Flexible electronics are transforming our lives by making daily activities more convenient. Central to this innovation are field-effect transistors (FETs), valued for their efficient signal processing, nanoscale fabrication, low-power consumption, fast response times, and versatility. Graphene, known for its exceptional mechanical properties, high electron mobility, and biocompatibility, is an ideal material for FET channels and sensors. The combination of graphene and FETs has given rise to flexible graphene field-effect transistors (FGFETs), driving significant advances in flexible electronics and sparked a strong interest in flexible biomedical sensors. Here, we first provide a brief overview of the basic structure, operating mechanism, and evaluation parameters of FGFETs, and delve into their material selection and patterning techniques. The ability of FGFETs to sense strains and biomolecular charges opens up diverse application possibilities. We specifically analyze the latest strategies for integrating FGFETs into wearable and implantable flexible biomedical sensors, focusing on the key aspects of constructing high-quality flexible biomedical sensors. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and prospects of FGFETs and their applications in biomedical sensors. This review will provide valuable insights and inspiration for ongoing research to improve the quality of FGFETs and broaden their application prospects in flexible biomedical sensing.

The rapid development of two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides has been possible owing to their special structures and remarkable properties. In particular, palladium diselenide (PdSe₂) with a novel pentagonal structure and unique physical characteristics have recently attracted extensive research interest. Consequently, tremendous research progress has been achieved regarding the physics, chemistry, and electronics of PdSe₂. Accordingly, in this review, we recapitulate and summarize the most recent research on PdSe₂, including its structure, properties, synthesis, and applications. First, a mechanical exfoliation method to obtain PdSe₂ nanosheets is introduced, and large-area synthesis strategies are explained with respect to chemical vapor deposition and metal selenization. Next, the electronic and optoelectronic properties of PdSe₂ and related heterostructures, such as field-effect transistors, photodetectors, sensors, and thermoelectric devices, are discussed. Subsequently, the integration of systems into infrared image sensors on the basis of PdSe₂ van der Waals heterostructures is explored. Finally, future opportunities are highlighted to serve as a general guide for physicists, chemists, materials scientists, and engineers. Therefore, this comprehensive review may shed light on the research conducted by the 2D material community.

Droplet microfluidic techniques have long been known as a high-throughput approach for cell manipulation. The capacity to compartmentalize cells into picolitre droplets in microfluidic devices has opened up a range of new ways to extract information from cells. Spheroids and organoids are crucial in vitro three-dimensional cell culture models that physiologically mimic natural tissues and organs. With the aid of developments in cell biology and materials science, droplet microfluidics has been applied to construct spheroids and organoids in numerous formats. In this article, we divide droplet microfluidic approaches for managing spheroids and organoids into three categories based on the droplet module format: liquid droplet, microparticle, and microcapsule. We discuss current advances in the use of droplet microfluidics for the generation of tumour spheroids, stem cell spheroids, and organoids, as well as the downstream applications of these methods in high-throughput screening and tissue engineering.