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Prof. Yongrok Choi
Inha University

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Journal article
Published: 20 July 2021 in Journal of Environmental Management
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To achieve carbon neutrality, the Korean government has promoted regulatory policies on the transition toward a carbon free economy in 2050. Unfortunately, these policies face strong complaints from industries with respect to losing international competitiveness owing to extra cost burdens. Is it feasible to achieve a carbon neutral economy with these regulatory policies? This study tries answering the question by evaluating the CO2 emissions performances of the Korean manufacturing industry for feasible solutions toward a carbon neutral economy. For this purpose, we adopted the metafrontier Malmquist–Luenberger (MML) index to reflect group heterogeneity at the technology level. Forty subsectors of manufacturing industrial data were collected from 2012 to 2017, which were classified under four technological levels: high, middle-high, middle-low, and low. The CO2 emissions performance showed a poor effect from the policies, with an overall 0.8% deterioration (−0.8%) in the CO2 emissions. Under the group heterogeneity, the middle-high and middle-low technology groups showed a significantly slower upward trend, implying that the environmental regulatory regime did not have a strong effect on these groups. To obtain a feasible solution for this fine tuning, MML decomposition was implemented in the second stage. As the efficiency change is the main driver that influences the CO2 emissions performance, the Korean government should encourage the catching-up effect in industries via a green cultural revolution, as well as provide strong incentives to avoid negligible performance in the innovation effect, supported by more market-oriented emissions trading schemes (ETSs).

ACS Style

Hyoungsuk Lee. Is carbon neutrality feasible for Korean manufacturing firms?: The CO2 emissions performance of the Metafrontier Malmquist–Luenberger index. Journal of Environmental Management 2021, 297, 113235 .

AMA Style

Hyoungsuk Lee. Is carbon neutrality feasible for Korean manufacturing firms?: The CO2 emissions performance of the Metafrontier Malmquist–Luenberger index. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021; 297 ():113235.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hyoungsuk Lee. 2021. "Is carbon neutrality feasible for Korean manufacturing firms?: The CO2 emissions performance of the Metafrontier Malmquist–Luenberger index." Journal of Environmental Management 297, no. : 113235.

Editorial
Published: 08 July 2021 in Sustainability
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When the 25th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP25) was held in Madrid, Spain from 2 to 13 December, 2019, there was a great expectation for the Paris Agreement to be implemented smoothly in a very transparent, predictable way

ACS Style

Yongrok Choi. Energy Efficiency and Urban Climate Adaption. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7627 .

AMA Style

Yongrok Choi. Energy Efficiency and Urban Climate Adaption. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7627.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yongrok Choi. 2021. "Energy Efficiency and Urban Climate Adaption." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7627.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2021 in Sustainability
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Medical tourism is a growing niche market with huge potential as the 6th industry of medical services, including an unforgettable trip. Due to these advantages, Uzbekistan hopes to be a leader in central Asia concerning medical tourism. Contrary to this ambitious goal, Uzbekistan patients still prefer going abroad for medical services. Therefore, in order for Uzbekistan to be a hub for medical tourism, the sustainable governance factors of medical tourism need to be found for local patients going overseas. Under this research motivation, this study evaluates how the medical, tourism, and information sharing factors influence behavioral intention based on the structural equation model (SEM) with a random sample of 498 residents in Uzbekistan. Perceived value and behavioral intention are used as a mediating variable and a dependent variable, respectively. The main findings are summarized as follows. First, the medical factor and information sharing are very important factors for behavioral intention, with high coefficient values of 0.399 and 0.516, respectively, while the tourism factor is not influential on the behavioral intention statistically. This implies that Uzbekistani patients do not consider tourism factors as a core condition, instead focusing on the service quality of the medical operation and convenience for foreign patients. Second, in the indirect model, we found that perceived value takes a fully mediating role between medical factors and behavioral intention, while it takes a partially mediating role between information sharing and behavioral intention, implying that strong promotion policies are required for the advantages of tourism and enhanced access to information.

ACS Style

Yongrok Choi; Zamira Ashurova; Hyoungsuk Lee. Sustainable Governance on the Intention of Medical Tourism in Uzbekistan. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6915 .

AMA Style

Yongrok Choi, Zamira Ashurova, Hyoungsuk Lee. Sustainable Governance on the Intention of Medical Tourism in Uzbekistan. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6915.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yongrok Choi; Zamira Ashurova; Hyoungsuk Lee. 2021. "Sustainable Governance on the Intention of Medical Tourism in Uzbekistan." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6915.

