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Zhirui Ye
School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China

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Journal article
Published: 05 August 2021 in Sustainability
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Road crashes cause serious loss of life and property. Among all vehicles, buses are more likely to encounter crashes. In recent years, the advanced driving assistance system (ADAS) has been widely used in buses to improve safety. The warning system is one of the key functions and has proven effective in reducing crashes. However, drivers often ignore or overreact to ADAS warnings during naturalistic driving scenarios. Therefore, reactions of bus drivers to warnings need further investigation. In this study, bus drivers’ responses to lane departure warning (LDW) and forward collision warning (FCW) were investigated using 20-day naturalistic driving data. These reactions could be classified into three categories, namely positive, negative, and overreaction or emergency, by employing the Gaussian mixture model. The authors constructed a framework to quantify drivers’ reactions to the warning and study the reaction characteristics in different environments. The results indicate that drivers’ reactions to FCW were more positive than to LDW, drivers reacted more positively to LDW and FCW while driving on highways than on urban roads, and drivers reacted more positively at night to LDW and FCW than during daytime. This study gives support to an adaptive ADAS considering varying bus driver characteristics and environments.

ACS Style

Wei Ye; Yueru Xu; Feixiang Zhou; Xiaomeng Shi; Zhirui Ye. Investigation of Bus Drivers’ Reaction to ADAS Warning System: Application of the Gaussian Mixed Model. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8759 .

AMA Style

Wei Ye, Yueru Xu, Feixiang Zhou, Xiaomeng Shi, Zhirui Ye. Investigation of Bus Drivers’ Reaction to ADAS Warning System: Application of the Gaussian Mixed Model. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):8759.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei Ye; Yueru Xu; Feixiang Zhou; Xiaomeng Shi; Zhirui Ye. 2021. "Investigation of Bus Drivers’ Reaction to ADAS Warning System: Application of the Gaussian Mixed Model." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 8759.

Journal article
Published: 04 January 2021 in Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
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Understanding intermodal transit trip generation is essential to increase the share of long-distance transit trips among urban transportation systems. Although many studies have investigated trip generation, the existing literature still has limited evidence about intermodal transit trips and their nonlinear associations with the built environment over space. This study proposes a decision framework to identify the mean relative importance of socioeconomic attributes and built environment elements as well as their effective ranges and threshold effects at the spatial scale. An empirical study was conducted using large-scale smart card data in Nanjing, China. The modeling results indicate the proposed hybrid model can significantly enhance the predictive power, as compared to traditional models. The mean relative importance of the distance to the nearest metro station ranks the highest among all attributes studied, followed by bus route and land use mix. The effective ranges and thresholds of most built environment elements vary spatially with the upper quartile zones being the largest.

ACS Style

Enhui Chen; Zhirui Ye; Hao Wu. Nonlinear effects of built environment on intermodal transit trips considering spatial heterogeneity. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2021, 90, 102677 .

AMA Style

Enhui Chen, Zhirui Ye, Hao Wu. Nonlinear effects of built environment on intermodal transit trips considering spatial heterogeneity. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2021; 90 ():102677.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Enhui Chen; Zhirui Ye; Hao Wu. 2021. "Nonlinear effects of built environment on intermodal transit trips considering spatial heterogeneity." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 90, no. : 102677.

Journal article
Published: 17 November 2020 in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
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Intermodal transfer patterns could provide a better understanding of urban mobility in an integrated transit system. However, the existing literature is still limited related to in-depth data-driven investigations of transfer patterns, particularly between metro and bus. In this study, we propose a generic framework to unravel latent transfer patterns at both aggregated and disaggregated levels. K-means clustering method is first used to classify metro stations based on surrounding built environment. We then introduce the cube technique which allows hierarchical aggregations for each dimension and cross-tabulations of massive ridership data. Last, we redesign the generative mechanism of the structural topic model that is capable of capturing the variability and interdependence in transfer patterns with passenger-level attributes. An empirical study is conducted with large-scale metro and bus smart card data, as well as built environment data in Nanjing, China. The results indicate intermodal transfers exhibit significant heterogeneous patterns in different transfer types over space and time. Although transfers per station in central business district (CBD) areas rank the highest, urban sprawl helps increase the utilization rate of transfer services in inner suburbs with most types of transfer behaviors. Strong correlations are identified among commuting transfer patterns, while correlations remain weak for pattern pairs between commuting and non-commuting activities, reflecting high consistency among commuting activities. Adults play a dominant role in commuting patterns in CBD areas and inner suburbs. Yet, students and the elderly are found to influence the pattern prevalence more effectively in outer suburbs and periphery areas.

