Background: Ecological stoichiometry (C:N:P ratios) in soil is an important indicator of the elemental balance in ecological interactions and processes. Long-term natural vegetation plays an important role in the accumulation and distribution of soil stoichiometry. However, information about the effects of long-term secondary forest succession on soil stoichiometry along a deep soil profile is still limited. Methods: We selected Ziwuling secondary succession forest developed from farmland as the study area, investigated the concentrations and stoichiometry of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) at a depth of 0–100 cm along a 90-year succession chronosequence, including farmland (control), grassland, shrub, early forest, and climax forest. Results: SOC and TN concentrations significantly increased with increasing restoration age, whereas soil P concentration remained relatively stable across various successional stages. SOC and TN concentrations decreased with an increase in soil depth, exhibiting distinct soil nutrient “surface-aggregation” (high nutrients concentration in the top soil layer). The soil C:P and N:P ratios increased with an increase in restoration age, whereas the variation of the C:N ratio was small and relatively stable across vegetation succession. The nutrient limitation changed along with vegetation succession, transitioning from limited N in the earlier successional stages to limited P in the later successional stages. Conclusion: Our results suggest that more nitrogen input should be applied to earlier succession stages, and more phosphorus input should be utilized in later succession stages in order to address limited availability of these elements. In general, natural vegetation restoration was an ecologically beneficial practice for the recovery of degraded soils in this area. The findings of this study strengthen our understanding of the changes of soil nutrient concentration and nutrient limitation after vegetation restoration, and provide a simple guideline for future vegetation restoration and reconstruction efforts on the Loess Plateau.

The bottom-up effects of vegetation have been documented to be strong drivers of the soil food web structure and functioning in temperate forests. However, how the forest type affects the stability of the soil food web is not well known. In the Ziwuling forest region of the Loess Plateau, we selected three typical forests, Pinus tabuliformis Carrière (PT), Betula platyphylla Sukaczev (BP), and Quercus liaotungensis Koidz. (QL), to investigate the soil nematode community characteristics in the dry (April) and rainy (August) season, and analyzed their relationships with the soil properties. The results showed that the characteristics of the soil nematode communities and their seasonal variations differed markedly among the forest types. Compared to P. tabuliformis (PT), the B. platyphylla (BP) and Q. liaotungensis (QL) forests had higher plant diversity and more easily decomposed litters, which were more effective for improving the soil resource availability, thus, leading to more beneficial effects on the soil nematode community. In both the dry and rainy season, the soil nematode abundance was the highest in the BP forest. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H’), Pielou’s evenness index (J’), and nematode channel ratio index (NCR) were higher, while the Simpson dominance index (λ) and plant parasite index (PPI) were lower, in the BP and QL forests compared with in the PT forest. From the dry to rainy season, the total nematode abundance and the abundance of fungivores, bacterivores, and omnivore-predators, significantly increased in the QL and PT forests, and the values of the Wasilewska index (WI), maturity index (MI), H’, J’, λ, and NCR showed the most significant seasonal variability in the PT forest, which were mainly driven by changes in the soil labile C and N and the moisture content between the two seasons. Generally, the seasonal stability of the soil nematode communities was the highest in the BP forest and the poorest in the PT forest, probably due to variations in the plant diversity. Our results suggest the importance of tree species and diversity as bottom-up regulating factors of the soil food web structure, function, and seasonal stability, which has important implications for sustainable forest management in the Loess Plateau and other temperate regions.

While organic amendments are extensively applied to increase soil organic carbon (SOC), the mechanisms by which they restructure soil food web energetics to regulate microbial necromass formation and carbon sequestration remain unclear. We conducted a 105-day incubation experiment to investigate how three organic amendments (straw, biochar, liquid organic fertilizer), differing in C:N ratio and pH, and applied at three rates, affect nematode food web energetics and carbon sequestration in black soils of Northeast China. Results showed that amendment properties and application rates jointly shaped nematode energetic structure, differentially regulating total energy flux (E_t) and flow uniformity (U). Straw (moderate C:N, near-neutral pH) strongly increased both E_t (up to 587% above control) and U (peak at 1.68) by fostering fungivore-dominated energy channels. Despite its high C:N ratio, biochar’s alkaline pH favored bacterial-dominated channels, improving flow uniformity (U up to 1.61) without increasing E_t. Liquid fertilizer (low C:N, high pH) produced rate-dependent outcomes: the low rate increased E_t by 210% above control via enhanced bacterial channels, whereas the high rate suppressed E_t but elevated U by reducing energy allocated to plant parasites. Critically, energy flow uniformity correlated positively with fungal necromass carbon, which drove SOC accumulation, whereas total flux was strongly linked to bacterial necromass carbon, suppressing SOC. All amendments finally enhanced omnivore-predator energy flux, boosting top-down regulation and uniform energy distribution. However, mineral fertilizer truncated the food web and suppressed flow uniformity, failing to increase SOC. Therefore, organic amendments enhance SOC by restructuring nematode-mediated energy flow by reinforcing fungal-dominated channels and/or increasing flow uniformity, thereby promoting fungal necromass accumulation and providing a mechanistic basis for targeted management of degraded black soils.