Journal article
Published: 11 June 2021 in Sustainability
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In terms of economic development and feeding the world’s populations, the importance of the agricultural sector is well known. However, agriculture and its related sectors are also known for contributing more than one-quarter of the world’s GHG emissions. To address this issue, we evaluate the performance of agriculture and its related firms in India from 2013 to 2019 with its environmental efficiency under the paradigm shift promoted by the National Agroforestry Policy in 2014. To evaluate the feasibility of this paradigm shift in agricultural policy, the non-radial slack-based measure (SBM) is utilized in the first stage, and Tobit regressions are used to assess the determinants of efficiency (or sources of inefficiency) measures at the second stage. The results from non-radial SBM show that Indian agricultural firms (foreign direct investment, private, and public) show huge potential with 32.2% on average to enhance their performance if they move toward the frontier of the production possibility curve. This suggests that Indian policymakers should regulate much stronger regulations for firms, especially for the use of agricultural inputs such as energy (fertilizers), with performance-oriented financial measures for sustainable agriculture. To determine the strategic variables for these firms to enhance their performance, Tobit regressions showed that fertilizers use (−3.350%) appears to have the highest negative impact on environmental efficiency. On the other hand, credit access (2.710%) has the highest positive impact on environmental efficiency, implying that policymakers should provide subsidies to firms in the form of soft loans (or credit access) for the purchase of high-quality fertilizers and to adopt energy-saving equipment/technology to minimize the use of chemical fertilizers in India.

ACS Style

Jahira Debbarma; Hyoungsuk Lee; Yongrok Choi. Sustainable Feasibility of the Environmental-Friendly Policies on Agriculture and Its Related Sectors in India. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6680 .

AMA Style

Jahira Debbarma, Hyoungsuk Lee, Yongrok Choi. Sustainable Feasibility of the Environmental-Friendly Policies on Agriculture and Its Related Sectors in India. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6680.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jahira Debbarma; Hyoungsuk Lee; Yongrok Choi. 2021. "Sustainable Feasibility of the Environmental-Friendly Policies on Agriculture and Its Related Sectors in India." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6680.

Journal article
Published: 05 June 2021 in Sustainability
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The transportation industry is one of the major sectors for air pollution. In particular, the freight transportation sector possesses the biggest share of air pollution in South Korea. Therefore, it is required to evaluate current environmental performance of this sector and predict regulation impact on the local economy for a sustainable future. Based on the sustainable governance, each local government should take actions or change the paradigm of the regulatory policies. Thus, this study examines the environmental performance of the freight transportation industry with air pollution of PM2.5 and NOx in 16 Korean local governments, based on the non-radial directional distance function (NDDF). On average, the freight transportation sector shows very low performance with a high potential value of 0.649. Furthermore, no significant uptrend was witnessed during the sample period (2012 to 2017), implying a lack of sustainable governance. Some local governments such as Seoul (0.9301) and Busan (0.9709) show high efficiency, and Gwangju shows a slow but increasing trend, while most of other cities are very low in their environmental performance of freight transportation industries. Even Seoul and Busan may not maintain their sustainable performance, because outperforming high sales revenue in these cities could lead to high efficiency even with high levels of aggravating air pollution. Therefore, it is meaningful to empirically test the sustainable feasibility in terms of regulatory costs, reflecting the opportunity costs to select increased regulation toward a sustainable, higher environment-friendly efficiency. Environmental regulation causes very low, negligible costs in most of the local governments, except Seoul, implying that a more regulatory regime will bring in the sustainable governance of the environmental efficiency (Porter hypothesis) for the freight transportation sector for these local governments. However, Seoul will endure a heavy economic burden if heavier environmental regulations are posed on its freight transport sector. Stepwise and fine tuning of regulations is required for Seoul. In contrast to Seoul, Incheon needs drastic reformation since it shows low efficiency with low regulatory cost.

ACS Style

Yongrok Choi; Haohao Wang; Fan Yang; Hyoungsuk Lee. Sustainable Governance of the Korean Freight Transportation Industry from an Environmental Perspective. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6429 .

AMA Style

Yongrok Choi, Haohao Wang, Fan Yang, Hyoungsuk Lee. Sustainable Governance of the Korean Freight Transportation Industry from an Environmental Perspective. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6429.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yongrok Choi; Haohao Wang; Fan Yang; Hyoungsuk Lee. 2021. "Sustainable Governance of the Korean Freight Transportation Industry from an Environmental Perspective." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6429.

