A computational model was developed to evaluate the performance and design parameters of a tractor–semi-trailer combination operating under different soil conditions. The model predicts key operational parameters including draft force, drawbar power, tractive efficiency, and fuel consumption, while also generating geometric and structural design parameters for the semi-trailer such as loading box dimensions, axle load distribution, suspension configuration, and weight transfer to the tractor drawbar. Soil–tire interaction was represented using traction and rolling resistance relationships derived from established agricultural traction equations. The model was implemented in a Python-based graphical user interface that allows users to evaluate tractor–semi-trailer performance for different operating conditions including soil strength, wheel slip, forward speed, loading capacity, tractor drivetrain configuration, and tire type. Soil conditions were represented using cone index values ranging from 450 to 1800 kPa corresponding to soft sandy, tilled, firm, and hard soil. Model validation was conducted using standardized tractor performance data obtained from official tractor test reports for four agricultural tractors: John Deere 7810, John Deere 7930, New Holland G190, and New Holland TS120. Simulations were performed under identical operating conditions (12% slip and 6 km h⁻ ¹ forward speed) to evaluate model scalability across tractors with different power ratings and geometric configurations. Predicted drawbar power requirements ranged from approximately 31 to 105 HP depending on soil strength and tractor characteristics. Comparison with standardized tractor test data showed that predicted power demand represented between approximately 62% and 74% of available drawbar power for most tractors under firm soil conditions. Statistical evaluation indicated stable model performance with a coefficient of variation of approximately 9.7% and a correlation coefficient of R ² ≈ 0.84 between predicted and reference drawbar power values. The results demonstrate that the developed model provides realistic predictions of tractor–semi-trailer performance and can be used as a decision-support tool for evaluating transport operations and assisting in the design and selection of tractor–trailer combinations under varying soil and loading conditions.

The drying characteristics of apricot were determined using Open Sun and three Greenhouse Drying (Black Mesh Shading, white and black poly film plastic in as absorbers plate covering greenhouse. pretreatments (control, sucrose syrup and Sodium bicarbonate) were used before drying conditions at ( Open air , White and Black poly film plastic greenhouse and Black Mesh Shading). total soluble sugar and moisture content were also measured for the different fresh and dried apricot. The fresh apricot fruit initial moisture content was 80.03% d.b. Results showed that the moisture content and total soluble sugar were highest in sodium bicarbonate blanched sample, immediately after dehydration. Under using Black polyethylene greenhouse dryer for untreated apricot, the drying time was 660 min. where losses in moisture content decreased from 79.25 at 60 min to 26.5 % at 660 min. The maximum value of Total soluble sugar in Black poly film plastic greenhouse was 0.417 mg/ml for treated by Sodium bicarbonate while the minimum value was 0.173 mg/ml for un-treated apricot, in White poly film plastic greenhouse

This research aims to reduce fish waste and lower extraction temperatures. Shorter processing times can lead to cost savings and increased efficiency in fish oil production. It also aims to determine the effect of pretreatments, such as ultrasonic extraction (UAE) and microwave extraction (MAE), on oil yield and quality. Ultrasound and Microwave assisted with extraction of fish oil from salmon by-products. Ultrasound promotes cell disruption through acoustic cavitation, and microwave irradiation facilitates rapid Extraction rate and tissue softening. Oil was extracted using a press at varying pressures to assess how mechanical force and pretreatment, such as (UAE) and (MAE) interact to affect extraction efficiency and oil quality. The results showed that all pretreatments significantly improved oil yield compared to untreated samples, with microwave pretreatment at high pressure yielding the highest amount of oil. Using Microwave assisted extraction decreased excreted time and increased oil yield by 18%. Ultrasound treatment affected the TSFA percentage by decreasing it to 12.25% of TFA, whereas microwave treatment had no effect on TSFA content 14.63%. Microwave treatment decreased the amounts of both palmitic and myristic acids to 8.93% and 1.41%, respectively. The results revealed that Omega 3 fatty acids are represented by about 23.30% and increased by ultrasound treatment by about 24%, whereas no effect appears on 63 fatty acids by microwave treatment.

