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Anand I. Bhatt
CSIRO Energy, Research Way, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia

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Review
Published: 09 March 2021 in Sustainable Chemistry
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The rapid growth, demand, and production of batteries to meet various emerging applications, such as electric vehicles and energy storage systems, will result in waste and disposal problems in the next few years as these batteries reach end-of-life. Battery reuse and recycling are becoming urgent worldwide priorities to protect the environment and address the increasing need for critical metals. As a review article, this paper reveals the current global battery market and global battery waste status from which the main battery chemistry types and their management, including reuse and recycling status, are discussed. This review then presents details of the challenges, opportunities, and arguments on battery second-life and recycling. The recent research and industrial activities in the battery reuse domain are summarized to provide a landscape picture and valuable insight into battery reuse and recycling for industries, scientific research, and waste management.

ACS Style

Yanyan Zhao; Oliver Pohl; Anand Bhatt; Gavin Collis; Peter Mahon; Thomas Rüther; Anthony Hollenkamp. A Review on Battery Market Trends, Second-Life Reuse, and Recycling. Sustainable Chemistry 2021, 2, 167 -205.

AMA Style

Yanyan Zhao, Oliver Pohl, Anand Bhatt, Gavin Collis, Peter Mahon, Thomas Rüther, Anthony Hollenkamp. A Review on Battery Market Trends, Second-Life Reuse, and Recycling. Sustainable Chemistry. 2021; 2 (1):167-205.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yanyan Zhao; Oliver Pohl; Anand Bhatt; Gavin Collis; Peter Mahon; Thomas Rüther; Anthony Hollenkamp. 2021. "A Review on Battery Market Trends, Second-Life Reuse, and Recycling." Sustainable Chemistry 2, no. 1: 167-205.

Review
Published: 25 March 2020 in Batteries & Supercaps
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Research since 2000 has clearly shown that Ionic liquids (ILs) and their metal salt containing mixtures have good potential to be considered as ionic liquid based electrolytes (ILELs) in lithium and other electropositive metal(ion) batteries. This outcome is particularly relevant for operation of such devices in elevated temperature regimes where ILELs would have a significant advantage over conventional organic carbonate solvent/LiPF 6 electrolytes which, due to their limited thermal stability and flammability, raise concerns about the safety of current LIB technology. There is evidence from a number of review articles that physicochemical properties can be tailored such that ILELs could meet requirements for operating in batteries at lower temperature regimes. By drawing on a broad range of cation/anion combinations, there is further evidence from these papers that within a particular group of cations, the physicochemical properties of Ils and ILELs are largely defined by the anion component. Despite the key role of the anion there are few reviews that have dedicated sections. This review surveys the physicochemical, transport and structural properties of mainly pyrrolidinium salts and ILELs of prominent and representative anion classes.

ACS Style

Thomas Ruether; Anand I. Bhatt; Adam S. Best; Kenneth R. Harris; Anthony F. Hollenkamp. Electrolytes for Lithium (Sodium) Batteries Based on Ionic Liquids: Highlighting the Key Role Played by the Anion. Batteries & Supercaps 2020, 3, 793 -827.

AMA Style

Thomas Ruether, Anand I. Bhatt, Adam S. Best, Kenneth R. Harris, Anthony F. Hollenkamp. Electrolytes for Lithium (Sodium) Batteries Based on Ionic Liquids: Highlighting the Key Role Played by the Anion. Batteries & Supercaps. 2020; 3 (9):793-827.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomas Ruether; Anand I. Bhatt; Adam S. Best; Kenneth R. Harris; Anthony F. Hollenkamp. 2020. "Electrolytes for Lithium (Sodium) Batteries Based on Ionic Liquids: Highlighting the Key Role Played by the Anion." Batteries & Supercaps 3, no. 9: 793-827.

Book chapter
Published: 11 January 2019 in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
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This Chapter is based on the article entitled, ‘Lithium–sulfur batteries—the solution is in the electrolyte, but is the electrolyte a solution?’, Energy Environ. Sci., 2014,7, 3902–3920, DOI:10.1039/C4EE02192D. It is reproduced with the permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry. In many cases the inability to realize the benefits of a lithium–sulfur cell are directly related to the role of the electrolyte. The reduction of sulfur proceeds through a series of polysulfide species, which are for the most part soluble in common organic solvents, including those utilized in lithium battery electrolytes. So, despite the fact that the ultimate product (Li2S) is essentially insoluble, the intermediate stages of discharge see a migration of redox‐active species out of the cathode, from where they can react with the lithium anode, which sets in train a series of equilibria that cause both a loss of charging efficiency and a gradual (and usually permanent) loss of discharge capacity. In the past decade, a major stream of the research to overcome this complex situation has focused on minimizing the solubility of polysulfides. From this we now have a range of media in which the lithium–sulfur system can operate with much improved charge–discharge characteristics: ionic liquids (ILs; and blends with organic media); supersaturated salt–solvent mixtures; polymer‐gelled organic media; solid polymers; and solid inorganic glasses. Underlining the multifaceted nature of interactions within the lithium–sulfur cell, though, none of these improved electrolytes has been able to bring the performance of this system up to the levels of reliability and capacity maintenance (without sacrificing high specific energy) that are benchmarks in energy storage applications. Ultimately, the successful development of the lithium–sulfur battery requires careful coordination of the choice of electrolyte with the specific nature of the cathode material, underpinned by the assumption that the resulting electrolyte composition will meet established criteria for compatibility with the lithium anode.