Journal article
Published: 25 April 2021 in Ecological Indicators
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The synergistic reduction of CO2 emissions and air pollutants is of great concerns in China’s transport sector environmental regulation. This study built up a life-cycle data envelopment analysis model to inclusively measure CO2 and PM2.5 management performance of China’s 30 provinces’ transport sectors during 2013–2017 using the atmospheric environmental efficiency (AEE). We showed that the PM2.5 efficiency improvement was the main driver of China’s AEE increase from 0.544 in 2013 to 0.649 in 2017. The west of China exhibited the fastest growth and led the AEE since 2014; the central region also increased its AEE by 14.6% in the study period, while the east showed a negligible AEE improvement. Furthermore, the results showed that strict environmental regulation in the transport sector may cost China’s economic growth. Hence, we suggest that CO2 management demands more regulatory attention, and that market-oriented regulatory mechanisms, such as integrating the transport sector into carbon and PM2.5 emission trading systems, is needed to lower cost and enhance AEE.

ACS Style

Fan Yang; Yongrok Choi; Hyoungsuk Lee. Life-cycle data envelopment analysis to measure efficiency and cost-effectiveness of environmental regulation in China’s transport sector. Ecological Indicators 2021, 126, 107717 .

AMA Style

Fan Yang, Yongrok Choi, Hyoungsuk Lee. Life-cycle data envelopment analysis to measure efficiency and cost-effectiveness of environmental regulation in China’s transport sector. Ecological Indicators. 2021; 126 ():107717.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fan Yang; Yongrok Choi; Hyoungsuk Lee. 2021. "Life-cycle data envelopment analysis to measure efficiency and cost-effectiveness of environmental regulation in China’s transport sector." Ecological Indicators 126, no. : 107717.

Journal article
Published: 24 March 2021 in Sustainability
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The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly changed our daily life, especially in the food industry. This study aims to examine the sustainable factors that influence the reuse intention in China’s online-to-offline (O2O) food delivery industry, using “Meituan Waimai” app users as the objects of investigation. Meituan had great success in the initial stage of business due to the rapid urbanization of the major Chinese cities, and thus it is planning to enter the second and third level of cities in China. However, this may not be sustainable because beginner’s luck does not hold unless it is supported by sustainable governance. To evaluate the online and offline governance of O2O business, we used five service quality factors (convenience, safety, economy, accuracy, and speed) in a structural equation model. Customer satisfaction and reuse intention are used as mediating and dependent variables, respectively. The main findings are as follows. First, among the service characteristics, economy and speed factors did not perfectly mediate satisfaction, implying that the initial stage of success may not be sustainable. O2O service providers in China should put more effort into customizing economic incentives as well as making an appropriate impression regarding the delivery speed. Second, satisfaction is fully supported by other factors, implying that O2O service providers should take into account feedback from the people in the market and consumers.

ACS Style

Yongrok Choi; Lige Zhang; Jahira Debbarma; Hyoungsuk Lee. Sustainable Management of Online to Offline Delivery Apps for Consumers’ Reuse Intention: Focused on the Meituan Apps. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3593 .

AMA Style

Yongrok Choi, Lige Zhang, Jahira Debbarma, Hyoungsuk Lee. Sustainable Management of Online to Offline Delivery Apps for Consumers’ Reuse Intention: Focused on the Meituan Apps. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (7):3593.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yongrok Choi; Lige Zhang; Jahira Debbarma; Hyoungsuk Lee. 2021. "Sustainable Management of Online to Offline Delivery Apps for Consumers’ Reuse Intention: Focused on the Meituan Apps." Sustainability 13, no. 7: 3593.

Journal article
Published: 15 March 2021 in Sustainability
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Interest in mobile short-video platforms (MSVP) as a new social network service tool has surged in recent years. However, only a few studies have focused on MSVP users’ post-acceptance behavior. To clarify this issue of sustainable usage, this study analyzed users’ post-acceptance habit formation by incorporating perceived interactivity and perceived enjoyment into the expectation-confirmation theory of the information system continuance (ECT-IS) model using structural equation modelling. We developed and distributed an online questionnaire and collected 219 valid responses from Chinese MSVP users. Our results show that satisfaction is the foremost factor in determining users’ habit formation as it completely mediates the influence of confirmation and perceived interactivity. We also show that perceived enjoyment positively influences habit formation directly and indirectly. Nonetheless, we note that sustainable usage should form the basis of continuous satisfaction from user experience due to a few missing links with regard to modulation in habitual usage. Therefore, we suggest that MSVPs should enhance their content recommendation algorithms using technologies such as deep-learning forecasting to improve users’ satisfaction by increasing perceived enjoyment. We also show that the influence of perceived interactivity on habit formation is effective only when fully mediated by satisfaction. Thus, we recommend that MSVPs should diversify their interaction mechanisms, for instance, by introducing mass creators that promote users’ habit formation by enhancing their satisfaction on the platform.

