 1.09 OR, 1.00–1.17 95% CI; middle RHGS: 1.21 OR, 1.12–1.31 95% CI vs. strong RHGS). [Conclusion] A higher BMI was associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the elderly Korean population. In addition, a lower RHGS was associated with the prevalence of hypertension in elderly Korean men.

ACS Style

Ji Young Kim; Hun-Young Park; Jisu Kim; Kiwon Lim. Body mass index and relative handgrip strength are associated with the prevalence of hypertension in Korean elderly: Korean national fitness assessment in 2019. Physical Activity and Nutrition 2021, 25, 26 -32.

AMA Style

Ji Young Kim, Hun-Young Park, Jisu Kim, Kiwon Lim. Body mass index and relative handgrip strength are associated with the prevalence of hypertension in Korean elderly: Korean national fitness assessment in 2019. Physical Activity and Nutrition. 2021; 25 (2):26-32.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ji Young Kim; Hun-Young Park; Jisu Kim; Kiwon Lim. 2021. "Body mass index and relative handgrip strength are associated with the prevalence of hypertension in Korean elderly: Korean national fitness assessment in 2019." Physical Activity and Nutrition 25, no. 2: 26-32.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2021 in Physical Activity and Nutrition
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This pilot study aimed to develop a regression model to estimate the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) of Korean adults using various easy-to-measure dependent variables. The EPOC and dependent variables for its estimation (e.g., sex, age, height, weight, body mass index, fat-free mass [FFM], fat mass, % body fat, and heart rate_sum [HR_sum]) were measured in 75 healthy adults ( 31 males, 44 females). Statistical analysis was performed to develop an EPOC estimation regression model using the stepwise regression method. We confirmed that FFM and HR_sum were important variables in the EPOC regression models of various exercise types. The explanatory power and standard errors of estimates (SEE) for EPOC of each exercise type were as follows: the continuous exercise (CEx) regression model was 86.3% (R2) and 85.9% (adjusted R2), and the mean SEE was 11.73 kcal, interval exercise (IEx) regression model was 83.1% (R2) and 82.6% (adjusted R2), while the mean SEE was 13.68 kcal, and the accumulation of short-duration exercise (AEx) regression models was 91.3% (R2) and 91.0% (adjusted R2), while the mean SEE was 27.71 kcal. There was no significant difference between the measured EPOC using a metabolic gas analyzer and the predicted EPOC for each exercise type. This pilot study developed a regression model to estimate EPOC in healthy Korean adults. The regression model was as follows: CEx = -37.128 + 1.003 × (FFM) + 0.016 × (HR_sum), IEx = -49.265 + 1.442 × (FFM) + 0.013 × (HR_sum), and AEx = -100.942 + 2.209 × (FFM) + 0.020 × (HR_sum).

ACS Style

Won-Sang Jung; Hun-Young Park; Sung-Woo Kim; Jisu Kim; Hyejung Hwang; Kiwon Lim. Estimating excess post-exercise oxygen consumption using multiple linear regression in healthy Korean adults: a pilot study. Physical Activity and Nutrition 2021, 25, 35 -41.

AMA Style

Won-Sang Jung, Hun-Young Park, Sung-Woo Kim, Jisu Kim, Hyejung Hwang, Kiwon Lim. Estimating excess post-exercise oxygen consumption using multiple linear regression in healthy Korean adults: a pilot study. Physical Activity and Nutrition. 2021; 25 (1):35-41.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Won-Sang Jung; Hun-Young Park; Sung-Woo Kim; Jisu Kim; Hyejung Hwang; Kiwon Lim. 2021. "Estimating excess post-exercise oxygen consumption using multiple linear regression in healthy Korean adults: a pilot study." Physical Activity and Nutrition 25, no. 1: 35-41.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2021 in Physical Activity and Nutrition
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This preliminary study aimed to develop a regression model to estimate the non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) of Korean adults using various easy-to-measure dependent variables. NEAT was measured in 71 healthy adults (male n = 29; female n = 42). Statistical analysis was performed to develop a NEAT estimation regression model using the stepwise regression method. We confirmed that ageA, weightB, heart rate (HR)_averageC, weight × HR_averageD, weight × HR_sumE, systolic blood pressure (SBP) × HR_restF, fat mass ÷ height2G, gender × HR_averageH, and gender × weight × HR_sumI were important variables in various NEAT activity regression models. There was no significant difference between the measured NEAT values obtained using a metabolic gas analyzer and the predicted NEAT. This preliminary study developed a regression model to estimate the NEAT in healthy Korean adults. The regression model was as follows: sitting = 1.431 - 0.013 × (A) + 0.00014 × (D) - 0.00005 × (F) + 0.006 × (H); leg jiggling = 1.102 - 0.011 × (A) + 0.013 × (B) + 0.005 × (H); standing = 1.713 - 0.013 × (A) + 0.0000017 × (I); 4.5 km/h walking = 0.864 + 0.035 × (B) + 0.0000041 × (E); 6.0 km/h walking = 4.029 - 0.024 × (C) + 0.00071 × (D); climbing up 1 stair = 1.308 - 0.016 × (A) + 0.00035 × (D) - 0.000085 × (F) - 0.098 × (G); and climbing up 2 stairs = 1.442 - 0.023 × (A) - 0.000093 × (F) - 0.121 × (G) + 0.0000624 × (E).