ACS Style

Enhui Chen; Wenbo Zhang; Zhirui Ye; Min Yang. Unraveling Latent Transfer Patterns Between Metro and Bus From Large-Scale Smart Card Data. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 2020, PP, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Enhui Chen, Wenbo Zhang, Zhirui Ye, Min Yang. Unraveling Latent Transfer Patterns Between Metro and Bus From Large-Scale Smart Card Data. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 2020; PP (99):1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Enhui Chen; Wenbo Zhang; Zhirui Ye; Min Yang. 2020. "Unraveling Latent Transfer Patterns Between Metro and Bus From Large-Scale Smart Card Data." IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems PP, no. 99: 1-15.

Journal article
Published: 28 October 2020 in Sustainability
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With the increased concern over sustainable development, many efforts have been made to alleviate air quality deterioration. Freeway toll plazas can cause serious pollution, due to the increased emissions caused by stop-and-go operations. Different toll collections and different fuel types obviously influence the vehicle emissions at freeway toll plazas. Therefore, this paper proposes a model tree-based vehicle emission model by considering these factors. On-road emissions data and vehicle operation data were obtained from two different freeway toll plazas. The statistical analysis indicates that different methods of toll collection and fuel types have significant impacts on vehicle emissions at freeway toll plazas. The performance of the proposed model was compared with a polynomial regression method. Based on the results, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean squared error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) of the proposed model were all smaller, while the R-squared value increased from 0.714 to 0.833. Finally, the variations of vehicle emissions at different locations of freeway toll plazas were calculated and shown in heat maps. The results of this study can help better estimate the vehicle emissions and give advice to the development of electronic toll collection (ETC) lanes and relevant policies at freeway toll plazas.

ACS Style

Yueru Xu; Chao Wang; Yuan Zheng; Zhuoqun Sun; Zhirui Ye. A Model Tree-Based Vehicle Emission Model at Freeway Toll Plazas. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8959 .

AMA Style

Yueru Xu, Chao Wang, Yuan Zheng, Zhuoqun Sun, Zhirui Ye. A Model Tree-Based Vehicle Emission Model at Freeway Toll Plazas. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):8959.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yueru Xu; Chao Wang; Yuan Zheng; Zhuoqun Sun; Zhirui Ye. 2020. "A Model Tree-Based Vehicle Emission Model at Freeway Toll Plazas." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 8959.

Journal article
Published: 28 September 2020 in Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications
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Crowd egress at narrow exit is a popular research topic, due to its intrinsic importance in architectural designs and building codes. However, relatively few studies have been conducted to verify the performance of pedestrian models for crowd escape at exits, especially relating to different exit designs. This paper aims to verify the applicability of a microscopic pedestrian simulation model, Social Force Model (SFM), embedded in Viswalk software to reproduce the effect of exit design on egress flow under normal and emergency conditions. Empirical data from controlled experiments considering the effects of obstacles size and location of exits under normal and emergency conditions were tested and compared with the simulation from the SFM. Results indicated that after parameter optimization, Viswalk simulation model can provide reasonable estimates for crowd escape under normal situations with a mean RMSE value 1.97s for total evacuation time. However, the simulation model was less capable in reproducing the emergency condition. As compared to the empirical data, clogging events were less spotted under emergency in the simulation. Faster-is-slower effects were not found in both empirical and simulation scenarios. In addition, the exit location effects from simulation data agreed with empirical data, corner exits were more efficient than middle exits under both situations. Meanwhile, the obstacle effects, as observed in empirical data, were less reproduced in the simulation, especially under emergency conditions. The results suggest that the application of the Viswalk model in simulating emergency situations needs scrutiny and further investigations in the future with empirical data.

ACS Style

Xiaomeng Shi; Shuqi Xue; Claudio Feliciani; Nirajan Shiwakoti; Junkai Lin; Dawei Li; Zhirui Ye. Verifying the applicability of a pedestrian simulation model to reproduce the effect of exit design on egress flow under normal and emergency conditions. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 2020, 562, 125347 .