ACS Style

Marzieh Barghamadi; Mustafa Musameh; Thomas Rüther; Anand I. Bhatt; Anthony Hollenkamp; Adam S. Best. Electrolyte for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Lithium-Sulfur Batteries 2019, 71 -119.

AMA Style

Marzieh Barghamadi, Mustafa Musameh, Thomas Rüther, Anand I. Bhatt, Anthony Hollenkamp, Adam S. Best. Electrolyte for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. 2019; ():71-119.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marzieh Barghamadi; Mustafa Musameh; Thomas Rüther; Anand I. Bhatt; Anthony Hollenkamp; Adam S. Best. 2019. "Electrolyte for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." Lithium-Sulfur Batteries , no. : 71-119.

Full paper
Published: 16 October 2017 in Advanced Functional Materials
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As an anode material for lithium‐ion batteries, titanium dioxide (TiO2) shows good gravimetric performance (336 mAh g−1 for LiTiO2) and excellent cyclability. To address the poor rate behavior, slow lithium‐ion (Li+) diffusion, and high irreversible capacity decay, TiO2 nanomaterials with tuned phase compositions and morphologies are being investigated. Here, a promising material is prepared that comprises a mesoporous “yolk–shell” spherical morphology in which the core is anatase TiO2 and the shell is TiO2(B). The preparation employs a NaCl‐assisted solvothermal process and the electrochemical results indicate that the mesoporous yolk–shell microspheres have high specific reversible capacity at moderate current (330.0 mAh g−1 at C/5), excellent rate performance (181.8 mAh g−1 at 40C), and impressive cyclability (98% capacity retention after 500 cycles). The superior properties are attributed to the TiO2(B) nanosheet shell, which provides additional active area to stabilize the pseudocapacity. In addition, the open mesoporous morphology improves diffusion of electrolyte throughout the electrode, thereby contributing directly to greatly improved rate capacity.

ACS Style

Hao Wei; Erwin F. Rodriguez; Anthony F. Hollenkamp; Anand I. Bhatt; Dehong Chen; Rachel A. Caruso. High Reversible Pseudocapacity in Mesoporous Yolk–Shell Anatase TiO 2 /TiO 2 (B) Microspheres Used as Anodes for Li‐Ion Batteries. Advanced Functional Materials 2017, 27, 1 .

AMA Style

Hao Wei, Erwin F. Rodriguez, Anthony F. Hollenkamp, Anand I. Bhatt, Dehong Chen, Rachel A. Caruso. High Reversible Pseudocapacity in Mesoporous Yolk–Shell Anatase TiO 2 /TiO 2 (B) Microspheres Used as Anodes for Li‐Ion Batteries. Advanced Functional Materials. 2017; 27 (46):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hao Wei; Erwin F. Rodriguez; Anthony F. Hollenkamp; Anand I. Bhatt; Dehong Chen; Rachel A. Caruso. 2017. "High Reversible Pseudocapacity in Mesoporous Yolk–Shell Anatase TiO 2 /TiO 2 (B) Microspheres Used as Anodes for Li‐Ion Batteries." Advanced Functional Materials 27, no. 46: 1.

Journals
Published: 11 May 2017 in Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
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The effect of ionic strength on dendrite formation and suppression has been investigated in an organic solvent (acetonitrile containing TBAPF6) and in the ionic liquid [EMIm][OTf].

ACS Style

Andrew K. Pearson; Pon Kao; Anthony P. O'Mullane; Anand I. Bhatt. Investigating the effect of ionic strength on the suppression of dendrite formation during metal electrodeposition. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2017, 19, 14745 -14760.

AMA Style

Andrew K. Pearson, Pon Kao, Anthony P. O'Mullane, Anand I. Bhatt. Investigating the effect of ionic strength on the suppression of dendrite formation during metal electrodeposition. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2017; 19 (22):14745-14760.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew K. Pearson; Pon Kao; Anthony P. O'Mullane; Anand I. Bhatt. 2017. "Investigating the effect of ionic strength on the suppression of dendrite formation during metal electrodeposition." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 22: 14745-14760.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2016 in Electrochimica Acta
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The electrodeposition of lithium metal from room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) electrolytes consisting of N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (Pyr13[FSI]) with LiFSI, LiTFSI, LiBF4, LiPF6 or LiAsF6 salts onto Pt and Li electrodes was undertaken to identify mechanistic details. Cyclic voltammetry at both Pt and Li electrodes is complicated by the chemical reaction between fresh/electrodeposited Li metal and electrolyte to form a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI). As such, all electrolyte systems depict quasi-reversible cycling, owing to the concomitant chemical breakdown of the electrolyte and deposition of a passivation product onto the electrode surface. The rate at which the SEI forms can be observed through cyclic voltammetric scan rate studies. Chronoamperometry data supports the cyclic voltammetry studies and indicates that an instantaneous nucleation and growth type mechanism is taking place at all potentials as determined through modelling the current-time transients utilising the Hills-Scharifker theory. We show herein that these RTIL based electrolytes can be cycled effectively in an order of stability of salt inclusion as follows: LiBF4 > LiFSI > LiAsF6 > LiTFSI > LiPF6

ACS Style

Andrew Basile; Anand I. Bhatt; Anthony P. O’Mullane. Anion effect on lithium electrodeposition from N ‐propyl‐ N ‐methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide ionic liquid electrolytes. Electrochimica Acta 2016, 215, 19 -28.

