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The presence of AFM 1 in milk is a public health concern, since milk is a significant part of human diets across nations. In economies where monitoring is low or non-existent, the possibility of contamination with AFM 1 might be increased. Our study aimed to detect and quantify the concentration of AFM 1 in fluid milk and milk drink of different brands, fat contents, packages and, heat treatments sold in the Metropolitan Area of Asunción. 80 samples were collected following a non-probability sampling method; acquired from supermarkets from the Metropolitan Area of Asunción. To quantify AFM 1 , the AgraQuant® ELISA Aflatoxin M 1 25 – 500 ppt was used. Non-parametric analysis was performed. All samples presented positive values for the detection limit (25 ng/kg); 85% of the samples showed values between 30 to 50 ng/kg, and 15% showed values over 500 ng/kg. There was no significant difference in the content of AFM 1 between fat contents, heat treatments, or types of packaging. However, brands differed significantly.
Andrea Alejandra Arrúa; Pablo David Arrua Alvarenga; Juliana Moura Mendes; Cinthia Carolina Cazal Martinez; Francisco Paulo Ferreira Benítez; Cristhian Javier Grabowski Ocampos; Horacio Daniel Lopez-Nicora; Danilo Fernández Ríos. Presence of Aflatoxin M1 in commercial milk in Paraguay. Journal of Food Protection 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleAndrea Alejandra Arrúa, Pablo David Arrua Alvarenga, Juliana Moura Mendes, Cinthia Carolina Cazal Martinez, Francisco Paulo Ferreira Benítez, Cristhian Javier Grabowski Ocampos, Horacio Daniel Lopez-Nicora, Danilo Fernández Ríos. Presence of Aflatoxin M1 in commercial milk in Paraguay. Journal of Food Protection. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea Alejandra Arrúa; Pablo David Arrua Alvarenga; Juliana Moura Mendes; Cinthia Carolina Cazal Martinez; Francisco Paulo Ferreira Benítez; Cristhian Javier Grabowski Ocampos; Horacio Daniel Lopez-Nicora; Danilo Fernández Ríos. 2021. "Presence of Aflatoxin M1 in commercial milk in Paraguay." Journal of Food Protection , no. : 1.
Introducción: La aflatoxina M1 (AFM1) es un metabolito tóxico derivado de la aflatoxina B. Su ingestión en lactantes se ha relacionado con retraso en el crecimiento, aumento de susceptibilidad a enfermedades infecciosas, reducción de la eficiencia en la inmunización y cirrosis. En Paraguay se recomienda lactancia exclusiva hasta los 6 meses, sin embargo se comercializan diferentes marcas de fórmulas infantiles dirigidas a lactantes menores de 6 meses. Objetivo: Detectar y cuantificar la presencia de AFM1 en fórmulas para lactantes comercializadas en el Área Metropolitana. Materiales y Métodos: Se adquirieron fórmulas fluidas (n=18) y en polvo (n=91) para lactantes de 0 a 12 meses de farmacias y supermercados del Área Metropolitana de Asunción y fueron analizados mediante el ensayo de inmunoafinidad ligado a enzimas (ELISA). Resultados: 9,75% (0 a 6 meses) y 2% (6 a 12 meses) de las fórmulas lácteas en polvo y 100% de las fórmulas fluidas resultaron positivas para AFM1. La mediana de contenido de AFM1 en formulas en polvo fue de 1820 ng/kg y 510 ng/kg en las marcas A y B. En las fórmulas líquidas fue de 31,8 ng/kg y 33,6 ng/kg para las dos marcas analizadas respectivamente, p=0,0001. Conclusiones: Se detectó AFM1 en todas las fórmulas líquidas analizadas, y en el 2 y 9,7% de las fórmulas en polvo de las marcas Ay B respectivamente Los niveles de AFM1 fueron mayores en las fórmulas en polvo. Conflicto de interés: Los autores declaran no poseer conflicto de interés Recibido: 16/11/2020 Aceptado: 12/02/2021
Andrea Alejandra Arrúa; Pablo David Arrua; María Gabriela Ulke; Martha Yolanda Quezada Viay; Josefina Moreno Lara; Juliana Moura Mendes; Cinthia Cazal; Francisco Ferreira; Man Mohan Kohli; Horacio López Nicora; Danilo Fernández Rios. Presencia de aflatoxina M1 en fórmulas lácteas infantiles comercializadas en el área metropolitana a Asunción, Paraguay. Pediatría (Asunción) 2021, 48, 37 -43.