AMA Style

Xiaomeng Shi, Shuqi Xue, Claudio Feliciani, Nirajan Shiwakoti, Junkai Lin, Dawei Li, Zhirui Ye. Verifying the applicability of a pedestrian simulation model to reproduce the effect of exit design on egress flow under normal and emergency conditions. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications. 2020; 562 ():125347.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaomeng Shi; Shuqi Xue; Claudio Feliciani; Nirajan Shiwakoti; Junkai Lin; Dawei Li; Zhirui Ye. 2020. "Verifying the applicability of a pedestrian simulation model to reproduce the effect of exit design on egress flow under normal and emergency conditions." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 562, no. : 125347.

Journal article
Published: 22 September 2020 in Sustainable Cities and Society
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Ridesourcing service has been playing an increasingly important role in urban travel, which it can be regard as a promising path towards urban sustainability because of its nature of “sharing”. This paper investigated the travel behavior of ridesourcing users, by considering pick-up and drop-off locations fusing Didi ridesourcing data and online Point of Interest (POI) data based on the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model. A case study was conducted in Chengdu, an Asian city. Firstly, the study area was tessellated with hexagons and then clustered into five hexagon types based on POI data. Then researchers analyzed information on spatial distribution of POI data in five hexagon types and temporal distribution of boarding and alighting ridership for five hexagon types. The validation results indicated that the expression “Nine to Ten” represents the mode of life for people in Chengdu. Ridesourcing is not yet being used as a commuter tool for most people. LDA model results also verified that many people work overtime in the evenings and especially on Saturday, even though Chengdu is often thought of as a “slow city”. The study will be useful for practitioners and government to implement effective policies about multi-modal transportation.

ACS Style

Hui Bi; Zhirui Ye. Exploring ridesourcing trip patterns by fusing multi-source data: A big data approach. Sustainable Cities and Society 2020, 64, 102499 .

AMA Style

Hui Bi, Zhirui Ye. Exploring ridesourcing trip patterns by fusing multi-source data: A big data approach. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2020; 64 ():102499.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hui Bi; Zhirui Ye. 2020. "Exploring ridesourcing trip patterns by fusing multi-source data: A big data approach." Sustainable Cities and Society 64, no. : 102499.

Journal article
Published: 18 September 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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A free-floating bike sharing system is an up-and-coming and marketable solution to promote transport flexibility and health benefits, which many people regard as a realistic way of generating more environmentally-friendly trips. Although many studies have investigated the associations between bike sharing usage and built environment, the existing literature has limited evidence about the relative importance of different built environment elements and their threshold impacts on cycling trips. This study contributes to the literature by proposing a modeling framework to explore the nonlinear impacts of built environment on bike sharing demand. A case study is conducted using Mobike bike sharing data in Chengdu. The analytical results indicate that population density and employment density are the two most significant factors that influence bike sharing usage. Total effects of land use variables rank the highest, followed by accessibility variables and transport facility variables. We then analyze the nonlinear impacts of different built environment elements on bike sharing usage to identify their effective ranges and threshold effects. These findings are important for planning departments to boost the share of non-motorized trips and embrace a cyclist-friendly design.

ACS Style

Enhui Chen; Zhirui Ye. Identifying the nonlinear relationship between free-floating bike sharing usage and built environment. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 280, 124281 .

AMA Style

Enhui Chen, Zhirui Ye. Identifying the nonlinear relationship between free-floating bike sharing usage and built environment. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 280 ():124281.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Enhui Chen; Zhirui Ye. 2020. "Identifying the nonlinear relationship between free-floating bike sharing usage and built environment." Journal of Cleaner Production 280, no. : 124281.

Journal article
Published: 08 July 2020 in Transport Policy
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Prearranged and on-demand ride services that match passengers and drivers using smartphone applications over a network have developed rapidly across the world. However, the maximum efficiency of the entire hailing demand market and the driver deserve further attention to identify potential improvements. This paper makes the first attempt to conduct a quantitative analysis of the intangible costs generated from ridesourcing trips using an observed ridesourcing dataset provided by Didi Chuxing, including the waiting time costs attributable to waiting for the passenger and the future opportunity costs of different Trip Order Markets. Then, a quantitative method is developed to calculate the specific value of the above intangible costs of each ridesourcing trip. The results show that the average cost of a trip drops by 9.64% when intangible costs are considered, and a large difference exists among the values under various spatial-temporal conditions. In addition, the relative relationship between two types of intangible costs shows a large discrepancy in some sensitive areas. The findings of this study can help transit agencies better understand ridesourcing service and develop strategies for setting reasonable prices and allocating capacity.

