In this study, a novel strain gauge arrangement and error reduction techniques were proposed to minimize crosstalk reading and simultaneously increase sensitivity on a decoupled six-axis force–moment (F/M) sensor. The calibration process that comprises the least squares method and error reduction techniques was implemented to obtain a robust decoupling matrix. A decoupling matrix is very crucial for minimizing error and crosstalk. A novel strain gauge arrangement that comprised double parallel strain gauges in the decoupled six-axis force–moment sensor was implemented to obtain high sensitivity. The experimental results revealed that the maximum calibration error, F/M sensor measurement error, and crosstalk readings were reduced to 3.91%, 1.78%, and 4.78%, respectively.

In this study, a novel six-axis force/moment (F/M) sensor was developed. The sensor has a novel ring structure comprising a cross-beam elastic body with sliding and rotating mechanisms to achieve complete decoupling. The unique sliding and rotating mechanisms can reduce cross-talk effects caused by minimized structural interconnection. The forces F_x, F_y, and F_z and moments M_x, M_y, and M_z can be measured for the six-axis F/M sensors according to the elastic deformation of strain gauges attached to the cross beam. Herein, we provide detailed descriptions of the mathematical models, model idealizations, model creation, and the mechanical decoupling principle. The paper also presents a theoretical analysis of the strain based on Timoshenko beam theory and the subsequent validation of the analysis results through a comparison of the results with those obtained from a numerical analysis conducted using finite element analysis simulations. The sensor was subjected to experimental testing to obtain the maximum cross-talk errors along the following six axes under different loadings (the errors are presented in parentheses): F_x under SM_y (2.12%), F_y under SM_x (1.88%), F_z under SM_z (2.02%), M_x under SF_z (1.15%), M_y under SF_x (1.80%), and M_z under SF_x (2.63%). The proposed sensor demonstrated a considerably improved cross-talk error performance compared with existing force sensors.

Shear‐thickening fluids (STFs) undergo significant transformation under shear, transitioning from liquid‐like to solid‐like states, opening up diverse applications. This review comprehensively analyzes recent advances in nanoparticle‐reinforced STFs and highlights their improved rheological and mechanical properties. We explore various STF types, including colloidal suspensions and polymer‐based systems, and investigate the underlying shear‐thickening mechanisms such as order‐disorder, hydrocluster, and contact rheology theories. Nanoparticle reinforcement significantly improves STF performance. In our review, nanoparticle types, incorporation methods, and their effects on STF behavior are systematically investigated. Key results demonstrate significant improvements in stiffness, toughness, thermal stability, and chemical resistance, which are critical for practical applications in protection and smart body armor, biomedical devices, industrial equipment, battery reinforcement, and explosion protection functions, as well as vibration dampening and shock absorption. To address the associated challenges, we propose future research directions to fully exploit nanoparticle‐enhanced STFs and provide important insights for researchers and practitioners in this dynamic area.