AMA StyleAndrea Alejandra Arrúa, Pablo David Arrua, María Gabriela Ulke, Martha Yolanda Quezada Viay, Josefina Moreno Lara, Juliana Moura Mendes, Cinthia Cazal, Francisco Ferreira, Man Mohan Kohli, Horacio López Nicora, Danilo Fernández Rios. Presencia de aflatoxina M1 en fórmulas lácteas infantiles comercializadas en el área metropolitana a Asunción, Paraguay. Pediatría (Asunción). 2021; 48 (1):37-43.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea Alejandra Arrúa; Pablo David Arrua; María Gabriela Ulke; Martha Yolanda Quezada Viay; Josefina Moreno Lara; Juliana Moura Mendes; Cinthia Cazal; Francisco Ferreira; Man Mohan Kohli; Horacio López Nicora; Danilo Fernández Rios. 2021. "Presencia de aflatoxina M1 en fórmulas lácteas infantiles comercializadas en el área metropolitana a Asunción, Paraguay." Pediatría (Asunción) 48, no. 1: 37-43.
Las especies de Typha sp son utilizadas en tratamientos de fitorremediación de manera exitosa. CEMIT - DGICT - UNA ha propuesto como alternativa a problemática del lago Ypacaraí, el uso de esta planta para su recuperación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue utilizar especies de Bacillus sp. para estimular la germinación de las semillas y aumentar el vigor y crecimiento de las plántulas de Thypa dominguensis. Para ello, se aislaron Bacillus sp. de semillas de Thypa dominguensis y se seleccionaron dos aislados que fueron utilizados para el tratamiento de las mismas mediante la inoculación con suspensiones bacterianas; las semillas fueron sembradas y acondicionadas en casa de vegetación por 30 días, al cabo de los cuales se procedió con las evaluaciones y se observó que las plantas tratadas con laUniversidad Nacional de Asunción. Dirección General de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas. San Lorenzo, Paraguays bacterias presentaron mejor porcentual de germinación, mayor longitud y biomasa con relación al testigo, demostrando que el tratamiento fue eficiente en la estimulación del crecimiento y aumento de la biomasa.
Moura Mendes Juliana; Arrúa Alvarenga Andrea Alejandra; Samudio Oggero Antonio; Cazal Martínez Cinthia Carolina; Martínez Lourdes; Arrúa Pablo. Estimulación del crecimiento de Thypa dominguensis con bacterias promotoras de crecimiento vegetal. Investigaciones y Estudios - UNA 2020, 11, 10 -17.
AMA StyleMoura Mendes Juliana, Arrúa Alvarenga Andrea Alejandra, Samudio Oggero Antonio, Cazal Martínez Cinthia Carolina, Martínez Lourdes, Arrúa Pablo. Estimulación del crecimiento de Thypa dominguensis con bacterias promotoras de crecimiento vegetal. Investigaciones y Estudios - UNA. 2020; 11 (1):10-17.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoura Mendes Juliana; Arrúa Alvarenga Andrea Alejandra; Samudio Oggero Antonio; Cazal Martínez Cinthia Carolina; Martínez Lourdes; Arrúa Pablo. 2020. "Estimulación del crecimiento de Thypa dominguensis con bacterias promotoras de crecimiento vegetal." Investigaciones y Estudios - UNA 11, no. 1: 10-17.
Fusarium head blight (FHB), or scab, caused by a Fusarium spp. complex, is an important wheat disease in Paraguay. Among the strategies used to control it, the genetic resistance is considered highly efficient and cost effective. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of F. graminearum on six wheat genotypes, including two comparison varieties, in two seeding dates. The genotypes were artificially inoculated in the spike, at the flowering stage, by injecting a pool of four pathogenic F. graminearum isolates. The FHB development was evaluated by scoring the disease incidence and severity, percentage of diseased spikelets and damaged kernels, as well as using the area under the disease progress curve. Besides the kernel infection, its impact on the development of mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol) and interactions with the genotypes were also evaluated. The results identified an advanced breeding line (Lin 84) with a resistance level to FHB comparable to that of the universally known resistance sources (Sumai 3 and Frontana). The other three genotypes (Caninde 11, Caninde 12 and Caninde 21), in spite of presenting a higher grain yield potential, were evaluated as moderately susceptible to susceptible. These results suggest that, although it is possible to transfer the FHB resistance to a higher agronomic type, combining such resistance with a higher grain yield potential remains an ongoing challenge.