ACS Style

Hui Bi; Zhirui Ye; Jiahui Zhao; Enhui Chen. Real trip costs: Modelling intangible costs of urban online car-hailing in Haikou. Transport Policy 2020, 96, 128 -140.

AMA Style

Hui Bi, Zhirui Ye, Jiahui Zhao, Enhui Chen. Real trip costs: Modelling intangible costs of urban online car-hailing in Haikou. Transport Policy. 2020; 96 ():128-140.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hui Bi; Zhirui Ye; Jiahui Zhao; Enhui Chen. 2020. "Real trip costs: Modelling intangible costs of urban online car-hailing in Haikou." Transport Policy 96, no. : 128-140.

Journal article
Published: 15 April 2020 in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
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As China entered the new normal of economy, the economic growth rate and industrial structure are undergoing huge changes, which has also profoundly affected the traffic volume of expressways. Therefore, analyzing the relationship between socio-economic and transportation demand is crucial for transportation planning and demand management. This study analyzed the interaction of socio-economic and trip demand from 2008 to 2017, which was a crucial period for Shandong's industrial transformation and economic development. To achieve this goal, principal component analysis and panel data analysis methods were applied to our issue.

ACS Style

Zhuoqun Sun; Yi Zhang; Wenbo Ji; Shengli Li; Chao Wang; Zhirui Ye. Research on the Relationship between Highway Trip Demand and Social Economy in the New Normal Economic stage of China Based on Panel Data Analysis. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2020, 782, 1 .

AMA Style

Zhuoqun Sun, Yi Zhang, Wenbo Ji, Shengli Li, Chao Wang, Zhirui Ye. Research on the Relationship between Highway Trip Demand and Social Economy in the New Normal Economic stage of China Based on Panel Data Analysis. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2020; 782 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhuoqun Sun; Yi Zhang; Wenbo Ji; Shengli Li; Chao Wang; Zhirui Ye. 2020. "Research on the Relationship between Highway Trip Demand and Social Economy in the New Normal Economic stage of China Based on Panel Data Analysis." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 782, no. : 1.

Articles
Published: 03 March 2020 in International Journal of Sustainable Transportation
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Public transportation is regarded as a mitigation measure for addressing climate change and air quality deterioration. However, it is still necessary to estimate the emissions of transit buses, in particular when heavy loads and long periods of operation result in increased emission levels. Consequently, the primary objective of this study is to establish a method to estimate CO, CO2, HC, NOx emissions of buses with four different fuel types including gas-electric hybrid electric buses (GEHE buses), compressed natural gas buses (CNG buses), EURO 4 heavy-duty diesel engine buses (EURO 4 buses) and EURO 5 heavy-duty diesel engine buses (EURO 5 buses) based on the long short-term memory network. The proposed models can fully consider the time dependence of emissions response to vehicle operation situation. In addition, to evaluate the performance of the proposed models, an effective emission model which also addressed the time dependence of emissions by taking the elapsed time of acceleration and deceleration into account, was developed for emissions on each route for comparison. According to the estimation results, the emission models developed in this study performed better than the compared method in terms of emission rates and average emission factors, whose root mean squared errors (RMSE) were explicitly lower than the compared method, mean absolute percentile errors (MAPE) were lower than 50% of the compared method, and the predicted average emission factors were relatively more accurate than those of the compared models.

ACS Style

Zhuoqun Sun; Chao Wang; Zhirui Ye; Hui Bi. Long short-term memory network-based emission models for conventional and new energy buses. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 2020, 15, 229 -238.

AMA Style

Zhuoqun Sun, Chao Wang, Zhirui Ye, Hui Bi. Long short-term memory network-based emission models for conventional and new energy buses. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation. 2020; 15 (3):229-238.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhuoqun Sun; Chao Wang; Zhirui Ye; Hui Bi. 2020. "Long short-term memory network-based emission models for conventional and new energy buses." International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 15, no. 3: 229-238.

Journal article
Published: 28 February 2020 in Sustainability
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Urban buses have energy and environmental impacts because they are mostly equipped with heavy-duty diesel engines, having higher emission factors and pollution levels. This study proposed a mean distribution deviation (MDD) method to identify bus pollutant emissions including CO, CO2, HC, and NOX at road sections, intersections, and bus stops for different fuel types; and explore the changes in emissions for different locations in the road sections, bus stops, and intersection influence areas. Bus speed, acceleration, and emissions data were collected from four fuel types in China. For different locations and fuel types, the differences in emissions were all statistically significant. MDD values for different locations indicated that there were more obvious differences in emissions between road sections and intersections. In addition, heat maps were applied in this study to better understand changes in bus emissions for different locations in the bus stop influence areas, intersection influence areas, and road sections.