ACS Style

Won-Sang Jung; Hun-Young Park; Sung-Woo Kim; Jisu Kim; Hyejung Hwang; Kiwon Lim. Prediction of non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) using multiple linear regression in healthy Korean adults: a preliminary study. Physical Activity and Nutrition 2021, 25, 23 -29.

AMA Style

Won-Sang Jung, Hun-Young Park, Sung-Woo Kim, Jisu Kim, Hyejung Hwang, Kiwon Lim. Prediction of non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) using multiple linear regression in healthy Korean adults: a preliminary study. Physical Activity and Nutrition. 2021; 25 (1):23-29.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Won-Sang Jung; Hun-Young Park; Sung-Woo Kim; Jisu Kim; Hyejung Hwang; Kiwon Lim. 2021. "Prediction of non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) using multiple linear regression in healthy Korean adults: a preliminary study." Physical Activity and Nutrition 25, no. 1: 23-29.

Journal article
Published: 14 January 2021 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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While exercise training (ET) is an efficient strategy to manage obesity, it is recommended with a dietary plan to maximize the antiobesity functions owing to a compensational increase in energy intake. Capsiate is a notable bioactive compound for managing obesity owing to its capacity to increase energy expenditure. We aimed to examine whether the antiobesity effects of ET can be further enhanced by capsiate intake (CI) and determine its effects on resting energy expenditure and metabolic molecules. Mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8 per group) and fed high-fat diet. Mild-intensity treadmill ET was conducted five times/week; capsiate (10 mg/kg) was orally administered daily. After 8 weeks, resting metabolic rate and metabolic molecules were analyzed. ET with CI additively reduced the abdominal fat rate by 18% and solely upregulated beta-3-adrenoceptors in adipose tissue (p = 0.013) but did not affect the metabolic molecules in skeletal muscles. Surprisingly, CI without ET significantly increased the abdominal fat rate (p = 0.001) and reduced energy expenditure by 9%. Therefore, capsiate could be a candidate compound for maximizing the antiobesity effects of ET by upregulating beta-3-adrenoceptors in adipose tissue, but CI without ET may not be beneficial in managing obesity.

ACS Style

Deunsol Hwang; Jong-Beom Seo; Hun-Young Park; Jisu Kim; Kiwon Lim. Capsiate Intake with Exercise Training Additively Reduces Fat Deposition in Mice on a High-Fat Diet, but Not without Exercise Training. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22, 769 .

AMA Style

Deunsol Hwang, Jong-Beom Seo, Hun-Young Park, Jisu Kim, Kiwon Lim. Capsiate Intake with Exercise Training Additively Reduces Fat Deposition in Mice on a High-Fat Diet, but Not without Exercise Training. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22 (2):769.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deunsol Hwang; Jong-Beom Seo; Hun-Young Park; Jisu Kim; Kiwon Lim. 2021. "Capsiate Intake with Exercise Training Additively Reduces Fat Deposition in Mice on a High-Fat Diet, but Not without Exercise Training." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2: 769.

Journal article
Published: 25 October 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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We investigated the effects of oral lactate administration on protein synthesis and degradation factors in rats over 2 h after intake. Seven-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8/group); their blood plasma levels of lactate, glucose, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) were examined following sacrifice at 0, 30, 60, or 120 min after sodium lactate (2 g/kg) administration. We measured the mRNA expression levels of protein synthesis-related genes (IGF receptor, protein kinase B (Akt), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)) or degradation-related genes (muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF1), atrogin-1) and analyzed the protein expression and phosphorylation (activation) of Akt and mTOR. Post-administration, the plasma lactate concentration increased to 3.2 mmol/L after 60 min. Plasma glucose remained unchanged throughout, while insulin and IGF1 levels decreased after 30 min. The mRNA levels of IGF receptor and mTOR peaked after 60 min, and Akt expression was significantly upregulated from 30 to 120 min. However, MuRF1 and atrogin-1 expression levels were unaffected. Akt protein phosphorylation did not change significantly, whereas mTOR phosphorylation significantly increased after 30 min. Thus, lactate administration increased the mRNA and protein expression of protein-synthesis factors, suggesting that it can potentially promote skeletal muscle synthesis.

ACS Style

Sunghwan Kyun; Choongsung Yoo; Hun-Young Park; Jisu Kim; Kiwon Lim. The Effects of Exogenous Lactate Administration on the IGF1/Akt/mTOR Pathway in Rat Skeletal Muscle. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7805 .