Cinthia Carolina Cazal-Martínez; Yessica Magaliz Reyes-Caballero; Pastor Enmanuel Pérez-Estigarribia; Andrea Alejandra Arrúa-Alvarenga; Juliana Moura Mendes; Man Mohan Kohli. Evaluation of wheat genotypes resistance to Fusarium head blight in Paraguay. Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 2020, 50, 1 .
AMA StyleCinthia Carolina Cazal-Martínez, Yessica Magaliz Reyes-Caballero, Pastor Enmanuel Pérez-Estigarribia, Andrea Alejandra Arrúa-Alvarenga, Juliana Moura Mendes, Man Mohan Kohli. Evaluation of wheat genotypes resistance to Fusarium head blight in Paraguay. Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical. 2020; 50 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCinthia Carolina Cazal-Martínez; Yessica Magaliz Reyes-Caballero; Pastor Enmanuel Pérez-Estigarribia; Andrea Alejandra Arrúa-Alvarenga; Juliana Moura Mendes; Man Mohan Kohli. 2020. "Evaluation of wheat genotypes resistance to Fusarium head blight in Paraguay." Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 50, no. : 1.
Alcoholic beverages can be contaminated with mycotoxins. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is the most frequently detected mycotoxinin wine and is produced by several species of Aspergillus. This mycotoxin is nephrotoxic and carcinogenic. In beer, the most commonly identified mycotoxin is deoxynivalenol (DON). Ingestion of food contaminated with DON has been associated with adverse gastrointestinal effects. Despite the harmful effects of mycotoxins on health, there are no regulations regarding their limits in alcoholic beverages in Paraguay. Here we determine the presence of OTA and DON in wine and beer, respectively. Four commercial brands of wine and twenty-nine brands of craft and industrial beerwere tested by the Agra quant ELISA method. One brand of wine was positive for OTA and seven brands of beer (one of them craft) were positive for DON. The values found for both toxins are below the recommended maximum intake proposed by international standards. Giving the high consumption of these products in the country, regulations and monitoring systems mustbe established to check the maximum levels of mycotoxins allowed in alcoholic beverages.
Andrea Alejandra Arrúa; Juliana Moura Mendes; Pablo Arrúa; Francisco Paulo Ferreira; Gabriela Caballero; Cinthia Cazal; Man Mohan Kohli; Inocencia Peralta; Gabriela Ulke; Danilo Fernández Ríos. Occurrence of Deoxynivalenol and Ochratoxin A in Beers and Wines Commercialized in Paraguay. Toxins 2019, 11, 308 .
AMA StyleAndrea Alejandra Arrúa, Juliana Moura Mendes, Pablo Arrúa, Francisco Paulo Ferreira, Gabriela Caballero, Cinthia Cazal, Man Mohan Kohli, Inocencia Peralta, Gabriela Ulke, Danilo Fernández Ríos. Occurrence of Deoxynivalenol and Ochratoxin A in Beers and Wines Commercialized in Paraguay. Toxins. 2019; 11 (6):308.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea Alejandra Arrúa; Juliana Moura Mendes; Pablo Arrúa; Francisco Paulo Ferreira; Gabriela Caballero; Cinthia Cazal; Man Mohan Kohli; Inocencia Peralta; Gabriela Ulke; Danilo Fernández Ríos. 2019. "Occurrence of Deoxynivalenol and Ochratoxin A in Beers and Wines Commercialized in Paraguay." Toxins 11, no. 6: 308.
