Myrica esculenta (Myricaceae) is a popular medicinal plant most commonly found in the sub-tropical Himalayas. It is widely used in folk medicine to treat several ailments such as asthma, cough, chronic bronchitis, ulcers, inflammation, anemia, fever, diarrhea, and ear, nose, and throat disorders. Due to its multidimensional pharmacological and therapeutic effects, it is well recognized in the ayurvedic pharmacopeia. However, the recent upsurge in M. esculenta use and demand has led to illicit harvesting by the horticultural trade and habitat loss, pushing the plant to the brink of extinction. Thus, the present review aims to provide updated information on M. esculenta botany, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological effects, toxicity, and conservation methods, as well as also highlight prospective for future research. Particular emphasis is also given to its antioxidant potential in health promotion. In-depth literature was probed by searching several sources via online databases, texts, websites, and thesis. About 57 compounds were isolated and identified from M. esculenta, and the available reports on physicochemical parameters, nutritional and high-performance thin-layer chromatography analysis of bioactive plant parts are portrayed in a comparative manner. Friendly holistic conservation approaches offered by plant biotechnology applications, such as micropropagation, germplasm preservation, synthetic seed production, and hairy root technologies are also discussed. Nonetheless, further studies are needed to propose the mechanistic role of crude extracts and other bioactives, and even to explore the structure–function relationship of active components.

Background: Plant diversity is a basic source of food and medicine for local Himalayan communities. The current study was designed to assess the effect of different solvents (methanol, ethyl acetate, and water) on the phenolic profile, and the corresponding biological activity was studied. Methods: Antioxidant activity was investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2″-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic) acid (ABTS) assay, while the antimicrobial activity was evaluated by disk diffusion method using various bacterial and fungal strains. Results: The outcomes demonstrated that methanol acted as the most effective solvent for polyphenols extraction, as strengthened by the liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. M. esculenta methanol extract showed the highest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenger antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 39.29 μg/mL and 52.83 μg/mL, respectively, while the ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts revealed minimum antioxidant potential. Methanol extract also revealed higher phenolic content, 88.94±0.24 mg of equivalent gallic acid (GAE)/g), measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu method, while the minimum content was recorded for aqueous extract (62.38±0.14 GAE/g). The highest flavonoid content was observed for methanol extract, 67.44±0.14 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g) measured by an aluminum chloride colorimetric method, while the lowest content was recorded for aqueous extract (35.77±0.14 QE/g). Antimicrobial activity findings also reveal that the methanol extract led to a higher inhibition zone against bacterial and fungal strains. FTIR analysis reveals the presence of various functional groups, viz. alkenes, amines, carboxylic acids, amides, esters, alcohols, phenols, ketones, carboxylic acids, and aromatic compounds. This FTIR analysis could serve as a basis for the authentication of M. esculenta extracts for future industrial applications. Compounds identified by LC-MS analysis were gallic acid, myricanol, myricanone, epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate, β-sitosterol, quercetin, p-coumaric acid, palmitic acid, n-pentadecanol, n-octadecanol, stigmasterol, oleanolic acid, n-hexadecanol, cis-β-caryophyllene, lupeol, and myresculoside. Conclusion: This study suggests that the methanolic extract from M. esculenta leaves has strong antioxidant potential and could be a significant source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials for functional foods formulation.

Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of the use of drugs in a large number of people.It is a growing discipline that applies epidemiological techniques to study drugs used in a large population. Just as the term implies, pharmacoepidemiology combines clinical pharmacology with epidemiology. Pharmacology is the study of the effects of medications on humans; it pertains to using pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of patients to predict the effect of drugs. Epidemiology, on the other hand, is the study of the factors that determine the occurrence and distribution of diseases in a population. In its broad concept, it encompasses drug utilization studies, and identification and quantification of adverse drug reactions (ADRs); its aim is to improve the quality and use of medicines. Drug utilization studies are known to involve the marketing, distribution, prescription, and use of drugs in a society with special emphasis on the medical, social, and economic consequences. The discipline, when not considered sufficiently, has a potential that could cause a high-level of increase in health expenses by creating conflict in the health systems of countries. In this study, it is aimed to define pharmacoepidemiology, to analyze its relation with other disciplines and to inform about pharmacoepidemiology usage areas.

Objective: The aim of present work was to develop a gradient RP-HPLC method for simultaneous\ud analysis of rosiglitazone and gliclazide, in a tablet dosage form. Method: Chromatographic\ud system was optimized using a hypersil C18 (250mm x 4.6mm, 5毺 m) column with potassium\ud dihydrogen phosphate (pH-7.0) and acetonitrile in the ratio of 60:40, as mobile phase, at a flow\ud rate of 1.0 ml/min. Detection was carried out at 225 nm by a SPD-20A prominence UV/Vis detector.\ud Result: Rosiglitazone and gliclazide were eluted with retention times of 17.36 and 7.06 min,\ud respectively. Beer’s Lambert ’s Law was obeyed over the concentration ranges of 5 to 70 毺 g/ml\ud and 2 to 12 毺 g/ml for rosiglitazone and gliclazide, respectively. Conclusion: The high recovery\ud and low coefficients of variation confirm the suitability of the method for simultaneous analysis\ud of both drugs in a tablets dosage form. Statistical analysis proves that the method is sensitive and\ud significant for the analysis of rosiglitazone and gliclazide in pure and in pharmaceutical dosage\ud form without any interference from the excipients. The method was validated in accordance with\ud ICH guidelines. Validation revealed the method is specific, rapid, accurate, precise, reliable, and\ud reproducible

Anogeissus pendula Edgew has been reported to be used in gastric disorder even though no attempt has been made to evaluate the same. The present study was designed to evaluate the hydroalcoholic extracts of stem bark and leaves for in vivo acute antiulcer and anti-inflammatory activities. Antiulcer activity was studied by pylorus ligation induced ulcers while anti-inflammatory activities was studied by carrageenan induced paw edema. The extract of stem bark at 200 and 400 mg/kg b. w., significantly (P<0.05) reduced ulcer index whereas extracts of both stem bark and leaves significantly (P<0.001) reduced paw diameter at the fifth hour. The hydroalcholic extract of stem bark of A. pendula possesses more significant antiulcer and anti-inflammatory activity than the hydroalcholic extract of leaves may be due to the presence of higher amount of phenolic compounds.