AMA Style

Sunghwan Kyun, Choongsung Yoo, Hun-Young Park, Jisu Kim, Kiwon Lim. The Effects of Exogenous Lactate Administration on the IGF1/Akt/mTOR Pathway in Rat Skeletal Muscle. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (21):7805.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sunghwan Kyun; Choongsung Yoo; Hun-Young Park; Jisu Kim; Kiwon Lim. 2020. "The Effects of Exogenous Lactate Administration on the IGF1/Akt/mTOR Pathway in Rat Skeletal Muscle." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 7805.

Journal article
Published: 30 September 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study examined the effect of Pilates training under hypoxia, a novel treatment method, for obesity. Thirty-two Korean women with obesity (age: 34–60 (47.5 ± 7.5) years) were randomly assigned to control (CON; n = 10), normoxic Pilates training (NPTG; n = 10), and hypoxic Pilates training groups (HPTG; n = 12). The NPTG and HPTG performed 50 min of Pilates training using a tubing band for 12 weeks (3 days/week) in their respective environmental conditions (NPTG: normoxic condition, inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2) = 20.9%; HPTG: moderate hypoxic condition, FiO2 = 14.5%). The CON maintained their daily lifestyle without intervention. All subjects underwent body composition, blood pressure, arterial stiffness, vascular endothelial function, cardiometabolic biomarker, hemorheological function, and aerobic performance measurements before and after the intervention. The HPTG showed a significant improvement in diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, flow-mediated dilation, and erythrocyte deformability and aggregation (all p < 0.05) compared with the CON and NPTG. However, compared with the CON and NPTG, the HPTG did not show improvement in other parameters. Hypoxic Pilates intervention is a novel and successful method for promoting endothelial and hemorheological functions in women with obesity.

ACS Style

Kyounghwa Jung; Jisu Kim; Hun-Young Park; Won-Sang Jung; Kiwon Lim. Hypoxic Pilates Intervention for Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7186 .

AMA Style

Kyounghwa Jung, Jisu Kim, Hun-Young Park, Won-Sang Jung, Kiwon Lim. Hypoxic Pilates Intervention for Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (19):7186.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kyounghwa Jung; Jisu Kim; Hun-Young Park; Won-Sang Jung; Kiwon Lim. 2020. "Hypoxic Pilates Intervention for Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7186.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study aimed to analyze the differences in energy intake and physical activity (PA) levels according to sex and the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among elderly people in Korea. Data of 3720 elderly people (aged >65 years) were obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2018). We analyzed PA levels (occupational and recreational PA) and energy intakes (carbohydrate, protein, and fat). The MetS group showed lower levels of moderate intensity recreational PA and place movement than the non-MetS group (p < 0.05); in the MetS group, PA levels were significantly lower in women than in men (p < 0.05). The intakes of total energy, carbohydrate, fat, and protein were lower in the MetS group than in the non-MetS group (p < 0.001). Both the non-MetS and MetS groups showed lower energy intakes in women than men (p < 0.001). Our study shows that elderly people, especially women, with MetS have significantly lower total PA levels and total energy intakes. We confirmed the importance of increased PA and proper nutritional intake in elderly people. Therefore, it is believed that practical measures such as nutrition education and nutrition guidance and PA education are urgently needed to reduce the incidence of MetS among the elderly.

ACS Style

Won-Sang Jung; Hun-Young Park; Sung-Woo Kim; Kiwon Lim. Sex-Specific Energy Intakes and Physical Activity Levels According to the Presence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Elderly People: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2018. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 5416 .

AMA Style

Won-Sang Jung, Hun-Young Park, Sung-Woo Kim, Kiwon Lim. Sex-Specific Energy Intakes and Physical Activity Levels According to the Presence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Elderly People: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2018. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (15):5416.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Won-Sang Jung; Hun-Young Park; Sung-Woo Kim; Kiwon Lim. 2020. "Sex-Specific Energy Intakes and Physical Activity Levels According to the Presence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Elderly People: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2018." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15: 5416.

Journal article
Published: 24 June 2020 in BioMed Research International
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Aims. Hypoxic exposure improves glucose metabolism. We investigated to validate the hypothesis that carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation could increase in mice exposed to severe hypoxic conditions.Methods. Seven-week-old male ICR mice ( n = 16 ) were randomly divided into two groups: the control group (CON) was kept in normoxic condition (fraction of inspired O 2 = 21 % ) and the hypoxia group (HYP) was exposed to hypoxic condition (fraction of inspired O 2 = 12 % , ≈altitude of 4,300 m). The CON group was pair-fed with the HYP group. After 3 weeks of hypoxic exposure, we measured respiratory metabolism (energy expenditure and substrate utilization) at normoxic conditions for 24 hours using an open-circuit calorimetry system. In addition, we investigated changes in carbohydrate mechanism-related protein expression, including hexokinase 2 (HK2), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4), and regulator of the genes involved in energy metabolism (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha, PGC1α) in soleus muscle.Results. Energy expenditure (EE) and CHO oxidation over 24 hours were higher in the HYP group by approximately 15% and 34% ( p < 0.001 ), respectively. Fat oxidation was approximately 29% lower in the HYP group than the CON group ( p < 0.01 ). Body weight gains were significantly lower in the HYP group than in the CON group (CON vs. HYP; 1.9 ± 0.9 vs. − 0.3 ± 0.9 ; p < 0.001 ). Hypoxic exposure for 3 weeks significantly reduced body fat by approximately 42% ( p < 0.001 ). PDH and PGC1αprotein levels were significantly higher in the HYP group ( p < 0.05 ). Additionally, HK2 was approximately 21% higher in the HYP group.Conclusions. Hypoxic exposure might significantly enhance CHO oxidation by increasing the expression of PDH and HK2. This investigation can be useful for patients with impaired glucose metabolism, such as those with type 2 diabetes.