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating fungal disease of small grain cereals. In wheat, the disease is caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum, but other toxigenic species may occur such as F. culmorum, F. avenaceum and F. poae; the latter a known producer of HT-2 Toxin, T-2 toxin and type B trichothecenes reported in Argentina (Stenglein et al. 2014). During August and September months of 2013 to 2016 wheat-growing seasons, ten wheat heads were randomly sampled (100% blighted and non-blighted) from experimental plots with two cultivars, Itapua 75 and E08075 grown in the Paraguayan Institute of Agricultural Research (IPTA) at Capitan Miranda, Itapúa. Randomly selected kernels were surface-disinfested by immersion for 3 min. in 50% ethanol, 3 min. in hypochlorite (6%) and washed with sterilized water. The kernels were plated on PDA (potato dextrose agar) media and incubated for seven days at 22±2 ºC under a 12-hour light/dark cycle. During isolations, thirteen out of 450 isolates (< 3%) showed the fruity odor of Fusarium poae . Of these, two representative purified strains, named FP07 and FP013, originating from different spikes, developed a dense, whitish mycelium in PDA, at 72–96 h. Microconidia were abundant, globose to piriform, 0–1 septate, 4-10×4.5-7μm and formed on unbranched and branched monophialides. Their cultures also produced the fruity aroma typical of this species (Leslie and Summerell 2006). The identity of the fungus was confirmed by sequencing a portion of the EF1-α gene using the degenerate primers EF-1 (5’-ATGGGTAAGGAGGACAAGAC-3’) and EF-2 (5’-GGAAGTACCAGTGATCATGTT-3´) (O´Donnell et al. 1998). BLASTn searches of the obtained sequences FP07 (Accession No.MG976797) and FP013(Accession No. MG976798) showed a 99% homology with gene sequences of Fusarium poae Schw. in GenBank (Accession No.EU744740) to FP07 and (MG889924) to FP013. Koch's postulates were completed for the two isolates under greenhouse conditions. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by drop-inoculating healthy spikelets with 5 ml of microconidia suspension (106spores/mL) (Stenglein et al. 2014). Control treatment consisted of heads inoculated only with water. After inoculation, plants were placed in a growth chamber with a 12–h photoperiod al 22±2 ºC and covered with polyethylene bags that were removed after three days. Two weeks after inoculation, all spikes of the control treatment were healthy, but the inoculated spike with FP07 and FP013 showed 20 to 30 % severity, which was lower than severity induced by F. graminearum strains. The fungus was re-isolated from infected spikelets and appeared to be morphologically identical to inoculated isolates. This is the first report of Fusarium poae associated with Fusarium head blight symptoms in wheat in Paraguay, which raises concerns given its ability to produce nivalenol. References Leslie, J.F. and Summerell, B.A. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual; Blackwell Publishing: Ames, IA, USA, 2006. O'Donnell K et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95:2044, 1998. Stenglein, S.A et al. Plant Disease, 98: 1733, 2014.
A. A. Arrúa; J. Moura Mendes Arrua; C. C. Cazal; J. M. Iehisa; Y. M. Reyes Caballero; D. Fernández Ríos; M. M. Kohli. First Report of Fusarium poae Associated with Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat in Paraguay. Plant Disease 2019, 103, 580 .
AMA StyleA. A. Arrúa, J. Moura Mendes Arrua, C. C. Cazal, J. M. Iehisa, Y. M. Reyes Caballero, D. Fernández Ríos, M. M. Kohli. First Report of Fusarium poae Associated with Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat in Paraguay. Plant Disease. 2019; 103 (3):580.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. A. Arrúa; J. Moura Mendes Arrua; C. C. Cazal; J. M. Iehisa; Y. M. Reyes Caballero; D. Fernández Ríos; M. M. Kohli. 2019. "First Report of Fusarium poae Associated with Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat in Paraguay." Plant Disease 103, no. 3: 580.
Fusarium graminearum is one of the most important pathogens affecting wheat production in Paraguay. This fungus decreases yield and grain quality; the most important consequence is the production of mycotoxins from the trichothecene group, secondary metabolites toxic to humans and other animals. The toxin reported in Paraguay is deoxynivalenol, which has effects on the gastrointestinal tract and immune system. To determine the presence of deoxynivalenol in flour and baked goods, samples of wholemeal flour and white flour, white and wholemeal bread, and bran crackers were carried out in the Gran Asunción Area. The presence of deoxynivalenol was determined by monoclonal antibodies through the use of quantitative test strips. The results were variable and below those established by international standards. Practical applications In the developing countries, the control of the quality and safety of food is practically nonexistent. In Paraguay, there is no legislation on the maximum levels of deoxynivalenol in wheat and derivatives. As this cereal and its derivative products are highly susceptible to contamination by Fusarium and its mycotoxins, it is a priority to initiate controls and establish bases for legislation on maximum acceptable limits in these products. Also highlight the need at country level of the application of high efficiency and sensitive techniques for quantification mycotoxins in food.