AMA Style

Andrew Basile, Anand I. Bhatt, Anthony P. O’Mullane. Anion effect on lithium electrodeposition from N ‐propyl‐ N ‐methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide ionic liquid electrolytes. Electrochimica Acta. 2016; 215 ():19-28.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew Basile; Anand I. Bhatt; Anthony P. O’Mullane. 2016. "Anion effect on lithium electrodeposition from N ‐propyl‐ N ‐methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide ionic liquid electrolytes." Electrochimica Acta 215, no. : 19-28.

Journal article
Published: 13 June 2016 in Nature Communications
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Suppressing dendrite formation at lithium metal anodes during cycling is critical for the implementation of future lithium metal-based battery technology. Here we report that it can be achieved via the facile process of immersing the electrodes in ionic liquid electrolytes for a period of time before battery assembly. This creates a durable and lithium ion-permeable solid–electrolyte interphase that allows safe charge–discharge cycling of commercially applicable Li|electrolyte|LiFePO4 batteries for 1,000 cycles with Coulombic efficiencies >99.5%. The tailored solid–electrolyte interphase is prepared using a variety of electrolytes based on the N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide room temperature ionic liquid containing lithium salts. The formation is both time- and lithium salt-dependant, showing dynamic morphology changes, which when optimized prevent dendrite formation and consumption of electrolyte during cycling. This work illustrates that a simple, effective and industrially applicable lithium metal pretreatment process results in a commercially viable cycle life for a lithium metal battery. (a) Facile process for the preparation of SEI materials via chemical pretreatment with ionic liquid electrolyte. Micrographs revealing the dynamic morphology changes at lithium using LiFSI/[C3mPyr+][FSI−] electrolyte at time periods of (b) 4 h, (c) 7 d, (d) 12 d and (e) 18 d. As above, for the LiPF6/[C3mPyr+][FSI−] electrolyte after (f) 4 h, (g) 7 d, (h) 12 d and (i) 18 d, and while using LiAsF6/[C3mPyr+][FSI−] electrolyte after (j) 4 h, (k) 7 d, (l) 12 d and (m) 18 d. Scale bars, 50 μm (inset scale bars, 10 μm). Additional time periods available in Supplementary Fig. 2. Full size image View in article Representative voltage–time plot for long-term cycling of a symmetrical cell containing (a) LiPF6/[C3mPyr+][FSI−] or (b) LiAsF6/[C3mPyr+][FSI−] electrolytes. SEM micrographs displaying dendrite suppression for the (c) anode and (d) separator of the LiFSI/[C3mPyr+][FSI−] cell; (e) anode and (f) separator for the LiAsF6/[C3mPyr+][FSI−] cell; (g) anode and (h) separator for the LiPF6/[C3mPyr+][FSI−] cell. Scale bars, 50 μm (inset scale bars, 10 μm). Full size image View in article Nyquist plots for a Li-symmetrical cell containing (a) LiAsF6/[C3mPyr+][FSI−] electrolyte before (black) and after 5,000 cycles (red) at 0.1 mA cm−2 and (b) 12-day pretreated Li electrode in LiFSI/[C3mPyr+][FSI−] electrolyte before (black) after one charge (red) and after 333 cycles (blue) at 1.0 mA cm−2. Full size image View in article Voltage–time plots of Li-symmetrical cells using (a) Li|LiFSI/[C3mPyr+][FSI−]|Li, (b) LiPF6/[C3mPyr+][FSI−]|Li and (c) LiAsF6/[C3mPyr+][FSI−]|Li, after a period of 12 days (coloured) or 18 days (black). SEM micrographs of the Li|LiFSI/[C3mPyr+][FSI−]|Li cell components after 333 cycles highlighting the (d) lithium foil, (e) cross-section of the foil and (f) the separator material. Scale bars, 20 μm (d,f) and 100 μm (e). Full size image View in article Cycled for 500 charge/discharge cycles at (a) 2.0 mA cm−2, (b) ramping 0.1 to 10 mA cm−2 for 50 cycles per current density and (c) highlighting the effect of ramping the current density from 0.1 to 1.0 mA cm−2 and (d) 5.0 to 10 mA cm−2. (e) The first charge/discharge of a symmetrical cell and the corresponding SEM images of the Li anode after the initial (f) plating (scale bar, 10 μm) and (g) stripping of lithium (scale bar, 50 μm). Full size image View in article Discharge capacity and Coulombic efficiencies of Li|electrolyte|LiFePO4 full cells versus cycle number cycle at 1-c rate assembled with (a) pristine lithium and LiFSI|[C3mPyr+][FSI−] electrolyte. Discharge capacity and Coulombic efficiency for cells with LiFSI|[C3mPyr+][FSI−] electrolyte and pretreated with electrolytes composed of (b) LiFSI/[C3mPyr+][FSI−] (c) LiPF6/[C3mPyr+][FSI−] and (d) LiAsF6/[C3mPyr+][FSI−]. (e) Discharge capacity and Coulombic efficiency for the same LiFSI|[C3mPyr+][FSI−] cell in (b) after a shelf-life of 330 days. SEM micrographs of the LiFSI|[C3mPyr+][FSI−] cell (f), lithium anode (g), higher magnification (scale bar, 10 μm) of (f), (h) cross-section of (f) and (i) separator material. All other scale bars, 100 μm. Full size image View in article