ACS Style

Chao Wang; Zhuoqun Sun; Zhirui Ye. On-Road Bus Emission Comparison for Diverse Locations and Fuel Types in Real-World Operation Conditions. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1798 .

AMA Style

Chao Wang, Zhuoqun Sun, Zhirui Ye. On-Road Bus Emission Comparison for Diverse Locations and Fuel Types in Real-World Operation Conditions. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (5):1798.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chao Wang; Zhuoqun Sun; Zhirui Ye. 2020. "On-Road Bus Emission Comparison for Diverse Locations and Fuel Types in Real-World Operation Conditions." Sustainability 12, no. 5: 1798.

Articles
Published: 02 January 2020 in Traffic Injury Prevention
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Objective: The primary objective of this study is to explore the effects of the lighting level on nighttime safety of signalized intersections based on conflict models under traffic conditions varying in cycles. Method: Nighttime data were collected from a field study at six signalized intersections in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province in China. Nighttime rear-end conflict models were developed by adopting the generalized linear model (GLM) approach to relate the frequency of rear-end traffic conflicts to lighting level, traffic volume and platoon ratio at the signal cycle level. Results: The final model consisting of all explanatory variables, including lighting level, traffic volume, and platoon ratio demonstrates a better performance of safety evaluation when compared to the model considering traffic volume only and the model with traffic volume and an additional variable of lighting or traffic conditions. Nighttime safety of signalized intersections is expected to improve with larger platoon ratios and higher lighting levels. A potential application of the final model was further explored by benefit-cost analyses. The analyses provided a hypothetical recommended lighting level under various traffic volumes and platoon ratios when safety benefit equals lighting system cost. Conclusions: Nighttime safety can be evaluated using the developed rear-end conflict models, which relate the number of rear-end conflicts to traffic and lighting variables. The number of rear-end conflicts can be calculated by the final conflict model with lighting level, traffic volume, and platoon ratio. The developed model can be potentially applied to provide further insights on the lighting management for intersection safety optimization with traffic conditions varying in signal cycles via vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications.

ACS Style

Yuan Wang; Zhexian Li; Zhirui Ye; Yunlong Zhang. Nighttime safety evaluation for signalized intersections at the signal cycle level based on rear-end conflict models considering lighting and traffic conditions. Traffic Injury Prevention 2020, 21, 87 -92.

AMA Style

Yuan Wang, Zhexian Li, Zhirui Ye, Yunlong Zhang. Nighttime safety evaluation for signalized intersections at the signal cycle level based on rear-end conflict models considering lighting and traffic conditions. Traffic Injury Prevention. 2020; 21 (1):87-92.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuan Wang; Zhexian Li; Zhirui Ye; Yunlong Zhang. 2020. "Nighttime safety evaluation for signalized intersections at the signal cycle level based on rear-end conflict models considering lighting and traffic conditions." Traffic Injury Prevention 21, no. 1: 87-92.

Journal article
Published: 10 December 2019 in Sustainability
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The primary objective of this study is to explore spatio-temporal effects of the built environment on station-based travel distances through large-scale data processing. Previous studies mainly used global models in the causal analysis, but spatial and temporal autocorrelation and heterogeneity issues among research zones have not been sufficiently addressed. A framework integrating geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) and the Shannon entropy index (SEI) was thus proposed to investigate the spatio-temporal relationship between travel behaviors and built environment. An empirical study was conducted in Nanjing, China, by incorporating smart card data with metro route data and built environment data. Comparative results show GTWR had a better performance of goodness-of-fit and achieved more accurate predictions, compared to traditional ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and geographically weighted regression (GWR). The spatio-temporal relationship between travel distances and built environment was further analyzed by visualizing the average variation of local coefficients distributions. Effects of built environment variables on metro travel distances were heterogeneous over space and time. Non-commuting activity and exurban area generally had more influences on the heterogeneity of travel distances. The proposed framework can address the issue of spatio-temporal autocorrelation and enhance our understanding of impacts of built environment on travel behaviors, which provides useful guidance for transit agencies and planning departments to implement targeted investment policies and enhance public transit services.