ACS Style

Yongrok Choi; Hua Wen; Ming Chen; Fan Yang. Sustainable Determinants Influencing Habit Formation among Mobile Short-Video Platform Users. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3216 .

AMA Style

Yongrok Choi, Hua Wen, Ming Chen, Fan Yang. Sustainable Determinants Influencing Habit Formation among Mobile Short-Video Platform Users. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3216.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yongrok Choi; Hua Wen; Ming Chen; Fan Yang. 2021. "Sustainable Determinants Influencing Habit Formation among Mobile Short-Video Platform Users." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3216.

Review
Published: 27 January 2021 in Land
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The issue of food security has been widely studied by the international community. To reveal the research situation as it pertains to food security objectively, this paper comprehensively utilizes bibliometrics techniques (i.e., Bibliometrix, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace) to explore the research status and development trends in the area of food security. The results show that: (1) food security research has shown an increasing trend during the past 30 years. The 2013–2019 period was shown to be an active period with a high yield of articles, which were published mainly in the developed regions of Europe and America. Particularly, the number of articles published in the United States was far ahead of other countries in the world. (2) Food security research involved agriculture, environmental science and ecology, food science and technology, and business economics. The research topic is an interdisciplinary subject with a good momentum of development and a large space remaining for research. (3) Climate change, poverty, gender, nutrition, and diet structure have been the focuses of food security research in recent years. Food security in China, India, and sub-Saharan Africa has attracted wide attention. (4) Food security research is becoming more and more mature. The research scope extended from food security to food security and water and land resource security. Research topics range from decentralized to systematic. (5) Food security research is likely to gain much attention in the future based on three pillars: food supply, food access, and food use. Sustainability and diversity of food supply, along with dietary restructuring and food conservation initiatives, are expected to be new trends in future research on land management.

ACS Style

Hualin Xie; Yuyang Wen; Yongrok Choi; Xinmin Zhang. Global Trends on Food Security Research: A Bibliometric Analysis. Land 2021, 10, 119 .

AMA Style

Hualin Xie, Yuyang Wen, Yongrok Choi, Xinmin Zhang. Global Trends on Food Security Research: A Bibliometric Analysis. Land. 2021; 10 (2):119.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hualin Xie; Yuyang Wen; Yongrok Choi; Xinmin Zhang. 2021. "Global Trends on Food Security Research: A Bibliometric Analysis." Land 10, no. 2: 119.

Journal article
Published: 12 January 2021 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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China is an important participant in and practitioner of the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). By quantitatively comparing policy instruments for implementing sustainable development goals of China, Japan and South Korea at the macro level, it is possible to analyze the lack and conflicts of China’s policy instruments for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, and to identify policy preferences and priorities for sustainable development. This article uses the content analysis method to build an analytical framework based on policy instruments and the social-economic-ecological dimensions of sustainable development. Through coding statistics, this research analyzes China’s National Plan on Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (NPIASD), the Third National Basic Plan for Sustainable Development 2016–2035 (NBPSD) of South Korea, SDGs Implementation Guiding Principles (SIGP) of Japan. It was found that the current policy arrangements intervene in all aspects of sustainable development and provide various regulations and incentives to achieve SDGs. Compared with South Korea and Japan, symbolic and advisory instruments need to be strengthened in China. South Korea attaches great importance to ecological sustainability, social sustainability dimensions have the most policy instruments in China and Japan. While China’s ecological sustainability dimensions have less proportion of policy instruments than Japan and Korea, a situation that needs adjustment and optimization. In the follow-up policy design and improvement of sustainable development, China should optimize the application structure of policy instruments and allocate policies in different dimensions of sustainable development rationally to give full play to the role and functions of policies.

ACS Style

Hualin Xie; Jiaming Wen; Yongrok Choi. How the SDGs are implemented in China——A comparative study based on the perspective of policy instruments. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 291, 125937 .

AMA Style

Hualin Xie, Jiaming Wen, Yongrok Choi. How the SDGs are implemented in China——A comparative study based on the perspective of policy instruments. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 291 ():125937.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hualin Xie; Jiaming Wen; Yongrok Choi. 2021. "How the SDGs are implemented in China——A comparative study based on the perspective of policy instruments." Journal of Cleaner Production 291, no. : 125937.