Andrea Alejandra Arrúa Alvarenga; Juliana Moura Mendes Arrua; Cinthia Carolina Cazal Martínez; Pablo David Arrúa Alvarenga; Danilo Fernández Ríos; Pastor Enmanuel Pérez Estigarribia; Man Mohan Kohli. Deoxynivalenol screening in wheat‐derived products in Gran Asunción, Paraguay. Journal of Food Safety 2018, 39, e12580 .
AMA StyleAndrea Alejandra Arrúa Alvarenga, Juliana Moura Mendes Arrua, Cinthia Carolina Cazal Martínez, Pablo David Arrúa Alvarenga, Danilo Fernández Ríos, Pastor Enmanuel Pérez Estigarribia, Man Mohan Kohli. Deoxynivalenol screening in wheat‐derived products in Gran Asunción, Paraguay. Journal of Food Safety. 2018; 39 (1):e12580.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea Alejandra Arrúa Alvarenga; Juliana Moura Mendes Arrua; Cinthia Carolina Cazal Martínez; Pablo David Arrúa Alvarenga; Danilo Fernández Ríos; Pastor Enmanuel Pérez Estigarribia; Man Mohan Kohli. 2018. "Deoxynivalenol screening in wheat‐derived products in Gran Asunción, Paraguay." Journal of Food Safety 39, no. 1: e12580.
Andrea Alejandra Arrúa Alvarenga; Inocencia Palmira Peralta Lòpez; Cinthia Mabel Rojas Abraham; Yessica Magaliz Reyes Caballero; Carolina Toledo Popoff; Leticia Vazquez; Juliana Moura Mendes Arrua. Presencia de hongos filamentosos en yerba mate compuesta y eficiencia de medios de cultivo para el aislamiento de Aspergillus. Investigación Agraria 2016, 18, 50 -56.
AMA StyleAndrea Alejandra Arrúa Alvarenga, Inocencia Palmira Peralta Lòpez, Cinthia Mabel Rojas Abraham, Yessica Magaliz Reyes Caballero, Carolina Toledo Popoff, Leticia Vazquez, Juliana Moura Mendes Arrua. Presencia de hongos filamentosos en yerba mate compuesta y eficiencia de medios de cultivo para el aislamiento de Aspergillus. Investigación Agraria. 2016; 18 (1):50-56.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea Alejandra Arrúa Alvarenga; Inocencia Palmira Peralta Lòpez; Cinthia Mabel Rojas Abraham; Yessica Magaliz Reyes Caballero; Carolina Toledo Popoff; Leticia Vazquez; Juliana Moura Mendes Arrua. 2016. "Presencia de hongos filamentosos en yerba mate compuesta y eficiencia de medios de cultivo para el aislamiento de Aspergillus." Investigación Agraria 18, no. 1: 50-56.
Over time, as the etiology of onychomycosis has developed, yeasts from the genus Candida have emerged as important etiological agents. This study aimed to determine the frequency of yeast caused onychomycosis in Joao Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil from 1999 to 2010. A retrospective study from January 1999 to December 2010 evaluated the results of onychomycosis positive direct mycological exams (DME) - for yeast and realized in the Hemato(r) Clinical Laboratory. Women were the most affected by onychomycosis which occur preferentially in adults, and the toenails are the favorite yeast targets. The prevalent yeasts were Candida tropicalis and C. krusei.
Juliana M.M. Arrua; Luis A.S. Rodrigues; Fillipe O. Pereira; Edeltrudes O. Lima. Prevalence of Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei in onychomycosis in João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil from 1999 to 2010. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 2015, 87, 1819 -1822.
AMA StyleJuliana M.M. Arrua, Luis A.S. Rodrigues, Fillipe O. Pereira, Edeltrudes O. Lima. Prevalence of Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei in onychomycosis in João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil from 1999 to 2010. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 2015; 87 (3):1819-1822.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuliana M.M. Arrua; Luis A.S. Rodrigues; Fillipe O. Pereira; Edeltrudes O. Lima. 2015. "Prevalence of Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei in onychomycosis in João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil from 1999 to 2010." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 87, no. 3: 1819-1822.