Uveitis is a common, sight-threatening inflammatory ocular disease and includes multiple heterogeneous clinical entities. The prevalence of various types of uveitis depends upon multiple factors, such as age, sex, race, geographic distribution, environmental influence, genetics, and social habits. Epidemiologic research of uveitis is necessary to understand the etiology and immunopathogenesis of this group of diseases. The present study attempts to concentrate on the most recent information on the epidemiology of uveitis and compare it with previous knowledge. An extensive literature search was performed in the Medline database (PubMed) and included surveys completed until 2015. Articles that reported prevalence and incidence were studied. References cited in the articles were also studied. The incidence and prevalence of uveitis differs based on age, anatomic location of the inflammatory process (anterior, intermediate, posterior uveitis, panuveitis), gender, histopathology (granulomatous, non-granulomatous), type of inflammatory process (acute, chronic, recurrent), and etiology (infectious, non-infectious). Prevalence differs by geographic location. Idiopathic anterior uveitis is the most common form of uveitis in the community. Infectious causes are common (30-60%) in the developing countries. Herpes and toxoplasmosis are the leading infectious causes of uveitis. Non-infectious uveitic conditions are generally more common in the developed world. An increase in the prevalence of infectious etiologies, including tuberculosis and syphilis, has been seen in developed countries. Introduction of new treatment options has also changed patterns of disease. Introduction of new uveitis entities, changes in the incidence of already known disease and increased availability of diagnostic testing have all altered the epidemiology of uveitis in recent years. Knowledge of regional patterns of disease is essential. A more detailed classification of uveitis with the establishment of uniform diagnostic criteria and prospective population based studies would certainly benefit epidemiologic research and clinical practice.

The first surgical modalities to reduce aqueous humor production by damaging the ciliary body date back to the early twentieth century. Until recently, however, cyclodestructive procedures (e.g., cyclocryotherapy and transscleral diode laser photocoagulation) have been reserved as last option procedures in refractory glaucoma patients with poor visual potential. Emerging technologic innovation has led to the development of promising, safer and less destructive techniques, such as micropulse diode cyclophotocoagulation, endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation and ultrasound cyclodestruction. Consequently, an emerging paradigm shift is under way with the selection of these surgical options in eyes with less severe glaucoma and good visual potential. Although existing evidence has not, as yet, adequately defined the role and value of these procedures, their emergence is a welcome expansion of available options for patients with moderate-to-severe glaucoma. This article reviews the pertinent evidence on both established and evolving cyclodestructive techniques and describes their growing role in the management of glaucoma.

Purpose: To test the validity of ocular surface assessment tools offered by a corneal topographer (Oculus Keratograph 5M). Methods: Over 9 months, 296 eyes were imaged and divided into 2 groups: ocular surface disease (OSD) group (223 eyes) with clinically diagnosed meibomian gland dysfunction or dry eye syndrome and control group (73 eyes). All eyes were imaged using the noninvasive Keratograph tear breakup time (NIKBUT), tear meniscus height (TMH), and meibography tools of the Oculus K5M. Traditional methods using fluorescein staining were used to measure tear breakup and meniscus height. Meibography images were graded using the hand tracing method and a novel blue boundary method. Results: Oculus TMH values were statistically significantly higher in the OSD group than the control group (0.4:0.3 mm, P < 0.001), whereas traditional fluorescein values were higher in the control group (0.4:0.2 mm, P < 0.01). Oculus NIKBUT values were not statistically significantly different between the OSD and control groups (6.7:8.2 seconds, P = 0.69), whereas fluorescein breakup time values were statistically significantly higher in the control group (6.7:5.6 seconds, P < 0.05). The meibography hand tracing method showed higher sensitivity between the control group and glandular atrophy (17%:28%, P < 0.05), whereas the blue boundary method showed higher reproducibility (6.9%:23.8%, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The Oculus K5M can provide automated measurements of tear film dynamics and meibography images without using fluorescein or cobalt blue light. However, the automated TMH and NIKBUT were not in agreement with traditional measurements using fluorescein staining. Meibography highlights glandular architecture, which can be used to analyze glandular density and glandular atrophy.

Purpose.: The purpose of this study was to characterize the pressure–volume relation in the living human eye, measure the ocular pulse amplitude (OPA), and calculate the corresponding pulsatile ocular blood flow (POBF) in a range of clinically relevant IOP levels. Methods.: Fifty patients with cataract (50 eyes) were enrolled in the study. After cannulation of the anterior chamber, a computer-controlled device for the intraoperative measurement and control of IOP was used to artificially increase the IOP in a stepping procedure from 15 to 40 mm Hg. The IOP was continuously recorded for 2 seconds after each infusion step. The pressure–volume relation was approximated with an exponential fit, and the ocular rigidity coefficient was computed. OPA, pulse volume (PV), and POBF were measured from the continuous IOP recordings. Results.: The average rigidity coefficient was 0.0224 μL⁻¹ (SD 0.0049). OPA increased by 91% and PV and POBF decreased by 29% and 30%, respectively, when increasing the IOP from 15 to 40 mm Hg. The OPA is positively correlated with the coefficient of ocular rigidity (r = 0.65, P < 0.01). Conclusions.: The present results suggest a nonlinear pressure–volume relation in the living human eye characterized by an increase in rigidity at higher IOP levels. The increased OPA and decreased pulse volume relate to the decreased POBF and the increased mechanical resistance of the ocular wall at high IOP levels.