ACS Style

Yeram Park; Deunsol Hwang; Hun-Young Park; Jisu Kim; Kiwon Lim. Hypoxic Exposure Increases Energy Expenditure by Increasing Carbohydrate Oxidation in Mice. BioMed Research International 2020, 2020, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Yeram Park, Deunsol Hwang, Hun-Young Park, Jisu Kim, Kiwon Lim. Hypoxic Exposure Increases Energy Expenditure by Increasing Carbohydrate Oxidation in Mice. BioMed Research International. 2020; 2020 ():1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yeram Park; Deunsol Hwang; Hun-Young Park; Jisu Kim; Kiwon Lim. 2020. "Hypoxic Exposure Increases Energy Expenditure by Increasing Carbohydrate Oxidation in Mice." BioMed Research International 2020, no. : 1-8.

Journal article
Published: 09 June 2020 in Nutrients
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Red ginseng (RG) ingestion reportedly affects body weight, food intake, and fat accumulation reduction. It also induces changes in energy metabolism regulation and glycemic control. Previously, 2-week RG ingestion with endurance training was found to enhance fat oxidation during exercise. However, such effects on energy metabolism and the expression of mRNAs related to energy substrate utilization in resting mice (untrained mice) are still unclear. Here, we determined the effect of RG on energy metabolism and substrate utilization in untrained male mice. Twenty-four mice were separated into an RG group that received a daily dosage of 1 g/kg RG for 2 weeks, and a control (CON). Energy expenditure, blood and tissue glycogen levels, and expression of mRNAs related to energy substrate utilization in muscles were measured before and 2 weeks after treatment. Total food intake was significantly lower in the RG than in the CON group (p < 0.05), but final body weights did not differ. Carbohydrate and fat oxidation over 24 h did not change in either group. There were no significant differences in gastrocnemius GLUT4, MCT1, MCT4, FAT/CD36, and CPT1b mRNA levels between groups. Thus, the effects of RG ingested during rest differ from the effects of RG ingestion in combination with endurance exercise; administering RG to untrained mice for 2 weeks did not change body weight and energy metabolism. Therefore, future studies should consider examining the RG ingestion period and dosage for body weight control and improving energy metabolism.

ACS Style

Hyejung Hwang; Jisu Kim; Kiwon Lim. The Effect of a 2-Week Red Ginseng Supplementation on Food Efficiency and Energy Metabolism in Mice. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1726 .

AMA Style

Hyejung Hwang, Jisu Kim, Kiwon Lim. The Effect of a 2-Week Red Ginseng Supplementation on Food Efficiency and Energy Metabolism in Mice. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (6):1726.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hyejung Hwang; Jisu Kim; Kiwon Lim. 2020. "The Effect of a 2-Week Red Ginseng Supplementation on Food Efficiency and Energy Metabolism in Mice." Nutrients 12, no. 6: 1726.

Journal article
Published: 09 April 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study aimed to compare the effects of an acute Pilates program under hypoxic vs. normoxic conditions on the metabolic, cardiac, and vascular functions of the participants. Ten healthy female Pilates experts completed a 50-min tubing Pilates program under normoxic conditions (N trial) and under 3000 m (inspired oxygen fraction = 14.5%) hypobaric hypoxia conditions (H trial) after a 30-min exposure in the respective environments on different days. Blood pressure, branchial ankle pulse wave velocity, and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the branchial artery were measured before and after the exercise. Metabolic parameters and cardiac function were assessed every minute during the exercise. Both trials showed a significant increase in FMD; however, the increase in FMD was significantly higher after the H trial than that after the N trial. Furthermore, FMD before exercise was significantly higher in the H trial than in the N trial. In terms of metabolic parameters, minute ventilation, carbon dioxide excretion, respiratory exchange ratio, and carbohydrate oxidation were significantly higher but fat oxidation was lower during the H trial than during the N trial. In terms of cardiac function, heart rate was significantly increased during the H trial than during the N trial. Our results suggested that, compared to that under normoxic conditions, Pilates exercise under hypoxic conditions led to greater metabolic and cardiac responses and also elicited an additive effect on vascular endothelial function.

ACS Style

Kyounghwa Jung; Jongbeom Seo; Won-Sang Jung; Jisu Kim; Hun-Young Park; Kiwon Lim. Effects of an Acute Pilates Program under Hypoxic Conditions on Vascular Endothelial Function in Pilates Participants: A Randomized Crossover Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 2584 .

