The modeling of phase equilibrium for electrolyte solutions plays an important role in chemical thermodynamics. Modeling and calculation of the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) for an electrolyte solution are studied in this paper. The influence mechanism for the microscopic interaction on the macroscopic VLE is further studied by COSMOtherm. Then, a developed model is proposed. The interaction parameters in the model are linked to the COSMO interaction energy (H_int). The interaction equations are remodeled using 1stopt software, and components are used to replace the interaction parameters used in a previous model. The developed model can be used to successfully predict VLE data for electrolyte solutions based on the α and h_i parameters.

Development of cost-effective electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is key to enabling advanced electrochemical energy conversion technologies. Here, a novel nitrogen-doped metal-carbon hybrid (NiCo/CN) with a unique 3D hierarchical structure, consisting of uniformly distributed bimetallic nanoparticles encapsulated by partially graphitized N-doped carbon shells, is fabricated by a one-step pyrolysis of a nanoscale metal-organic framework as precursor, which exhibits excellent activity for both ORR and OER. The surface chemical changes on the carbon hybrid probed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveal the presence of favorable electronic interaction at the metal-nitrogen-carbon interface. Remarkably, the NiCo/CN catalyst prepared at high temperature (800°C) manifests a comparable performance to a commercial Pt/C catalyst for the ORR, but also superior stability, path selectivity and methanol tolerance. On the other hand, the E_onset (1.48 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode) and ${E_{\text{j}=10\text{mA/cm}}}^2$ of NiCo/CN-800 for OER is very close to the state-of-the-art noble catalyst RuO₂ (E_onset = 1.46 and ${E_{\text{j}=10\text{mA/cm}}}^2$) along with superior stability over 20 h of operation. The excellent catalytic property is attributable to the unique nanostructure, high porosity and the constructive synergistic effects of the elements M, N, and C.

Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data are measured and reported for the LiCl + CaCl₂ + H₂O system. The experimental procedures were carried out with pressures between 6 and 101.3 kPa in a computer-controlled glass apparatus. We obtained the relationship between solubility of salt and vapor pressure by analyzing and summarizing the results. Then, a modified NRTL model based on the hypothesis of hydration was used in this paper. By correlation of literature and experimental data for LiCl + H₂O, CaCl₂ + H₂O, and LiCl + CaCl₂ + H₂O (pressure spanning from 5 to 101.3 kPa), some parameters were modified for improving the accuracy of the calculation. Meanwhile, the model was successfully applied to predict the VLE data in LiCl + CaCl₂ + H₂O systems with the modified binary parameters.

There have been some studies on the microscopic properties of ester-functionalized ionic liquids (ILs), but the microscopic properties of their mixtures with co-solvents have seldom been reported. In practical applications, ILs are usually used together with co-solvents. Therefore, it is very important to study the microstructure of ester-functionalized ILs and co-solvents. In this work, the hydrogen bonding interactions between ester-functionalized IL 1-acetoxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (AOEMIMBF₄) and DMSO were studied using spectroscopic methods and quantum chemical calculations. Non-functionalized IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF₄) and DMSO were used for comparison. The results indicate that (1) by adding DMSO, the hydrogen bonding interactions of ν(C2–H) were enhanced, and DMSO could form hydrogen bonds with anions and cations simultaneously. (2) The incorporation of an ester group could enhance the hydrogen bonding interactions. (3) Both the stretching vibration of C2–H and CO indicated changes in the microscopic structure: AOEMIMBF₄ ion clusters first interacted with DMSO, then broke into AOEMIMBF₄–DMSO complexes and finally existed as [AOEMIM]⁺/[BF₄]⁻–DMSO complexes.

Wireless sensor network is a fast-growing research field. In recent years, it has attracted considerable research attention. The generation of large-scale sensor networks interconnected hundreds of sensor nodes, opening up some technical challenges and huge application potential. This article mainly introduces multi-target tracking and detection based on wireless sensor network. This paper studies the positioning methods and target tracking algorithms of wireless sensor network nodes. It mainly studies the positioning algorithms based on ranging in the positioning algorithms in detail, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the algorithms, and analyzes the system models and related targets in the target tracking algorithms. The filtering has been studied in detail. In addition, a tracking algorithm under the mixed linear and non-linear motion of the moving target is also proposed, namely the hybrid filtering algorithm. This algorithm makes the motion state of the tracked moving target no longer restricted, and can freely switch between linear motion and nonlinear motion. The experimental results in this paper show that Kalman filter can effectively track moving targets without sudden changes in speed. When the mobile robot switches the grid, it will bring about the switching of the observation model. Compared with the least squares positioning algorithm, the smooth switching rate of the Kalman filter positioning algorithm is increased by 24%. When the three robots are running at a speed of 0. 5m/s in the monitoring area, the system can track the target in real time and send the positioning result to the robot to provide position navigation for the next formation feedback control.