Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is a useful risk assessment tool used to identify, evaluate, and eliminate potential failure modes in numerous fields to improve security and reliability. Risk evaluation is a crucial step in FMEA and the Risk Priority Number (RPN) is a classical method for risk evaluation. However, the traditional RPN method has deficiencies in evaluation information, risk factor weights, robustness of results, etc. To overcome these shortcomings, this paper aims to develop a new risk evaluation in FMEA method. First, this paper converts linguistic evaluation information into corresponding interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (IVIFNs) to effectively address the uncertainty and vagueness of the information. Next, different priorities are assigned to experts using the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy priority weight average (IVIFPWA) operator to solve the problem of expert weight. Then, the weights of risk factors are subjectively and objectively determined using the expert evaluation method and the deviation maximization model method. Finally, the paper innovatively introduces the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy weighted averaging (IVIFWA) operator, Tchebycheff Metric distance, and the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy weighted geometric (IVIFWG) operator into the ratio system, the reference point method, and the full multiplication form of MULTIMOORA sub-methods to optimize the information aggregation process of FMEA. The extended IVIF-MULTIMOORA method is proposed to obtain the risk ranking order of failure modes, which will help in obtaining more reasonable and practical results and in improving the robustness of results. The case of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project’s operation risk is used to demonstrate the application and effectiveness of the proposed FMEA framework.

Due to the complexity and randomness of environmental change, the knowledge-sharing behavior of members in the PPP supply chain will be affected by random disturbance factors. Traditional evolutionary game models cannot describe this effect. In this study, Gaussian white noise is introduced into the stochastic evolutionary game model of PPP supply chain knowledge sharing. The numerical simulation of the model is carried out to analyze the influence of parameter changes on the strategy selection of enterprise groups. The result shows that the strong knowledge power enterprise group is more sensitive with the variation of parameters than that of the weak knowledge power enterprise group. However, the weak enterprise group has a more vital willingness to share knowledge. Incentive measures can increase the knowledge-sharing benefits and promote the strong knowledge powerful enterprise group toward the sharing strategy. Increasing the mutual trust coefficient, reducing the sharing cost, and improving the enterprise’s transformation ability will help both sides to evolve into the sharing strategy more quickly. This study would have significance for PPP project performance and industry innovation.

China is facing a critical period of high–speed development and a transition to high–quality development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of the coupling and coordination of high–quality development of urbanization and water resources in the Yellow River Basin (YRB). Firstly, we propose the concept of “High–Quality Development of Urbanization–Water Resources Coupling” and construct a high–quality development of urbanization (HQDU) system consisting of five sub–systems: innovation, coordination, greenness, openness and sharing, and a water resources system (WRS) consisting of four sub–systems: water resources background conditions, utilization capacity, management level, and pollution control. The improved coupling coordination degree model combined with the barrier degree model and clustering model is used to study the spatial and temporal distribution of the two systems in the YRB. The results show that the coupling coordination state of HQDU and WRS in the YRB improves to some extent, from “mild imbalance” to “barely coordination” in general; Henan and Ningxia are characterized by “low and fluctuating (levels) in early years and fast development in recent years”; Shanxi and Inner Mongolia develop steadily during the study period; Sichuan, Shandong, Shaanxi, and Qinghai are characterized by “low (levels) which lasted for a long time in the early stage and accelerated development in the later stage”; and Gansu Province is characterized by “high level in the early stage but insufficient momentum in later stage”. The Coordination Index of Urbanization Economic Growth Speed and the Total Wastewater Discharge are the most important obstacle factors in HQDU and WRS. This study explores the level of coordination development of HQDU and WRS as well as finds the obstacle factors in the development process of the two systems, which is an important reference value for the high–quality development of urbanization under the constraint of water resources.

With the rapid economic and social development and accelerated urbanization, the negative ecological impact of major river basins worldwide has been deepening, which is gradually threatening the sustainable development of cities. This study establishes the model of the coupling coordination relationship between social economy and resources environment of nine central cities in the Yellow River Basin. Based on the evaluation index system of social economy and resource environment, we quantitatively measure the coupling coordination degree and spatiotemporal pattern of the nine central cities from 2010 to 2017. The obstacle factors of coupling coordination were then diagnosed based on the obstacle degree model. The results showed that (1) the social economy and resources environment development indices of the nine central cities in the Yellow River Basin, as well as the coupling coordination of each central city, showed an overall upward trend from 2010 to 2017. (2) Most of the central cities in the Yellow River Basin were in the coordinated coupling stage, among which Xining and Lanzhou have the highest coupling degree. (3) The obstacle factors affecting the harmonious development coupling coordination of the nine central cities were natural growth rate of population, proportion of tertiary industry in GDP and per capita investment in fixed assets in social economy system, and per capita green area of parks, per capita total amount of water resources, and per capita industrial SO₂ emissions in resources environment system. It is necessary to adopt different strategies for different cities to promote the coupling coordination development of urban social economy and resources environment in the Yellow River Basin.

The high-quality development of urbanization is strategically important for the sustainable economic and social development in the Yellow River Basin. It is necessary to establish a system of indicators to evaluate the high-quality development in terms of five aspects: innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing. Spatial autocorrelation, local Moran indices and cluster analysis are used to study the spatial–temporal distribution of high-quality urbanization development in each province. The results indicate that the urbanization level of nine provinces in the Yellow River Basin showed an increasing trend from 2010 to 2018. However, the development of the five dimensions is not balanced. At the same time, the level of high-quality urbanization development in the Yellow River Basin has not shown significant spatial clustering characteristics and has not formed a good interactive relationship and aggregation effects. It is of great practical importance to promote the coordinated development of urbanization and the high quality of urbanization. The problems existing in the current development are found, and effective measures are proposed to make the urbanization development adapt to the economic and social development.

The South-to-North Water Diversion Project consists of long-distance water delivery channels and a complicated geological environment along the way. To deal with the operation safety of the water conveyance channels in the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, this study analyzes six failure modes: structural cracks, poor water delivery during ice periods, instability of canal slopes, material aging, abnormal leakage, and foundation defects. Based on FMEA, a multigranularity language evaluation method that can be converted into interval intuitionistic fuzzy numbers is used to evaluate the severity (S), occurrence (O), and detection difficulty (D) of the six failure modes. Interval intuitionistic fuzzy entropy is used to calculate the weights of the risk factors. Finally, a ranking model of each failure mode is built based on the TODIM method. The final ranking results show that the risk of abnormal leakage is the largest, and the risk of poor water delivery during ice periods is the smallest. The feasibility and validity of the calculation results are verified by comparing them with the ranking results of the traditional RPN and TOPSIS methods. The TODIM-FMEA risk assessment model offers a new solution to the problem of risk assessment for water transfer projects.