Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides is a West African forest tree that is used for example against malaria and sickle cell anemia in Burkina Faso. The goal of this study was to analyze the genetic and morphological diversity of the species within wild populations in Burkina Faso, where it is potentially under threat due to the uncontrolled harvesting of its roots. Seventy-two trees from three different sites in Southwestern Burkina Faso were analyzed. Each tree was characterized by 12 traits specifying the period of flowering and maturity as well as morphological characteristics of the stem, leaves, and seeds. The molecular analysis was performed using two plastid DNA regions (psbA-trnH and trnL-trnF) and two nuclear regions (GBSSI and ITS) to identify the genetic diversity of the species for further development of a management plan for ex situ reproduction and in situ conservation. We found variability in morphological traits correlating with the geographic distance of the study sites. The molecular analysis, in contrast, revealed hardly any genetic variability among the tested trees and no population structure. Whether the differences in morphological traits are caused by different environmental conditions or by genetic variability in genes linked to morphological traits needs further testing. The apparent lack of genetic differentiation suggests that germplasm throughout the study region is suitable for planting in conservation actions. Efficient conservation management should involve local communities, especially those interested in traditional medicine.

Balanites aegyptiaca fruits come in various shapes, which can be beneficial for breeding and industrial production purposes. This study aimed to estimate the morphological and biochemical variability of the fruit and seed kernel of B. aegyptiaca based on their shape. Six shapes, namely BLS (big long sharp), BSR (big sharp round), SLR (small long round), BSH (big short hollow), BLR (big long round) and SSR (small short round), were collected. The length, width and thickness of fruits/seeds and the weight of 100 fruits were assessed using a caliper and a scale. Physicochemical properties were determined using official AOAC and AOCS methods. The fatty acids were determined according to the methods of the IUPAC standards. Amino acids were analyzed using the non-derivatization LC-MS/MS method. Mineral and trace element analyses were conducted using inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry ICP-OES. The results showed significant differences (P<0.001) in the length, width, thickness and weight of 100 fruits across the shapes. The BSH shape had the highest crude fat content and energy value, while the BLS shape had the least favorable profile due to high moisture and acid index. Seventeen fatty acids, 18 amino acids, and 23 minerals were identified, with significant variations observed among the shapes. The predominant fatty acid was cis-9,12-linoleic acid, ranging from 295458.09±100 mg/kg (BLS) to 194138.63±39 mg/kg (BLR). The BLS shape was characterized by the presence of cis-9,12,15-linolenic acid and stearic acid. Cystine was the most abundant amino acid ranging from 615418.83±29 mg/kg (BSR) to 339480.67±81 mg/kg (SSR). Potassium was the most prevalent mineral, followed by phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium. The BLS shape was particularly rich in various minerals. These results highlight the significant morphological and biochemical variability of B. aegyptiaca in fruit, seed and kernel variants.