ACS Style

Enhui Chen; Zhirui Ye; Hui Bi. Incorporating Smart Card Data in Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Metro Travel Distances. Sustainability 2019, 11, 7069 .

AMA Style

Enhui Chen, Zhirui Ye, Hui Bi. Incorporating Smart Card Data in Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Metro Travel Distances. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (24):7069.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Enhui Chen; Zhirui Ye; Hui Bi. 2019. "Incorporating Smart Card Data in Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Metro Travel Distances." Sustainability 11, no. 24: 7069.

Journal article
Published: 27 June 2019 in Cities
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The primary objective of this study is to identify the spatio-temporal relationship between metro ridership and built environment by integrating smart card data with online point of interest (POI) data. This study proposes the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model to address the spatial autocorrelation and nonstationarity of metro ridership at the station level. Different from the Euclidean distance (ED) commonly used in the traditional GWR, the Minkowski distance (MD) metric is introduced into the study to measure geographical distance and improve weighting matrix calibrations. This study provides useful insights in adaptive model settings based on selections of spatial range and distance metric parameters. A case study is conducted in Nanjing, China, by utilizing large-scale metro smart card data and POI data obtained from the Gaode map by a web crawler written in Python. The comparative analysis indicates that MD-GWR achieves better goodness-of-fit than the global ordinary least squares (OLS) and traditional GWR in the case of modeling metro ridership. Finally, this study quantifies the impacts of built environment at both spatial and temporal scales, under the proposed modeling structure. We examine the existence of job-housing separation and corresponding areas in spatio-temporal ridership analysis. Impacts of non-commuting activities and intermodal connection on boarding and alighting ridership differ in spatial and temporal ranges. The proposed modeling structure promotes modeling precision and thus enhances the understanding of the relationship between station-level ridership and surrounding built environment, which can provide useful guidance for planning departments and transit agencies to implement targeted policies and create accessible, livable and vibrant communities.

ACS Style

Enhui Chen; Zhirui Ye; Chao Wang; Wenbo Zhang. Discovering the spatio-temporal impacts of built environment on metro ridership using smart card data. Cities 2019, 95, 102359 .

AMA Style

Enhui Chen, Zhirui Ye, Chao Wang, Wenbo Zhang. Discovering the spatio-temporal impacts of built environment on metro ridership using smart card data. Cities. 2019; 95 ():102359.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Enhui Chen; Zhirui Ye; Chao Wang; Wenbo Zhang. 2019. "Discovering the spatio-temporal impacts of built environment on metro ridership using smart card data." Cities 95, no. : 102359.

Journal article
Published: 29 May 2019 in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
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In order to reduce passenger delays and prevent severe overcrowding in the subway system, it is necessary to accurately predict the short-term passenger flow during special events. However, few studies have been conducted to predict the subway passenger flow under these conditions. Traditional methods, such as the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, were commonly used to analyze regular traffic demands. These methods usually neglected the volatility (heteroscedasticity) in passenger flow influenced by unexpected external factors. This paper, therefore, proposed a generic framework to analyze short-term passenger flow, considering the dynamic volatility and nonlinearity of passenger flow during special events. Four different generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity models, along with the ARIMA model, were used to model the mean and volatility of passenger flow based on the transit smart card data from two stations near the Olympic Sports Center, Nanjing, China. Multiple statistical methods were applied to evaluate the performance of the hybrid models. The results indicate that the volatility of passenger flow had significant nonlinear and asymmetric features during special events. The proposed framework could effectively capture the mean and volatility of passenger flow, and outperform the traditional methods in terms of accuracy and reliability. Overall, this paper can help transit agencies to better understand the deterministic and stochastic changes of the passenger flow, and implement precautionary countermeasures for large crowds in a subway station before and after special events.

ACS Style

Enhui Chen; Zhirui Ye; Chao Wang; Mingtao Xu. Subway Passenger Flow Prediction for Special Events Using Smart Card Data. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 2019, 21, 1109 -1120.

AMA Style

Enhui Chen, Zhirui Ye, Chao Wang, Mingtao Xu. Subway Passenger Flow Prediction for Special Events Using Smart Card Data. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 2019; 21 (3):1109-1120.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Enhui Chen; Zhirui Ye; Chao Wang; Mingtao Xu. 2019. "Subway Passenger Flow Prediction for Special Events Using Smart Card Data." IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 21, no. 3: 1109-1120.