ACS Style

Andrew Basile; Anand I. Bhatt; Anthony P. O'mullane. Stabilizing lithium metal using ionic liquids for long-lived batteries. Nature Communications 2016, 7, 1 .

AMA Style

Andrew Basile, Anand I. Bhatt, Anthony P. O'mullane. Stabilizing lithium metal using ionic liquids for long-lived batteries. Nature Communications. 2016; 7 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew Basile; Anand I. Bhatt; Anthony P. O'mullane. 2016. "Stabilizing lithium metal using ionic liquids for long-lived batteries." Nature Communications 7, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 07 March 2016 in ChemPlusChem
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This work reports on the fabrication of a superhydrophobic nylon textile based on the organic charge transfer complex CuTCNAQ (TCNAQ = 11,11,12,12-tetracyanoanthraquinodimethane). The nylon fabric that is metallized with copper undergoes a spontaneous chemical reaction with TCNAQ dissolved in acetonitrile to form nanorods of CuTCNAQ that are intertwined over the entire surface of the fabric. This creates the necessary micro and nanoscale roughness that is required for the Cassie-Baxter state thereby achieving a superhydrophobic/superoleophilic surface without the need for a fluorinated surface. The material is characterised with SEM, FT-IR and XPS spectroscopy and investigated for its ability to separate oil and water in two modes, namely under gravity and as an absorbent. It is found that the fabric can separate dichloromethane, olive oil and crude oil from water and in fact reduce the water content of the oil during the separation process. The fabric is reusable and tolerant to conditions such as seawater, hydrochloric acid and extensive time periods on the shelf. Given that CuTCNAQ is a copper based semiconductor may also open up the possibility of other applications in areas such as photocatalysis and antibacterial applications.

ACS Style

Faegheh Hoshyargar; Manika Mahajan; - Anuradha; Sheshanath V. Bhosale; Louis Kyratzis; Anand I. Bhatt; Anthony Peter O'Mullane. Superhydrophobic Fabrics for Oil/Water Separation Based on the Metal–Organic Charge‐Transfer Complex CuTCNAQ. ChemPlusChem 2016, 81, 378 -383.

AMA Style

Faegheh Hoshyargar, Manika Mahajan, - Anuradha, Sheshanath V. Bhosale, Louis Kyratzis, Anand I. Bhatt, Anthony Peter O'Mullane. Superhydrophobic Fabrics for Oil/Water Separation Based on the Metal–Organic Charge‐Transfer Complex CuTCNAQ. ChemPlusChem. 2016; 81 (4):378-383.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Faegheh Hoshyargar; Manika Mahajan; - Anuradha; Sheshanath V. Bhosale; Louis Kyratzis; Anand I. Bhatt; Anthony Peter O'Mullane. 2016. "Superhydrophobic Fabrics for Oil/Water Separation Based on the Metal–Organic Charge‐Transfer Complex CuTCNAQ." ChemPlusChem 81, no. 4: 378-383.

Journal article
Published: 28 August 2015 in Journal of The Electrochemical Society
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ACS Style

Valentin Muenzel; Anthony F. Hollenkamp; Anand I. Bhatt; Julian De Hoog; Marcus Brazil; Doreen A. Thomas; Iven Mareels. Comment on “A Comparative Testing Study of Commercial 18650-Format Lithium-Ion Battery Cells” [J. Electrochem. Soc., 162, A1592 (2015)]. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2015, 162, Y11 -Y12.

AMA Style

Valentin Muenzel, Anthony F. Hollenkamp, Anand I. Bhatt, Julian De Hoog, Marcus Brazil, Doreen A. Thomas, Iven Mareels. Comment on “A Comparative Testing Study of Commercial 18650-Format Lithium-Ion Battery Cells” [J. Electrochem. Soc., 162, A1592 (2015)]. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 2015; 162 (12):Y11-Y12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Valentin Muenzel; Anthony F. Hollenkamp; Anand I. Bhatt; Julian De Hoog; Marcus Brazil; Doreen A. Thomas; Iven Mareels. 2015. "Comment on “A Comparative Testing Study of Commercial 18650-Format Lithium-Ion Battery Cells” [J. Electrochem. Soc., 162, A1592 (2015)]." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 162, no. 12: Y11-Y12.