AMA Style

Kyounghwa Jung, Jongbeom Seo, Won-Sang Jung, Jisu Kim, Hun-Young Park, Kiwon Lim. Effects of an Acute Pilates Program under Hypoxic Conditions on Vascular Endothelial Function in Pilates Participants: A Randomized Crossover Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (7):2584.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kyounghwa Jung; Jongbeom Seo; Won-Sang Jung; Jisu Kim; Hun-Young Park; Kiwon Lim. 2020. "Effects of an Acute Pilates Program under Hypoxic Conditions on Vascular Endothelial Function in Pilates Participants: A Randomized Crossover Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7: 2584.

Journal article
Published: 30 March 2020 in Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome
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The present study examined the effects of a prolonged exercise intervention at the lactate threshold (LT) on body composition, aerobic performance, and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in women with obesity. A total of 36 obese Korean women aged 36 to 55 years (mean±standard deviation, 44.8±5.2 years) were randomly assigned to a control group (CON, n=18) or an experimental group (EXP, n=18); and EXP underwent aerobic exercise training three times a week at a heart rate corresponding to the LT (HR_LT) for 12 weeks. All dependent variables (body composition, aerobic performance, and ANS function parameters) were evaluated before and after training. Compared with the CON group, the EXP group showed significant improvement in body composition (body weight, −4.57 vs. −2.40 kg; body mass index, −1.79 vs. −0.96 kg/m2; %body fat, −4.63 vs. −1.41; fat-free mass, 3.24 vs. –0.08 kg), aerobic performance (oxygen consumption at LT, 5.74 vs. 0.12 mL/kg/min; maximal oxygen consumption, 5.41 vs. 2.14 mL/kg/min; treadmill speed at HR_LT, 1.40 vs. 0.29 km/hr; bicycle load at HR_LT, 18.62 vs. 4.52 w; and ANS function (mean RR, 50.83 vs. −15.04 ms; standard deviation of NN intervals, 5.08 vs. −0.55 ms; root mean square of successive differences, 6.42 vs. 1.87 ms; total power, 0.34 vs. 0.10 ms2; high frequency, 0.32 vs. −0.04 ms2; low frequency/high frequency, −0.09 vs. 0.01). Aerobic exercise at the LT for 12 weeks is a practical method of improving body composition, aerobic performance, and ANS function for women with obesity.

ACS Style

Hun-Young Park; Won-Sang Jung; Jisu Kim; Hyejung Hwang; Kiwon Lim. Twelve Weeks of Aerobic Exercise at the Lactate Threshold Improves Autonomic Nervous System Function, Body Composition, and Aerobic Performance in Women with Obesity. Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome 2020, 29, 67 -75.

AMA Style

Hun-Young Park, Won-Sang Jung, Jisu Kim, Hyejung Hwang, Kiwon Lim. Twelve Weeks of Aerobic Exercise at the Lactate Threshold Improves Autonomic Nervous System Function, Body Composition, and Aerobic Performance in Women with Obesity. Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome. 2020; 29 (1):67-75.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hun-Young Park; Won-Sang Jung; Jisu Kim; Hyejung Hwang; Kiwon Lim. 2020. "Twelve Weeks of Aerobic Exercise at the Lactate Threshold Improves Autonomic Nervous System Function, Body Composition, and Aerobic Performance in Women with Obesity." Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome 29, no. 1: 67-75.

Case report
Published: 30 January 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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We aimed to evaluate the effects of a 2-week exercise training program in hypobaric hypoxic conditions on exercise performance and immune function in Korean national cycling athletes with disabilities. Six Korean national cycling athletes with disabilities participated in exercise training consisting of continuous aerobic exercise and anaerobic interval exercise in hypobaric hypoxic conditions. The exercise training frequency was 60 min (5 days per week for 2 weeks). Before and after the exercise training, exercise performance and immune function were measured in all athletes. Regarding the exercise performance parameters, the 3-km time trial significantly decreased and blood lactate levels after the 3-km time trial test significantly increased by exercise training in hypobaric hypoxic conditions. Regarding the oxygen-transporting capacity, significant differences were not observed. Regarding immune function, the number of leukocytes and natural killer cells significantly decreased and that of eosinophils, B cells, and T cells significantly increased. These results indicated that our 2-week hypoxic training showed the potential to improve exercise performance in Korean national disabled athletes. However, the effects of our hypoxic training method on immune function remained unclear.

ACS Style

Hun-Young Park; Won-Sang Jung; Jisu Kim; Hyejung Hwang; Sung-Woo Kim; Younghwan An; Haeman Lee; Seonju Jeon; Kiwon Lim. Effects of 2-Week Exercise Training in Hypobaric Hypoxic Conditions on Exercise Performance and Immune Function in Korean National Cycling Athletes with Disabilities: A Case Report. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 861 .

