Human–wildlife conflicts are becoming increasingly common worldwide and are a challenge to biodiversity management. Compared with compensatory management, which often focuses on solving emergency conflicts, mitigation management allows decision-makers to better understand where the damage is distributed, how the species are distributed and when the species conduct their activity. Here, we integrated data collected from 90 districts/counties’ damage surveys and 1271 camera traps to understand the damage status, abundance, density and activity rhythms of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Zhejiang, Eastern China, from January 2019 to August 2023. We found that (1) wild boar–human conflicts were mainly distributed in the northwest and southwest mountainous regions of Zhejiang Province; (2) the total abundance of wild boar was 115,156 ± 24,072 individuals, indicating a growing trend over the past decade and a higher density in the western and southern regions; (3) wild boar exhibited different activity patterns across different damage regions, and the periods around 7:00, 11:00 and 16:00 represented activity peaks for wild boar in seriously damaged regions. The damage distribution, density, distribution and activity rhythms provide specific priority regions and activity intensity peaks for conflict mitigation. We believe that these findings based on the damage, distribution and activity could provide a scientific basis for mitigation management at the county level and enrich the framework of human–wildlife conflict mitigation.

Long-term positioning tests can systematically reveal the evolution characteristics of soil fertility and crop productivity, and reflect the spatiotemporal changes in soil quality and their driving factors. While soil microorganisms mediating nutrient cycling are crucial for maintaining crop productivity and the long-term resilience of agricultural ecosystems, how prolonged use of different fertilization strategies affects their functional capacity remains insufficiently understood. In this study, we applied metagenomic sequencing to investigate how three fertilization treatments, namely (i) N0 receiving only phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers, (ii) N250 receiving conventional urea + P and K, and (iii) F250 receiving humic acid urea + P and K, influence soil microbial communities, functional genes related to C and N cycling, and associated soil properties in a long-term field experiment. The F250 treatment significantly increased average annual yields of wheat and maize to 7166.21 kg hm⁻² and 8309.96 kg hm⁻², respectively. These values were 148.66% and 73.47% higher than those under N0, and 8.22% and 11.64% higher than those under N250. Compared with N0, both N250 and F250 signally augmented soil nitrate, ammonium, total nitrogen (TN), and soil organic carbon (SOC), altered microbial community composition, and enhanced the relative abundance of genes engaged in C fixation and methane oxidation. Both treatments also promoted denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA). Relative to N250, F250 specifically enriched the beneficial bacterial genus Pedobacter, further increased the abundance of the C fixation gene pccA, and markedly upregulated the DNRA gene nrfA. Soil TN and SOC were identified as the key environmental factors regulating microbial community structure and the functional potential of C and N cycling pathways. Collectively, our findings provide a mechanistic understanding of how long-term application of humic acid urea enhances crop productivity by modulating the genetic potential of soil microorganisms in biogeochemical cycles, offering a biological foundation for optimizing fertilization strategies in sustainable agriculture.

This study examined the connectivity between the current suitable habitat and the core habitat for Asiatic black bears ( Ursus thibetanus ) in human‐dominated landscapes and aimed to provide a basis for future conservation strategies for black bear populations in China. We collected occurrence locations ( N = 130) of Asiatic black bears from 2014 to 2023, with data sources spanning 12 provincial administrative regions and covering an area of about 3,010,000 km ² . We predicted the distribution of suitable habitats for Asiatic black bears via the MaxEnt species distribution model using a combination of multiple environmental variables such as topography, vegetation, climate, and anthropogenic disturbances. We performed habitat corridor planning by using the least‐cost path model and circuit theory. The results suggested that (1) Asiatic black bears have a marked preference for mountainous environments with middle and high altitude (> 1000 m), high amounts of precipitation (> 200 mm), and dense vegetation, and they generally avoid areas of anthropogenic disturbance. (2) The suitable habitats for Asiatic black bears showed a highly fragmented pattern, mainly concentrated along the borders of Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, and Jiangxi (the Zhe–Gan Region), the borders of Guangxi, Guangdong, and Hunan (the Hu–Guang Region), and the borders of Shaanxi, Chongqing, Hubei, Guizhou, and Sichuan (the Chuan–Shaan Region). Of the predicted 372,483 km ² of suitable habitat, only 23.65% is currently covered by protected and conserved areas. (3) A comprehensive landscape connectivity analysis identified 79 core habitat patches encompassing a total area of 33,257 km ² . Notably, only 29.29% of these patches are currently under protection. Furthermore, we delineated 79 potential least‐cost paths, each with an average length of 43.66 km, and identified pinch points along these pathways that could impede connectivity. To ensure the long‐term survival of Asiatic black bear populations, we recommend enhancing the protection and restoration efforts for the three core habitats and their associated potential connectivity pathways.