Journal article
Published: 15 May 2015 in Journal of The Electrochemical Society
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Demand for portable electronic and electrical devices has led to considerable growth in production of lithium-ion battery cells and the number of manufacturers thereof. However, due to lack of supplied information or independent verification, it is frequently difficult to compare cells based on available data. In this study, we conduct a comparative testing study on five types of 18650-format lithium-ion cells from three different commercial manufacturers, ranging from budget to high-performance cells. Key insights gathered in the comparison were that the tested budget cells frequently offer less than 20% of their rated capacity, that the budget cells degrade at a significantly higher proportional rate than other cells, and that certain high-performance cells exceed the size dimensions of the 18650-format by over 3%. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy testing showed the budget cells to have internal impedances several times higher than other cells, leading to notably increased heat generation and a significantly reduced cell efficiency. Differential capacity analysis found this high internal resistance to notably impede lithium intercalation processes. The presented methodology is intended as a base framework for conducting subsequent comparative testing studies for Li-ion cells.

ACS Style

Valentin Muenzel; Anthony Hollenkamp; Anand I. Bhatt; Julian De Hoog; Marcus Brazil; Doreen Thomas; Iven Mareels. A Comparative Testing Study of Commercial 18650-Format Lithium-Ion Battery Cells. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2015, 162, A1592 -A1600.

AMA Style

Valentin Muenzel, Anthony Hollenkamp, Anand I. Bhatt, Julian De Hoog, Marcus Brazil, Doreen Thomas, Iven Mareels. A Comparative Testing Study of Commercial 18650-Format Lithium-Ion Battery Cells. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 2015; 162 (8):A1592-A1600.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Valentin Muenzel; Anthony Hollenkamp; Anand I. Bhatt; Julian De Hoog; Marcus Brazil; Doreen Thomas; Iven Mareels. 2015. "A Comparative Testing Study of Commercial 18650-Format Lithium-Ion Battery Cells." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 162, no. 8: A1592-A1600.

Journal article
Published: 20 February 2014 in Advanced Functional Materials
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A new application of metal‐tetracyanoquinodimethane charge‐transfer complexes for efficient antimicrobial performance is discovered by V. Bansal and co‐workers. On page 1047, long AgTCNQ nanowires of >4000 aspect ratio are grown onto a fabric surface. The high surface area of the 3D interwoven network of AgTCNQ nanowires and the low aqueous solubility of this material allow the AgTCNQ fabric unprecedented antibacterial performance over pristine Ag fabric due to slow Ag+ ion release characteristics.

ACS Style

Zahra Mohammad Davoudi; Ahmad Esmaielzadeh Kandjani; Anand I. Bhatt; Ilias L. Kyratzis; Anthony P. O'mullane; Vipul Bansal. Antibacterials: Hybrid Antibacterial Fabrics with Extremely High Aspect Ratio Ag/AgTCNQ Nanowires (Adv. Funct. Mater. 8/2014). Advanced Functional Materials 2014, 24, 1030 -1030.

AMA Style

Zahra Mohammad Davoudi, Ahmad Esmaielzadeh Kandjani, Anand I. Bhatt, Ilias L. Kyratzis, Anthony P. O'mullane, Vipul Bansal. Antibacterials: Hybrid Antibacterial Fabrics with Extremely High Aspect Ratio Ag/AgTCNQ Nanowires (Adv. Funct. Mater. 8/2014). Advanced Functional Materials. 2014; 24 (8):1030-1030.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zahra Mohammad Davoudi; Ahmad Esmaielzadeh Kandjani; Anand I. Bhatt; Ilias L. Kyratzis; Anthony P. O'mullane; Vipul Bansal. 2014. "Antibacterials: Hybrid Antibacterial Fabrics with Extremely High Aspect Ratio Ag/AgTCNQ Nanowires (Adv. Funct. Mater. 8/2014)." Advanced Functional Materials 24, no. 8: 1030-1030.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2013 in Advanced Functional Materials
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This study reports the synthesis of extremely high aspect ratios (>3000) organic semiconductor nanowires of Ag–tetracyanoquinodimethane (AgTCNQ) on the surface of a flexible Ag fabric for the first time. These one‐dimensional (1D) hybrid Ag/AgTCNQ nanostructures are attained by a facile, solution‐based spontaneous reaction involving immersion of Ag fabrics in an acetonitrile solution of TCNQ. Further, it is discovered that these AgTCNQ nanowires show outstanding antibacterial performance against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria, which outperforms that of pristine Ag. The outcomes of this study also reflect upon a fundamentally important aspect that the antimicrobial performance of Ag‐based nanomaterials may not necessarily be solely due to the amount of Ag+ ions leached from these nanomaterials, but that the nanomaterial itself may also play a direct role in the antimicrobial action. Notably, the applications of metal‐organic semiconducting charge transfer complexes of metal‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) have been predominantly restricted to electronic applications, except from our recent reports on their (photo)catalytic potential and the current case on antimicrobial prospects. This report on growth of these metal‐TCNQ complexes on a fabric not only widens the window of these interesting materials for new biological applications, it also opens the possibilities for developing large‐area flexible electronic devices by growing a range of metal‐organic semiconducting materials directly on a fabric surface.