AMA Style

Hun-Young Park, Won-Sang Jung, Jisu Kim, Hyejung Hwang, Sung-Woo Kim, Younghwan An, Haeman Lee, Seonju Jeon, Kiwon Lim. Effects of 2-Week Exercise Training in Hypobaric Hypoxic Conditions on Exercise Performance and Immune Function in Korean National Cycling Athletes with Disabilities: A Case Report. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (3):861.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hun-Young Park; Won-Sang Jung; Jisu Kim; Hyejung Hwang; Sung-Woo Kim; Younghwan An; Haeman Lee; Seonju Jeon; Kiwon Lim. 2020. "Effects of 2-Week Exercise Training in Hypobaric Hypoxic Conditions on Exercise Performance and Immune Function in Korean National Cycling Athletes with Disabilities: A Case Report." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3: 861.

Journal article
Published: 27 November 2019 in Nutrition & Metabolism
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Background Androgen hormone levels are strongly associated with obesity in adult mammals, especially with advanced age. We investigated androgen receptor inhibition on fat metabolism and long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) transport proteins in skeletal muscle during exercise. Methods Male ICR mice were randomly divided into three groups: CON (control), EX (exercise), and EXIN (exercise + androgen receptor inhibition). EX and EXIN groups were trained on a treadmill five times a week. After 4 weeks, the fat metabolism of each group was measured using open-circuit calorimetry during 1 hour of exercise. After the metabolism measurement, the expression levels of LCFA transport proteins (FAT/CD36, CPTI) were analyzed in skeletal muscle. Results Weight gain and final body weight were significantly lower in the EX group than in either the CON or EXIN groups. Conversely, food intake was significantly higher in the EX group than it was in the CON and EXIN groups. The total weight (CON; 2.07 ± 0.6, EX; 1.64 ± 0.2, EXIN; 1.95 ± 0.2) of the abdominal adipose tissue were significantly lower in the EX group than in the CON and EXIN groups (P < 0.05). However, there was no different between the CON and EXIN group. Oxygen uptake and fat oxidation during exercise tended to be lower (12%) in the EXIN group than in the EX group. Total fat oxidation in the EXIN group was significantly lower during the initial 20-min (P < 0.003) and 40-min (P < 0.041) phases compared to that in the EX group. In addition, the level of FAT/CD36 protein in the EX and EXIN groups was approximately double that in the CON group (P < 0.001, P < 0.001). CPTI expression in the EX group was higher than that in the EX group (P < 0.0069) as well as in the CON group. Conclusion Exercise training increases the expression of LCFA transport proteins (FAT/CD36, CPTI). Blocking androgen receptors can decreases the expression of CPTI in the skeletal muscle, which reduces fat metabolism. Thus, reducing sex hormones or suppressing the sensitivity of AR receptors can inhibit energy efficiency and fat metabolism by suppressing CPTI.

ACS Style

Jisu Kim; Jonghoon Park; Nahyun Kim; Hun-Young Park; Kiwon Lim. Inhibition of androgen receptor can decrease fat metabolism by decreasing carnitine palmitoyltransferase I levels in skeletal muscles of trained mice. Nutrition & Metabolism 2019, 16, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Jisu Kim, Jonghoon Park, Nahyun Kim, Hun-Young Park, Kiwon Lim. Inhibition of androgen receptor can decrease fat metabolism by decreasing carnitine palmitoyltransferase I levels in skeletal muscles of trained mice. Nutrition & Metabolism. 2019; 16 (1):1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jisu Kim; Jonghoon Park; Nahyun Kim; Hun-Young Park; Kiwon Lim. 2019. "Inhibition of androgen receptor can decrease fat metabolism by decreasing carnitine palmitoyltransferase I levels in skeletal muscles of trained mice." Nutrition & Metabolism 16, no. 1: 1-9.

Randomized controlled trial
Published: 09 January 2019 in Geriatrics & Gerontology International
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Aim The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of exercise intervention in hypoxia as a novel treatment method for obesity in older men. Methods A total of 24 obese 65–70‐year‐old Korean men (66.5 ± 0.8 years) were randomly assigned to undergo hypoxic training (n = 12) or normoxic training (n = 12), and all participants carried out an exercise intervention composed of aerobic exercise on a treadmill (30 min) and bicycle (30 min), and resistance exercise (30–40 min) in normoxia, and 3000‐m normobaric hypoxia separately for a total of 12 weeks, three times a week. Health‐related dependent variables (body composition, physical fitness, pulmonary function and heart rate variability) were evaluated at pre‐ and post‐exercise intervention. Results Hypoxic training showed more improved body composition (bodyweight −5.68 vs −3.16 kg, %body fat −5.50 vs −1.97%, fat‐free mass 2.09 vs 1.06 kg), physical fitness (chair sit‐to‐stand 5.67 vs 4.58, pegboard 3.58 vs 2.17, tandem test −1.74 vs −1.31 s, one leg standing 6.27 vs 3.71 s), pulmonary function (forced vital capacity 0.15 vs 0.02 L, forced expiratory volume in 1 s 0.23 vs 0.01 L, percent of forced expiratory volume in 1 s 0.87 vs 0.08, maximal voluntary ventilation 5.26 vs 2.22 L) and heart rate variability (high frequency 0.94 vs 0.19 ms2, low frequency/high frequency −0.28 vs −0.08, salivary cortisol −0.13 vs −0.04 μg/dL) than normoxic training. Conclusions Compared with normoxic training, hypoxic training is a novel and successful health promotion method in obese older populations. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; ••: ••–••.