Journal article
Published: 23 November 2020 in Sustainability
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Based on urban economic data in the Yangtze River Delta region of China from 2011 to 2017, this study empirically explores the characteristics of green finance development and its influencing factors through the establishment of a time fixed effects Durbin model. The empirical results are as follows: (1) The development of green finance in the Yangtze River Delta has a clear spatial cluster effect, and there are large regional differences. (2) The regional GDP, regional innovation level, and air quality are the most important influencing factors, and the degree of financial development and the optimization of the industrial structure are not significant. (3) Regional GDP is positively correlated with the development of green finance, and regional innovation level and air quality are negatively correlated with the development of green finance. (4) Regional GDP, regional innovation level, and air quality are associated with the development level of green finance mainly through direct effects. The degree of financial development and the optimization of industrial structure are associated with the development level of green finance mainly through spillover effects. The degree of financial development has a positive spillover effect; in contrast, the optimization of the industrial structure has a negative spillover effect. Finally, according to the conclusions, countermeasures and suggestions for improving the level of green finance development in the Yangtze River Delta are proposed.

ACS Style

Hualin Xie; Zhenyi Ouyang; Yongrok Choi. Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Green Finance Development in the Yangtze River Delta of China: Analysis Based on the Spatial Durbin Model. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9753 .

AMA Style

Hualin Xie, Zhenyi Ouyang, Yongrok Choi. Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Green Finance Development in the Yangtze River Delta of China: Analysis Based on the Spatial Durbin Model. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (22):9753.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hualin Xie; Zhenyi Ouyang; Yongrok Choi. 2020. "Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Green Finance Development in the Yangtze River Delta of China: Analysis Based on the Spatial Durbin Model." Sustainability 12, no. 22: 9753.

Journal article
Published: 12 November 2020 in Technological Forecasting and Social Change
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Sustainable intensification provides a new research paradigm for coordinating the trade-offs between food demand and resource and environmental constraints. The sustainable intensification of cultivated land use can be seen as the material and energy processes required to sustain the land output functions and land use activities. In the present study, we used emergy analysis to describe the input-output flow of Ruijin's cultivated land use processes to assess its level of sustainable intensification. In terms of input and output, the net loss of topsoil through cultivated land use is 1.75 times the resilience of the cultivated land system, which places tremendous pressure on cultivated land protection. In 2017, compared to 2010, the output emergy of agricultural products decreased by 16.52%, and the emergy of waste emissions increased by 4.24%. The continuous increase in agricultural waste discharge requires agricultural managers to improve the input of production factors through soil testing and formula fertilization and to optimize their planting structure to adjust the intensity of cultivated land use. The government's ecological protection requirements can alleviate environmental pressure and waste discharge, and land managers can sustainably intensify cultivated land use by carefully planning the spatial layout of agricultural production.

ACS Style

Hualin Xie; Yingqian Huang; Yongrok Choi; Jiaying Shi. Evaluating the sustainable intensification of cultivated land use based on emergy analysis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2020, 165, 120449 .

AMA Style

Hualin Xie, Yingqian Huang, Yongrok Choi, Jiaying Shi. Evaluating the sustainable intensification of cultivated land use based on emergy analysis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2020; 165 ():120449.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hualin Xie; Yingqian Huang; Yongrok Choi; Jiaying Shi. 2020. "Evaluating the sustainable intensification of cultivated land use based on emergy analysis." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 165, no. : 120449.

Journal article
Published: 12 October 2020 in Sustainability
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There is a rapid increase in inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) into developing countries such as India. Some researchers argue that FDI has a positive impact on sustainable development in terms of environmental efficiency and brings innovative green technology to the host country. In contrast, others claim that FDI brings considerable pollution to the host country, and their motive is only to yield profit. To address this issue, this paper analyzes environmental efficiency between FDI and domestic firms in India for seven years between 2012 and 2018. The research aims to evaluate the performance of FDI firms in terms of environmental efficiency in India after implementing certain policy regulations, nationally and globally. In this analysis, we use the non-radial metafrontier Malmquist CO2 performance index (NMMCPI) with three decomposition indices: efficiency change index, best practice gap index, and technological gap change index. Our empirical results indicate that domestic firms have performed well in terms of better catch-up and innovation performance. On the other hand, FDI firms only demonstrated higher technology leadership performance, indicating weaker catch-up performance and weaker innovation performance. From the results, we proposed that policymakers should harmonize between the FDI promotion and regulation in its sustainable performance because global companies are not sensitive to the local regulations, and not very proactive in implementing the global standard of eco-friendliness.

ACS Style

Yongrok Choi; Hyoungsuk Lee; Jahira Debbarma. Are Global Companies Better in Environmental Efficiency in India? Based on Metafrontier Malmquist CO2 Performance. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8359 .

AMA Style

Yongrok Choi, Hyoungsuk Lee, Jahira Debbarma. Are Global Companies Better in Environmental Efficiency in India? Based on Metafrontier Malmquist CO2 Performance. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (20):8359.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yongrok Choi; Hyoungsuk Lee; Jahira Debbarma. 2020. "Are Global Companies Better in Environmental Efficiency in India? Based on Metafrontier Malmquist CO2 Performance." Sustainability 12, no. 20: 8359.