ACS Style

Zahra Mohammad Davoudi; Ahmad Esmaielzadeh Kandjani; Anand I. Bhatt; Ilias L. Kyratzis; Anthony P. O'mullane; Vipul Bansal. Hybrid Antibacterial Fabrics with Extremely High Aspect Ratio Ag/AgTCNQ Nanowires. Advanced Functional Materials 2013, 24, 1047 -1053.

AMA Style

Zahra Mohammad Davoudi, Ahmad Esmaielzadeh Kandjani, Anand I. Bhatt, Ilias L. Kyratzis, Anthony P. O'mullane, Vipul Bansal. Hybrid Antibacterial Fabrics with Extremely High Aspect Ratio Ag/AgTCNQ Nanowires. Advanced Functional Materials. 2013; 24 (8):1047-1053.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zahra Mohammad Davoudi; Ahmad Esmaielzadeh Kandjani; Anand I. Bhatt; Ilias L. Kyratzis; Anthony P. O'mullane; Vipul Bansal. 2013. "Hybrid Antibacterial Fabrics with Extremely High Aspect Ratio Ag/AgTCNQ Nanowires." Advanced Functional Materials 24, no. 8: 1047-1053.

Journal article
Published: 15 May 2013 in Journal of The Electrochemical Society
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The repetitive cycling of lithium metal electrodes in Li metal | ionic liquid electrolytes | Li metal coin cells was investigated. Lithium metal electrodes achieved 800 charge-discharge cycles at current densities of 0.1, 10 and 100 mA cm−2. Voltage-time plots show evidence for instabilities manifesting themselves as voltage spikes. SEM imaging of cycled electrodes crucially shows no evidence for dendrite formation capable of leading to short circuit conditions, under all cycling regimes. SEM study shows evidence for surface corrosion. Based on the SEM study and cycling behavior a corrosion based equivalent circuit is presented and fitted to impedance data. SEM and impedance data are used to describe the changes in the voltage-time plots and ascribe the voltage spikes observed to changes in the lithium metal surface and subsequent corrosion. FTIR spectroscopy was used to analyze lithium electrodes after cycling and evidence for IL surface coordination and LiOH formation was found.

ACS Style

Anand I. Bhatt; Pon Kao; Adam S. Best; Anthony F. Hollenkamp. Understanding the Morphological Changes of Lithium Surfaces during Cycling in Electrolyte Solutions of Lithium Salts in an Ionic Liquid. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2013, 160, A1171 -A1180.

AMA Style

Anand I. Bhatt, Pon Kao, Adam S. Best, Anthony F. Hollenkamp. Understanding the Morphological Changes of Lithium Surfaces during Cycling in Electrolyte Solutions of Lithium Salts in an Ionic Liquid. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 2013; 160 (8):A1171-A1180.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anand I. Bhatt; Pon Kao; Adam S. Best; Anthony F. Hollenkamp. 2013. "Understanding the Morphological Changes of Lithium Surfaces during Cycling in Electrolyte Solutions of Lithium Salts in an Ionic Liquid." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 160, no. 8: A1171-A1180.

Chapter
Published: 18 March 2013 in Handbook of Reference Electrodes
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Ionic liquids show promise as electrolytes for a host of electrochemical processes due to their favourable physical and electrochemical properties. However, use of conventional aqueous or non-aqueous reference electrodes with ionic liquids poses problems due to the existence of large junction potentials and possible contamination of the test solution. This chapter will begin with defining an ionic liquid/molten salt and their subclasses before describing the types of reference electrodes that have been used within these media and finally describe how to construct an IL reference electrode for electrochemical measurements.

ACS Style

Anand I. Bhatt; Graeme A. Snook. Reference Electrodes for Ionic Liquids and Molten Salts. Handbook of Reference Electrodes 2013, 189 -227.

AMA Style

Anand I. Bhatt, Graeme A. Snook. Reference Electrodes for Ionic Liquids and Molten Salts. Handbook of Reference Electrodes. 2013; ():189-227.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anand I. Bhatt; Graeme A. Snook. 2013. "Reference Electrodes for Ionic Liquids and Molten Salts." Handbook of Reference Electrodes , no. : 189-227.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2013 in Electrochemistry Communications
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The effect of extended cycling on lithium metal electrodes has been investigated in an ionic liquid electrolyte. Cycling studies were conducted on lithium metal electrodes in a symmetrical Li|electrolyte|Li coin cell configuration for 5000 charge–discharge cycles at a current density of 0.1 mA cm− 2. The voltage–time plots show evidence of some unstable behavior which is attributed to surface reorganization. No evidence for lithium dendrite induced short circuiting was observed. SEM imaging showed morphology changes had occurred but no evidence of needle-like dendrite based growth was found after 5000 charge–discharge cycles. This study suggests that ionic liquid electrolytes can enable next generation battery technologies such as rechargeable lithium-air, in which a safe, reversible lithium electrode is a crucial component

ACS Style

Andrew Basile; Anthony F. Hollenkamp; Anand I. Bhatt; Anthony P. O'Mullane. Extensive charge–discharge cycling of lithium metal electrodes achieved using ionic liquid electrolytes. Electrochemistry Communications 2013, 27, 69 -72.