ACS Style

Hun-Young Park; Won‐Sang Jung; Jisu Kim; Kiwon Lim. Twelve weeks of exercise modality in hypoxia enhances health‐related function in obese older Korean men: A randomized controlled trial. Geriatrics & Gerontology International 2019, 19, 311 -316.

AMA Style

Hun-Young Park, Won‐Sang Jung, Jisu Kim, Kiwon Lim. Twelve weeks of exercise modality in hypoxia enhances health‐related function in obese older Korean men: A randomized controlled trial. Geriatrics & Gerontology International. 2019; 19 (4):311-316.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hun-Young Park; Won‐Sang Jung; Jisu Kim; Kiwon Lim. 2019. "Twelve weeks of exercise modality in hypoxia enhances health‐related function in obese older Korean men: A randomized controlled trial." Geriatrics & Gerontology International 19, no. 4: 311-316.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Nutrition Research and Practice
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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for energy are derived from total energy expenditure (TEE) measured using the doubly labelled water (DLW) method. The objective of this study was to assess the validity of DRI for predicting the energy requirements of elementary school-age children. The present study involved 25 elementary school-age children aged between 9 and 11 years. TEE was assessed by the DLW method, and the results were compared with the TEE predicted by the DRI equations in order to evaluate accuracy. The subjects' TEE measured by the DLW method was 1,925.2 ± 380.9 kcal/day in boys and 1,930.0 ± 279.4 kcal/day in girls, whereas resting energy expenditure was 1,220.2 ± 176.9 kcal/day in boys and 1,245.9 ± 171.3 kcal/day for girls. The physical activity level was 1.58 ± 0.20 in boys and 1.55 ± 0.13 in girls. The mean bias between the predicted and measured TEE was 12.6% in boys and −1.6% in girls, and the percentage of accurate predictions was 28.6% and 63.6%, respectively. In boys, the equation resulted in underprediction of TEE among the subjects having low TEE values, whereas there was overprediction among subjects having high TEE values as shown by the Bland-Altman plot. On the contrary, this proportional bias was not observed in girls. The findings of this study suggest that the DRI equation for energy could result in the overestimation of energy requirements in elementary school-age boys. In the case of girls, the equations could be accurate at the group level. However, the DRI appears to be invalid for individual girls, as more than one third of girls had their TEE inaccurately predicted. We recommend more studies for confirmation of these results.

ACS Style

Eun-Kyung Kim; Didace Ndahimana; Kazuko Ishikawa-Takata; Sangjik Lee; Hyungryul Kim; Kiwon Lim; In-Sook Lee; Shigeho Tanaka; Ye-Jin Kim; Yeon-Jung Choi; Mun-Jeong Ju; Jonghoon Park. Validation of Dietary Reference Intakes for predicting energy requirements in elementary school-age children. Nutrition Research and Practice 2018, 12, 336 -341.

AMA Style

Eun-Kyung Kim, Didace Ndahimana, Kazuko Ishikawa-Takata, Sangjik Lee, Hyungryul Kim, Kiwon Lim, In-Sook Lee, Shigeho Tanaka, Ye-Jin Kim, Yeon-Jung Choi, Mun-Jeong Ju, Jonghoon Park. Validation of Dietary Reference Intakes for predicting energy requirements in elementary school-age children. Nutrition Research and Practice. 2018; 12 (4):336-341.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eun-Kyung Kim; Didace Ndahimana; Kazuko Ishikawa-Takata; Sangjik Lee; Hyungryul Kim; Kiwon Lim; In-Sook Lee; Shigeho Tanaka; Ye-Jin Kim; Yeon-Jung Choi; Mun-Jeong Ju; Jonghoon Park. 2018. "Validation of Dietary Reference Intakes for predicting energy requirements in elementary school-age children." Nutrition Research and Practice 12, no. 4: 336-341.

Journal article
Published: 04 July 2017 in Nutrition & Metabolism
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Exercise promotes energy metabolism (e.g., metabolism of glucose and lipids) in skeletal muscles; however, reactive oxygen species are also generated during exercise. Various spices have been reported to have beneficial effects in sports medicine. Here, we investigated the effects of piperine, an active compound in black pepper, to determine its effects on metabolism during acute endurance exercise. ICR mice (n = 18) were divided into three groups: nonexercise (CON), exercise (EX), and exercise with piperine (5 mg/kg) treatment (EP). Mice were subjected to enforced exercise on a treadmill at a speed of 22 m/min for 1 h. To evaluate the inflammatory responses following exercise, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis was performed to monitor changes in CD4+ cells within the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of mice. The expression levels of metabolic pathway components and redox-related factors were evaluated in the soleus muscle by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. There were no changes in the differentiation of immune cells in PBMCs in both the EX and EP groups compared with that in the CON group. Mice in the EX group exhibited a significant increase in the expression of metabolic pathway components and redox signal-related components compared with mice in the CON group. Moreover, mice in the EP group showed greater metabolic (GLUT4, MCT1, FAT/CD36, CPT1, CS) changes than mice in the EX group, and changes in the expression of redox signal components were lower in the EP group than those in the EX group. Our findings demonstrate that piperine promoted beneficial metabolism during exercise by regulating carbohydrate/fat metabolism and redox signals. Therefore, piperine may be a candidate supplement for improvement of exercise ability.