The change in physical properties in mixture wheat during tempering stage for milling processes prepared according to mixtures dose was studied. The results showed that the physical properties of wheat seeds before the tempering process for both mixtures, the length values were 6.76 and 5.87 mm, width were 3.02 and 2.88 mm, thickness were 2.88 and 2.91 mm, geometric mean diameter were 3.88 and,3.66, arithmetic mean diameter were 4.22 and 3.89 mm, area of flat surface were 16 and 13.29 mm, volume were 30.86 and 25.84 mm3and 1000 kernel weight were 38.5 and 37.95g. At the tempering process for first dose of mixture , the length of wheat seeds decreased from 6.76 to, 5.93 at the first soaking to 5.88 mm for the second soaking. The , width of wheat seeds increased from 3.02 to, 3.15 at the first soaking while increased to 3.18 mm for the second soaking, the thickness of wheat seeds increased from 2.88 to, 3.07 at the first soaking to 3.10. mm for the second soaking. At the tempering process for the second dose of mixture , the length of wheat seeds decreased from 5.97 to, 5.88 at the first soaking to 5.87 mm for the second soaking. The , width of wheat seeds increased from 2.88 to, 3.10 at the first soaking while increased to 3.13 mm for the second soaking, the thickness of wheat seeds increased from 2.91 to, 3.00 at the first soaking to 3.20. mm for the second soaking.

This study aims to reduce the growth of weeds among orchard trees using an orchard tree waste chipping machine after developing it under three levels of cutting length ratio (≤3 cm - 3 to 5 cm - ≥5 cm), four levels of cutting diameter ratio (≤1 cm - 1 to 3 cm - 3 to 5 cm - ≥5 cm), four levels of distribution efficiency and four levels of cutting efficiency. The study was conducted at forward speed (1.8 km/h), moisture content (40%), number of knives 32, and rotation speed 2600 rpm for the cylindrical chipper. The evaluation was conducted regarding the effect of distribution efficiency, cutting efficiency (%), and cutting length ratios (%). The results can be summarized as follows: Increasing distribution efficiency from 75 to 95% and cutting efficiency from 85 to 95% led to a decrease in the amount of weeds, and increasing the percentage of cutting length and cutting diameters led to an increase in the amount of weeds at a moisture content of 40.0% (gram weight) and the number of cutting knives 32.

The aim of this study is to affect the external temperature on the stability of the internal temperature in three models of banana ripening rooms. Bananas need to complete the ripening process in five days in the ripening room. In this study, we conducted the experiment in three banana ripening models in the city of Santa, Gharbia Governorate, during the winter period from November 2023 to December 2023 and the summer period from July 2024 to September 2024. The area of model 1 was 72 m3 and was isolated with cement; the model 2 was 60 m3 and was also isolated with cement; and the model 3 was 36 m3 and was isolated with ceramics. The measurement indicators were the internal and external temperature in three periods in summer and three periods in winter, measured by using infrared thermal imaging. The image analysis system was utilized in conjunction with the MATLAP program. The results recorded that during summer the internal temperatures in the first period ranged between 15.3 °C and 18.24 °C. In the second period, ranged between 16.2°C and 18.46°C. And in the third period, ranged between 16.8°C and 18.59°C. while the external temperatures in the three models ranged between 32.8°C and 36.61°C, between 35.93°C and 37.67°C, between 36.83°C and 38.88°C In the three periods, respectively. During winter, the external temperatures in the three models ranged between 19.97°C and 17.75°C, between 23.1°C and 20.58°C, and between 24°C and 21.82°C in the three periods, respectively. While the internal temperatures in the three models ranged between 15.74°C and 17.39°C In the first period, it ranged between 16.64°C and 17.61°C; in the second period, and ranged between 17.24°C and 17.74°C; in the third period, respectively.