AMA Style

Andrew Basile, Anthony F. Hollenkamp, Anand I. Bhatt, Anthony P. O'Mullane. Extensive charge–discharge cycling of lithium metal electrodes achieved using ionic liquid electrolytes. Electrochemistry Communications. 2013; 27 ():69-72.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew Basile; Anthony F. Hollenkamp; Anand I. Bhatt; Anthony P. O'Mullane. 2013. "Extensive charge–discharge cycling of lithium metal electrodes achieved using ionic liquid electrolytes." Electrochemistry Communications 27, no. : 69-72.

Research article
Published: 01 January 2013 in Australian Journal of Chemistry
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In batteries the separator plays a crucial role within the cell. Commercially available separators, e.g. polyolefins, glass fibres, or polyolefins with ceramic coatings, do not have ideal compatibility with ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes. In this study, we report on the use of electrospinning to fabricate poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes for use with IL electrolyte based batteries. Four electrospun membranes have been prepared; a neat PVDF, PVDF doped with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), and two LiTFSI-doped membranes based on either thermal or UV cross-linking. The membranes were characterised by a number of techniques and the key characteristics of all electrospun membranes included small fibre sizes and high porosity. The tensile strengths of the cross-linked membranes approached those of commercial membranes. Electrochemical performance was measured using coin cell cycling and the thermally cross-linked membrane gave the lowest cell overpotential as well as the lowest cell resistance.

ACS Style

Yen Bach Truong; Pon Kao; Ilias Louis Kyratzis; Chi Huynh; Florian H. M. Graichen; Anand I. Bhatt; Adam S. Best. Electrospun Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-Lithium Bistrifluoromethanesulfonamide Separators for Applications in Ionic Liquid Batteries. Australian Journal of Chemistry 2013, 66, 252 -261.

AMA Style

Yen Bach Truong, Pon Kao, Ilias Louis Kyratzis, Chi Huynh, Florian H. M. Graichen, Anand I. Bhatt, Adam S. Best. Electrospun Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-Lithium Bistrifluoromethanesulfonamide Separators for Applications in Ionic Liquid Batteries. Australian Journal of Chemistry. 2013; 66 (2):252-261.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yen Bach Truong; Pon Kao; Ilias Louis Kyratzis; Chi Huynh; Florian H. M. Graichen; Anand I. Bhatt; Adam S. Best. 2013. "Electrospun Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-Lithium Bistrifluoromethanesulfonamide Separators for Applications in Ionic Liquid Batteries." Australian Journal of Chemistry 66, no. 2: 252-261.

Research front
Published: 01 January 2012 in Australian Journal of Chemistry
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The polymerisation reaction of pyrrole and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene using the chemical oxidant FeCl3·6H2O in the room temperature ionic liquid butyl-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (C4mpyrTFSI) has been investigated using cyclic voltammetry, UV/vis and IR spectroscopy. The voltammetric data for the Fe2+/3+ reaction is complicated by the presence of H+ introduced upon dissolution of the iron salt by deprotonation of the coordinated waters. The voltammetric and chemical reaction studies show that H+ itself, introduced to solution as trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (HTFSI), can act as the chemical oxidant for the polymerisation reaction. Voltammetric data also implies that in this system the Fe2+/3+ redox couple may not actually be involved in the polymerisation reaction and that the H+ introduced upon dissolution of the FeCl3·6H2O may be the sole cause of the oxidation reaction.

ACS Style

Graeme A. Snook; Anand I. Bhatt; Muhammad E. Abdelhamid; Adam S. Best. Role of H+ in Polypyrrole and Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Formation Using FeCl3·6H2O in the Room Temperature Ionic Liquid, C4mpyrTFSI. Australian Journal of Chemistry 2012, 65, 1513 -1522.

AMA Style

Graeme A. Snook, Anand I. Bhatt, Muhammad E. Abdelhamid, Adam S. Best. Role of H+ in Polypyrrole and Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Formation Using FeCl3·6H2O in the Room Temperature Ionic Liquid, C4mpyrTFSI. Australian Journal of Chemistry. 2012; 65 (11):1513-1522.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Graeme A. Snook; Anand I. Bhatt; Muhammad E. Abdelhamid; Adam S. Best. 2012. "Role of H+ in Polypyrrole and Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Formation Using FeCl3·6H2O in the Room Temperature Ionic Liquid, C4mpyrTFSI." Australian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 11: 1513-1522.

Research front
Published: 01 January 2012 in Australian Journal of Chemistry
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The effect of storage time on the cyclability of lithium electrodes in an ionic liquid electrolyte, namely 0.5 m LiBF4 in N-methyl-N-propyl pyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, [C3mpyr+][FSI–], was investigated. A chemical interaction was observed which is time dependent and results in a morphology change of the Li surface due to build up of passivation products over a 12‐day period. The formation of this layer significantly impacts on the Li electrode resistance before cycling and the charging/discharging process for symmetrical Li|0.5 m LiBF4 in [C3mpyr+][FSI–]|Li coin cells. Indeed it was found that introducing a rest period between cycling, and thereby allowing the chemical interaction between the Li electrode and electrolyte to take place, also impacted on the charging/discharging process. For all Li surface treatments the electrode resistance decreased after cycling and was due to significant structural rearrangement of the surface layer. These results suggest that careful electrode pretreatment in a real battery system will be required before operation.