Journal article
Published: 06 October 2020 in Sustainability
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This study analyzes the sustainable feasibility of major airports in China in terms of airport operational efficiency (AOE). As AOE should be measured by economic performance as well as qualitative service management such as delay rate abatement, our study uses a multi-input/output slack-based data envelopment analysis model. We find that the 37 major airports in China have very low AOE levels, with an average of 48.2% during the study period of 2016–2019, implying great potential to enhance their efficiency. Even though the AOE trend is increasing upwards, it is still very much behind in terms of global standards. Moreover, this upward trend may come from external factors in the commercially driven eastern region airports and politically supported western region airports, and the AOE gap with airports in the central region is becoming larger. This implies that most airports in China are not yet self-sustaining. There are two ways for these airports to enhance AOE: more investment in infrastructure, such as airport facilities, and management upgrades from peer-learning efforts. We examined the feasibility of these two optimal paths and found that there is no need for decreasing returns to scale, implying that most of the airports can improve their AOE through additional investment, except for the eight airports with constant returns to scale, such as Beijing and Guangzhou. Moreover, each of the individual airports should learn from the top benchmarking airports on the production frontier. This study emphasizes the role of qualitative service performance and concludes that customized, self-sustaining innovation is required for all of the 37 major airports in China.

ACS Style

Yongrok Choi; Hua Wen; Hyoungsuk Lee; Hang Yang. Measuring Operational Performance of Major Chinese Airports Based on SBM-DEA. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8234 .

AMA Style

Yongrok Choi, Hua Wen, Hyoungsuk Lee, Hang Yang. Measuring Operational Performance of Major Chinese Airports Based on SBM-DEA. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):8234.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yongrok Choi; Hua Wen; Hyoungsuk Lee; Hang Yang. 2020. "Measuring Operational Performance of Major Chinese Airports Based on SBM-DEA." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 8234.

Journal article
Published: 21 August 2020 in Sustainability
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Managerial Pro-Social Rule Breaking (MPSRB) is a prevalent leadership behavior in China, characterized by conflict between favor and rule. Despite emerging interest in this behavior, two theoretical questions remain unsolved. First, its definition, dimensions, and measurement in the Chinese context are still lacking or improper; second, its double-edged sword effect on employees’ attitude is rarely empirically examined. This paper conducts three studies to solve these questions. In study 1, based on an analysis of the Chinese traditional culture, three dimensions of MPSRB (i.e., benevolence-based, pragmatic-based, and justice-based) were identified. In study 2, a scale of MPSRB containing 12 items was developed through an interview, preliminary, and formal questionnaire survey. In study 3, employees’ sustainable organizational identification perception (SOIDP) was studied as the dependent variable, to analyze and verify the double-edged sword effect of MPSRB by hierarchical regression and structural equation modeling (SEM) methods on the data gathered through the three stages from 380 employees. The results show that the three dimensions of MPSRB have a direct positive impact on employees’ SOIDP and, simultaneously, they have an indirect negative impact through the mediating role of procedural justice perception.

ACS Style

Yanyan Lv; Xiaoguang Liu; Guomin Li; Yongrok Choi. Managerial Pro-Social Rule Breaking in the Chinese Organizational Context: Conceptualization, Scale Development, and Double-Edged Sword Effect on Employees’ Sustainable Organizational Identification. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6786 .

AMA Style

Yanyan Lv, Xiaoguang Liu, Guomin Li, Yongrok Choi. Managerial Pro-Social Rule Breaking in the Chinese Organizational Context: Conceptualization, Scale Development, and Double-Edged Sword Effect on Employees’ Sustainable Organizational Identification. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (17):6786.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yanyan Lv; Xiaoguang Liu; Guomin Li; Yongrok Choi. 2020. "Managerial Pro-Social Rule Breaking in the Chinese Organizational Context: Conceptualization, Scale Development, and Double-Edged Sword Effect on Employees’ Sustainable Organizational Identification." Sustainability 12, no. 17: 6786.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2020 in Technological Forecasting and Social Change
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In China, climate policy has been strengthened by the mandated carbon intensity reduction target, which is a simple measurement of carbon efficiency under the single-factor framework. Is this carbon regulation during the 12th Five-Year Plan (FYP) actually effective for total factor carbon efficiency (TFCE) in China? To answer this research question, we estimate the TFCE and its policy and economic drivers using the fixed-effect stochastic frontier approach. The main results are as follows. First, the TFCE shows time and sector heterogeneity ranging from 0.235 to 0.996. Moreover, the changing pattern implies a positive relationship between TFCE and the 12th FYP. Second, the implementation of carbon regulations during the 12th FYP not only helped meet the carbon intensity reduction target, but also assisted in effectively improving TFCE. Third, carbon regulations have positively enhanced the role of energy prices in TFCE promotion and alleviated the negative role of exports. The results have significant policy implications for the carbon regulations in China's forthcoming 14th FYP. It is necessary to introduce market-oriented tools aside from the existing command-and-control policies.