ACS Style

Jisu Kim; Kang-Pa Lee; Dae-Won Lee; Kiwon Lim. Piperine enhances carbohydrate/fat metabolism in skeletal muscle during acute exercise in mice. Nutrition & Metabolism 2017, 14, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Jisu Kim, Kang-Pa Lee, Dae-Won Lee, Kiwon Lim. Piperine enhances carbohydrate/fat metabolism in skeletal muscle during acute exercise in mice. Nutrition & Metabolism. 2017; 14 (1):1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jisu Kim; Kang-Pa Lee; Dae-Won Lee; Kiwon Lim. 2017. "Piperine enhances carbohydrate/fat metabolism in skeletal muscle during acute exercise in mice." Nutrition & Metabolism 14, no. 1: 1-8.

Journal article
Published: 05 May 2014 in Nutrients
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PURPOSE: Red ginseng (RG) has been reported to improve the blood and organ lipid profile when combined with exercise. However, the effect of RG on energy metabolism during exercise is poorly understood. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate whether RG treatment alters fat utilization during exercise; METHODS: We used seven-week-old ICR mice (n = 42). RG (1 g/kg) was administered orally daily during two weeks of endurance training. All mice were randomized into two groups: training only group (CON group) and training with RG group (RG group). Endurance training consisted of 20~25 m/min on a slope of 8° for one hour five times a week. After a two-week experimental period, we measured substrate utilization during exercise at the same intensity and duration of training using a respiratory calorimetry chamber. Mice were dissected for glycogen measurement of muscles and liver before, immediately after, and one hour after the exercise; RESULT: Fat oxidation during the initial 20 min of the one-hour exercise significantly increased in the RG group compared to the CON group. In addition, the liver glycogen stores significantly decreased immediately after the one-hour exercise compared to at rest in the RG group, but did not differ between immediately after the one-hour exercise and at rest in the RG group. The glycogen concentration in white and red gastrocnemius muscle did not differ between the groups immediately after the one-hour exercise; CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that RG treatment for two weeks promotes fat oxidation and a glycogen-sparing effect during exercise. This might lead to a delay in peripheral fatigue during endurance exercise performance.

ACS Style

Hyejung Hwang; Jisu Kim; Jonghoon Park; Heayeon Yun; Woo-Kwang Cheon; Bokyung Kim; Chi-Ho Lee; Heajung Suh; Kiwon Lim. Red Ginseng Treatment for Two Weeks Promotes Fat Metabolism during Exercise in Mice. Nutrients 2014, 6, 1874 -1885.

AMA Style

Hyejung Hwang, Jisu Kim, Jonghoon Park, Heayeon Yun, Woo-Kwang Cheon, Bokyung Kim, Chi-Ho Lee, Heajung Suh, Kiwon Lim. Red Ginseng Treatment for Two Weeks Promotes Fat Metabolism during Exercise in Mice. Nutrients. 2014; 6 (5):1874-1885.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hyejung Hwang; Jisu Kim; Jonghoon Park; Heayeon Yun; Woo-Kwang Cheon; Bokyung Kim; Chi-Ho Lee; Heajung Suh; Kiwon Lim. 2014. "Red Ginseng Treatment for Two Weeks Promotes Fat Metabolism during Exercise in Mice." Nutrients 6, no. 5: 1874-1885.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2014 in Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
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We previously reported that silk peptide (SP) treatment led to increased resting fat oxidation in exercised mice. However, it was not known whether SP treatment could effectively increase exercise capacity. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine whether SP treatment affected energy metabolism during exercise in addition to exercise performance.

ACS Style

Jisu Kim; Hyejung Hwang; Jonghoon Park; Hea-Yeon Yun; Heajung Suh; Kiwon Lim. Silk peptide treatment can improve the exercise performance of mice. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2014, 11, 35 -35.

AMA Style

Jisu Kim, Hyejung Hwang, Jonghoon Park, Hea-Yeon Yun, Heajung Suh, Kiwon Lim. Silk peptide treatment can improve the exercise performance of mice. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2014; 11 (1):35-35.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jisu Kim; Hyejung Hwang; Jonghoon Park; Hea-Yeon Yun; Heajung Suh; Kiwon Lim. 2014. "Silk peptide treatment can improve the exercise performance of mice." Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 11, no. 1: 35-35.