Journal article
Published: 23 May 2019 in Sustainability
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A safer and securer public transport provides a wide range of sustainability benefits to a community. This paper explores passengers’ perception of security checks (SCs) in metro stations, with a focus on the safety and mobility of passenger flows. We used 27 scaling items categorized into five variables: efficiency, comfort, safety, privacy and willingness-to-pay. A questionnaire survey of 880 metro passengers in China showed that respondents are generally homogenous in their perceptions of metro SCs in terms of their agreement on mandatory SC policy and the priority of safety. Most passengers are willing to trade-off their trip efficiency and privacy in exchange for safety improvement, while a small proportion of people are inclined to trade-off their trip efficiency for a more comfortable waiting and riding experiences. Demographic differences such as gender and age group effects are observed. For example, females tend to be more concerned with trip comfort while older passengers are more likely to compromise their privacy with enhancement in safety features. Findings from this study can be a valuable resource to railway authorities in designing and developing a SC system at major railway hubs.

ACS Style

Xiaomeng Shi; Zhirui Ye; Nirajan Shiwakoti; Huaxin Li. Passengers’ Perceptions of Security Check in Metro Stations. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2930 .

AMA Style

Xiaomeng Shi, Zhirui Ye, Nirajan Shiwakoti, Huaxin Li. Passengers’ Perceptions of Security Check in Metro Stations. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (10):2930.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaomeng Shi; Zhirui Ye; Nirajan Shiwakoti; Huaxin Li. 2019. "Passengers’ Perceptions of Security Check in Metro Stations." Sustainability 11, no. 10: 2930.

Articles
Published: 02 April 2019 in Transportmetrica A: Transport Science
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This study proposed a model incorporating a diffusion approximation method to explore the correlation between failure rate and bus-stop operation, which included bus arrival rate, service time, variation coefficient of service time, variation coefficient of bus arrival headway, and bus stop capacity. According to the results, the linear relationship had more accurate and reliable fitted values (with 6.98% of MAPE and 0.935 of R-square) for single-berth stops and the exponential relationship had better performance (with 0.799 of R-square and 14.86% of MAPE) for multi-berth stops to explore the expression of failure rate. The results of sensitivity analyses showed that failure rate increased with the increasing ratio of arrival rate to service rate, and added berths produced diminishing returns in failure rate and capacity. In addition, the returns in capacity were influenced by failure rate, and variation coefficients of bus arrival headway and service time.

ACS Style

Chao Wang; Zhirui Ye; Enhui Chen; Mingtao Xu; Wei Wang. Diffusion approximation for exploring the correlation between failure rate and bus-stop operation. Transportmetrica A: Transport Science 2019, 15, 1306 -1320.

AMA Style

Chao Wang, Zhirui Ye, Enhui Chen, Mingtao Xu, Wei Wang. Diffusion approximation for exploring the correlation between failure rate and bus-stop operation. Transportmetrica A: Transport Science. 2019; 15 (2):1306-1320.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chao Wang; Zhirui Ye; Enhui Chen; Mingtao Xu; Wei Wang. 2019. "Diffusion approximation for exploring the correlation between failure rate and bus-stop operation." Transportmetrica A: Transport Science 15, no. 2: 1306-1320.

Journal article
Published: 04 March 2019 in Scientia Iranica
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Space headway calculation and analysis play an important role in identifying surrounding obstacles and understanding traffic scene. However, the performance of existing methods is limited by the complexity of computer processing. In addition, it is quite difficult to obtain space headway at turn movement trajectories, mainly owing to the limitation of rectilinear propagation. Therefore, a hybrid model based on spline curve and numerical integration was proposed to estimate distance of the front vehicle and vehicle trajectory in this study. The space headway at turn movement trajectories was analogous to the track of a vehicle, which could be fitted by a quadratic spline curve. Newton-Cotes numerical integration was employed to calculate distance due to its meshing flexibility and ease of implementation. Data collected from Lankershim Boulevard in the city of Los Angeles, California (USA) were used to evaluate performance of the hybrid model. Compared with another algorithm based on computer vision and trilinear method, the results showed that the proposed model worked successfully and outperformed the competing method in terms of accuracy and reliability. Finally, the proposed method was applied to investigate the effects of vehicle speed, relative speed of vehicles, and time period on the spacing of vehicles during car-following.