ACS Style

Xiujie Tan; Yongrok Choi; Banban Wang; Xiaoqi Huang. Does China's carbon regulatory policy improve total factor carbon efficiency? A fixed-effect panel stochastic frontier analysis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2020, 160, 120222 .

AMA Style

Xiujie Tan, Yongrok Choi, Banban Wang, Xiaoqi Huang. Does China's carbon regulatory policy improve total factor carbon efficiency? A fixed-effect panel stochastic frontier analysis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2020; 160 ():120222.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiujie Tan; Yongrok Choi; Banban Wang; Xiaoqi Huang. 2020. "Does China's carbon regulatory policy improve total factor carbon efficiency? A fixed-effect panel stochastic frontier analysis." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 160, no. : 120222.

Journal article
Published: 03 July 2020 in Sustainability
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As the largest emitter of CO2, China has also serious air pollution issues. Is it possible to catch these two rabbits under heterogenetic conditions of urbanization? To answer this, this study examines atmospheric environmental performance (SO2, NOx, and PMs) of 30 major cities in China using streaming data from 2011 to 2017. A non-radial SBM-DEA approach is adopted with a meta-frontier model to evaluate regional heterogeneity in atmospheric environmental management. Our results suggest that pollution prevention and regulation policies encouraged synergic development of most cities in the economy and atmospheric environment. On average, atmospheric environmental efficiency of the cities improved from 0.556 to 0.691. However, significantly unbalanced development exists in the regions, requiring customized policies. Eastern cities achieved continuing improvement owing to stringent air pollutant emission policies. Central cities showed a strong improvement but lacked momentum after they achieved certain targets. Western cities lagged behind in the studying period due to both technology gap as well as weak regulation. Furthermore, we identify heterogeneous paths for inefficient cities to enhance their performance using benchmark information. Economically developed eastern cities, such as Beijing, Fuzhou, are facing an over-supply issue. Reshaping their economic structure may be necessary to attain better environmental performance. Central cities face diversified issues. The emphasis of different cities may vary from stringent emission policies to proactive supply-side transition to achieve strong atmospheric management performance. For under-developed cities, preferential policies for investment and tax incentives may be needed to improve their production scale for higher efficiency.

ACS Style

Yongrok Choi; Fan Yang; Hyoungsuk Lee. On the Unbalanced Atmospheric Environmental Performance of Major Cities in China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5391 .

AMA Style

Yongrok Choi, Fan Yang, Hyoungsuk Lee. On the Unbalanced Atmospheric Environmental Performance of Major Cities in China. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (13):5391.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yongrok Choi; Fan Yang; Hyoungsuk Lee. 2020. "On the Unbalanced Atmospheric Environmental Performance of Major Cities in China." Sustainability 12, no. 13: 5391.

Journal article
Published: 02 July 2020 in Sustainability
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An emission trading system (ETS) is a powerful emission reduction tool for achieving low-carbon economic development in the world. Focusing on the industrial subsectors, this paper comprehensively analyzes the environmental and economic effects of the pilot ETS in China from the perspectives of economic development, technological optimization, and innovation-driven development by using the propensity score matching–difference in differences (PSM-DID) model based on 2005–2017 provincial panel data. This paper compensates for the limitations of existing studies on the effects of ETS on different subsectors; furthermore, the triple difference model (DDD) model is used to discuss the impacts of differences in environmental responsibility and economic potential among subsectors on policy effects. The empirical results show that: (1) The pilot ETS produces a 14.5% carbon reduction effect on the covered subsectors while reducing GDP by 4.8% without achieving a low-carbon economy. Thus, production decline is the main reason for carbon emission reductions. (2) Economic development factors have significant positive impacts on carbon emissions, while technological optimization and innovation-driven development are key factors for achieving reductions in carbon emissions. (3) The pilot ETS produces a 60.1% carbon emission inhibition effect and 23.2% GDP inhibition effect on the subsectors with greater environmental responsibility. Therefore, the Chinese government should fully simulate the impact of technological innovation and utilize resource endowment differences in the environmental and economic aspects of different sectors to achieve low-carbon economic development.