ACS Style

Andrew Basile; Anand I. Bhatt; Anthony P. O'mullane. A Combined Scanning Electron Micrograph and Electrochemical Study of the Effect of Chemical Interaction on the Cyclability of Lithium Electrodes in an Ionic Liquid Electrolyte. Australian Journal of Chemistry 2012, 65, 1534 -1541.

AMA Style

Andrew Basile, Anand I. Bhatt, Anthony P. O'mullane. A Combined Scanning Electron Micrograph and Electrochemical Study of the Effect of Chemical Interaction on the Cyclability of Lithium Electrodes in an Ionic Liquid Electrolyte. Australian Journal of Chemistry. 2012; 65 (11):1534-1541.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew Basile; Anand I. Bhatt; Anthony P. O'mullane. 2012. "A Combined Scanning Electron Micrograph and Electrochemical Study of the Effect of Chemical Interaction on the Cyclability of Lithium Electrodes in an Ionic Liquid Electrolyte." Australian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 11: 1534-1541.

Journal article
Published: 08 January 2011 in Electrochimica Acta
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The electrodeposition of silver from two ionic liquids, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIm][BF4]) and N-butyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([C4mPyr][TFSI]), and an aqueous KNO3 solution on a glassy carbon electrode was undertaken. It was found by cyclic voltammetry that the electrodeposition of silver proceeds through nucleation–growth kinetics. Analysis of chronoamperometric data indicated that the nucleation–growth mechanism is instantaneous at all potentials in the case of [BMIm][BF4] and [C4mPyr][TFSI], and instantaneous at low overpotentials tending to progressive at high overpotentials for KNO3. Significantly, under ambient conditions, the silver electrodeposition mechanism changes to progressive nucleation and growth in [C4mPyr][TFSI], which is attributed to the uptake of atmospheric water in the IL. It was found that these differences in the growth mechanism impact significantly on the morphology of the resultant electrodeposit which is characterised ex situ by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.

ACS Style

Andrew Basile; Anand I. Bhatt; Anthony P. O’Mullane; Suresh K. Bhargava. An investigation of silver electrodeposition from ionic liquids: Influence of atmospheric water uptake on the silver electrodeposition mechanism and film morphology. Electrochimica Acta 2011, 56, 2895 -2905.

AMA Style

Andrew Basile, Anand I. Bhatt, Anthony P. O’Mullane, Suresh K. Bhargava. An investigation of silver electrodeposition from ionic liquids: Influence of atmospheric water uptake on the silver electrodeposition mechanism and film morphology. Electrochimica Acta. 2011; 56 (7):2895-2905.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew Basile; Anand I. Bhatt; Anthony P. O’Mullane; Suresh K. Bhargava. 2011. "An investigation of silver electrodeposition from ionic liquids: Influence of atmospheric water uptake on the silver electrodeposition mechanism and film morphology." Electrochimica Acta 56, no. 7: 2895-2905.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2010 in Journal of The Electrochemical Society
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In seeking to develop ionic liquid based electrolytes for use in lithium metal batteries, we present an investigation of the electrochemical properties of NN -propyl-NN -methyl-pyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide and lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide at Ni, Pt, and Li electrodes by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and impedance spectroscopy. While lithium electrodeposition and stripping are chemically reversible, the magnitude of peak currents during successive cycles is strongly dependent on the substrate. Severe decreases are observed at Ni, only moderate falls at Pt, while Li electrodes support modest increases in current, consistent with roughening of the electrode with each deposition cycle. We discuss this behavior on the basis of competition between (i) formation of a solid electrolyte interphase at the deposited lithium surface and (ii) strength of interaction between deposited lithium and substrate. Chronoamperometric data indicate that lithium deposition proceeds via instantaneous nucleation and growth, which favors smooth rather than nodular deposit morphology. Symmetrical (Li|electrolyte|Li)(Li|electrolyte|Li) cells display excellent cycling behavior (470cycles)(470cycles) , at current densities up to 10mAcm−210mAcm−2 , with only transient evidence of dendrite formation. Initially high impedance is reduced by increasing the concentration (∼0.5molkg−1)(∼0.5molkg−1) of lithium salt, although all cells eventually reach relatively low values of <10Ωcm2<10Ωcm2 . The properties of this electrolyte system make it a strong candidate for future application in lithium metal batteries.

ACS Style

Anand I. Bhatt; Adam S. Best; Junhua Huang; Anthony F. Hollenkamp. Application of the N-propyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide RTIL Containing Lithium Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide in Ionic Liquid Based Lithium Batteries. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2010, 157, A66 -A74.

AMA Style

Anand I. Bhatt, Adam S. Best, Junhua Huang, Anthony F. Hollenkamp. Application of the N-propyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide RTIL Containing Lithium Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide in Ionic Liquid Based Lithium Batteries. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 2010; 157 (1):A66-A74.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anand I. Bhatt; Adam S. Best; Junhua Huang; Anthony F. Hollenkamp. 2010. "Application of the N-propyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide RTIL Containing Lithium Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide in Ionic Liquid Based Lithium Batteries." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 157, no. 1: A66-A74.