ACS Style

Chao Wang; Zhirui Ye; Enhui Chen; Jiaxiao Feng. Space headway calculation and analysis at turn movement trajectories using hybrid model. Scientia Iranica 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Chao Wang, Zhirui Ye, Enhui Chen, Jiaxiao Feng. Space headway calculation and analysis at turn movement trajectories using hybrid model. Scientia Iranica. 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chao Wang; Zhirui Ye; Enhui Chen; Jiaxiao Feng. 2019. "Space headway calculation and analysis at turn movement trajectories using hybrid model." Scientia Iranica , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2019 in Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications
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Recent advances in bottleneck studies have highlighted that different architectural adjustments at the exit may reduce the probability of clogging at the exit thereby enhancing the outflow of the individuals. However, those studies are mostly limited to the controlled experiments with non–human organisms or predictions from simulation models. Complementary data with human subjects to test the model’s prediction is limited in literature. This study aims to examine the effect of different geometrical layouts at the exit towards the pedestrian flow via controlled laboratory experiments with human participants. The experimental setups involve pedestrian flow through 14 different geometrical configurations that include different exit locations and obstacles near exit under normal and slow running conditions. It was found that corner exit performed better than middle exit under same obstacle condition. Further, it was observed that the effectiveness of obstacle is sensitive to its size and distance from the exit. Thus, with careful architectural adjustment within a standard escape area, a substantial increase in outflow under normal and slow running conditions could be achieved. However, it was also observed that placing the obstacle too close to the exit can reduce outflow under both normal and slow running conditions. Moreover, we could not observe “faster–is–slower” effect under slow running condition and instead noticed “faster–is–faster” effect. In addition, the power law fitted headway distribution demonstrated that any architectural configurations that enhanced the outflow have higher exponent value compared to the other configuration that negates the outflow. The findings from this paper demonstrate that there is a scope to adjust the architectural elements to optimize the maximum outflow at the egress point. Further, the output from the experiments can be used to develop and verify mathematical models intended to simulate crowd evacuation.

ACS Style

Xiaomeng Shi; Zhirui Ye; Nirajan Shiwakoti; Dounan Tang; Junkai Lin. Examining effect of architectural adjustment on pedestrian crowd flow at bottleneck. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 2019, 522, 350 -364.

AMA Style

Xiaomeng Shi, Zhirui Ye, Nirajan Shiwakoti, Dounan Tang, Junkai Lin. Examining effect of architectural adjustment on pedestrian crowd flow at bottleneck. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications. 2019; 522 ():350-364.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaomeng Shi; Zhirui Ye; Nirajan Shiwakoti; Dounan Tang; Junkai Lin. 2019. "Examining effect of architectural adjustment on pedestrian crowd flow at bottleneck." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 522, no. : 350-364.

Review
Published: 24 November 2018 in Safety Science
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In a pioneering work in Nature journal, a counter-intuitive prediction that escape rates of people under panic conditions will be enhanced if an obstacle such as a column or a barrier is placed on the “upstream” side of an exit was demonstrated through a simulation model. However, the prediction lacked empirical verification. Despite the substantial works in this topic in the past decade, there is currently a lack of knowledge on how and to what extent the obstacle near an exit can enhance the pedestrian outflow at the bottlenecks during emergency escape. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present a critical review on the performance of an obstacle near an exit and identify future research directions. It is found that although there is a general consensus on the beneficial effect of an obstacle, there is a large uncertainty on the situations on which the positive effect of obstacle could be observed. In addition, verification of the model’s prediction with empirical data with humans is still largely unexplored. There is no clear established relationship between the exit width, obstacle distance and obstacle size/shape. Also, quantitative understanding of the nature of the clogging transition due to obstacle is a challenging task. Further, researchers have questioned the implementation of such obstacles at bottlenecks in real life scenario. A systematic approach of optimising architectural adjustments that enhances escape dynamics of pedestrians’ crowd in indoor and outdoor public spaces needs to be conducted in future.

ACS Style

Nirajan Shiwakoti; Xiaomeng Shi; Zhirui Ye. A review on the performance of an obstacle near an exit on pedestrian crowd evacuation. Safety Science 2018, 113, 54 -67.

AMA Style

Nirajan Shiwakoti, Xiaomeng Shi, Zhirui Ye. A review on the performance of an obstacle near an exit on pedestrian crowd evacuation. Safety Science. 2018; 113 ():54-67.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nirajan Shiwakoti; Xiaomeng Shi; Zhirui Ye. 2018. "A review on the performance of an obstacle near an exit on pedestrian crowd evacuation." Safety Science 113, no. : 54-67.