ACS Style

Haoran Zhang; Rongxia Zhang; Guomin Li; Wei Li; Yongrok Choi. Has China’s Emission Trading System Achieved the Development of a Low-Carbon Economy in High-Emission Industrial Subsectors? Sustainability 2020, 12, 5370 .

AMA Style

Haoran Zhang, Rongxia Zhang, Guomin Li, Wei Li, Yongrok Choi. Has China’s Emission Trading System Achieved the Development of a Low-Carbon Economy in High-Emission Industrial Subsectors? Sustainability. 2020; 12 (13):5370.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haoran Zhang; Rongxia Zhang; Guomin Li; Wei Li; Yongrok Choi. 2020. "Has China’s Emission Trading System Achieved the Development of a Low-Carbon Economy in High-Emission Industrial Subsectors?" Sustainability 12, no. 13: 5370.

Journal article
Published: 19 May 2020 in Technological Forecasting and Social Change
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This study examines Korea's research and development (R&D) investment performance at the local government level using slack-based model data envelopment analysis (SBM-DEA). The SBM methodology, which has replaced the traditional DEA model, is expected to provide more reliable empirical results for R&D investment performance. We confirm the statistical reliability of our results by conducting bootstrapping. The average score of Korea's R&D investment performance is 67.7%, implying that there is a 32.3% potential for efficiency improvement. Among the 16 local governments examined, Seoul, Gwangju, Daegu, and Gangwon show better performance with an average value higher than 0.8. We decomposed R&D investment efficiency into pure R&D investment technical efficiency and scale efficiency and derived implications regarding the input scales. We also reported benchmark information from trend-setting local governments that indicate ideal input mixes for fast-following local governments. Since no local government was found to be in the CRS group, we suggest that all local governments should transform their R&D investment input mix toward upscaling or downsizing.

ACS Style

Hyoungsuk Lee; Yongrok Choi; Hyungjun Seo. Comparative analysis of the R&D investment performance of Korean local governments. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2020, 157, 120073 .

AMA Style

Hyoungsuk Lee, Yongrok Choi, Hyungjun Seo. Comparative analysis of the R&D investment performance of Korean local governments. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2020; 157 ():120073.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hyoungsuk Lee; Yongrok Choi; Hyungjun Seo. 2020. "Comparative analysis of the R&D investment performance of Korean local governments." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 157, no. : 120073.

Review
Published: 08 April 2020 in Sustainability
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Humans can derive the benefits from the ecosystem to satisfy human needs as well-being. Therefore, good ecosystem management is the intermediary between ecosystems and human well-being. The ecosystem services depend on the supply of nature, and also reflect the value orientation of human beings, as the basis for the realization of human survival and cultural development. Land ecosystem services are the core and hot topic of ecological research. Under the current severe depletion of land use, this research evaluates the sustainable governance on the natural resource shortage, serious environmental pollution and ecosystem degradation. Based on the Web of Science database, this paper analyzes the development characteristics and trends of global land ecosystem services research using the Bibliometrix software package. The results show that (1) the amount of literature on land ecosystem services research between 2000 and 2019 has generally increased significantly, and entered a stage of rapid development from 2015. (2) Developed countries are the main research force in the field of land ecosystem services, and the United States has the absolute leading position. Developing countries are dominated by China, Argentina, and Brazil. (3) The high-frequency keywords for land ecosystem services are land use change, land use, climate change, urbanization, carbon and water quality. This can be regarded as a research hotspot in the field of land ecosystem services to a certain extent. (4) Through cluster analysis on the big data, the research found the direction for the future land ecosystem services, mainly: (I) the restoration of degraded land and its impact on ecosystem services; (II) the environmental impact assessment of land use planning based on the ecosystem services value; (III) the tradeoff analysis of ecosystem services in sustainable land management; (IV) the impact of land cover change on ecosystem services; (V) through the historical analysis of citied papers, the research history and evolution path of land ecosystem services are explored. Based on all these arguments, a comprehensive study on the diverse facets of land ecosystem services and the practical application of land ecosystem services areas is proposed.

ACS Style

Hualin Xie; Yanwei Zhang; Yongrok Choi; Fengqin Li. A Scientometrics Review on Land Ecosystem Service Research. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2959 .

AMA Style

Hualin Xie, Yanwei Zhang, Yongrok Choi, Fengqin Li. A Scientometrics Review on Land Ecosystem Service Research. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (7):2959.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hualin Xie; Yanwei Zhang; Yongrok Choi; Fengqin Li. 2020. "A Scientometrics Review on Land Ecosystem Service Research." Sustainability 12, no. 7: 2959.