There is a growing need to understand how health literacy influences health outcomes in diverse populations. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between health literacy, health behavior, sociodemographic indicators, and self-assessed health in the adult population in Israel while identifying populations at risk for low health literacy. A cross-sectional national survey was conducted among 600 adults randomly selected from a national database. The Health Literacy Survey-Europe-Q16 (HLS-EU-Q16) research instrument, adapted for use in Israel, was the basis for home interviews in Hebrew, Russian, and Arabic. Three levels of health literacy were distinguished: More than 31% of the sample had inadequate or problematic health literacy, and 69% showed likely sufficient health literacy. Logistic regression analyses showed that after we controlled for other determinants, years of education (β = 1.8) and income (β = 2.2) were significantly associated with health literacy. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that health literacy, along with age, was the strongest independent variable associated with self-assessed health. Thus, health literacy, strongly influenced by income and years of education, may play a key role in determining self-assessed health, a proxy health outcome, beyond sociodemographic variables. The study results contribute to understanding the role of health literacy in health disparities and identifying action areas for health promotion.

Background: The incidence of melanoma continues to increase in many countries, and primary prevention of melanoma includes avoidance of sunburn as well as adequate sun protection behavior. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of self-reported sun protection behaviors and sunburn in users of the Internet, and to identify the demographic, clinical, and attitudinal/motivational correlates of sun protection behaviors. Methods: Self-report data were gathered on behalf of the GenoMEL consortium using an online survey available in 10 different languages, and 8,178 individuals successfully completed at least 80% of survey items, with 73% of respondents from Europe, 12% from Australia, 7% from the United States, 2% from Israel, and 6% from other countries. Results: Half of all respondents and 27% of those with a previous melanoma reported at least one severe sunburn during the previous 12 months. The strongest factors associated with sun protection behavior were perceived barriers to protection (β = −0.44/β = −0.37), and respondents who reported a positive attitude toward suntans were less likely to protect (β = −0.16/β = −0.14). Reported use of protective clothing and shade, as well as avoidance of midday sun exposure, were more strongly related to reduced risk of sunburn than sunscreen use. Conclusions: Despite widespread dissemination of public health messages about the importance of sun protection, a substantial proportion of this international sample, including respondents with a previous melanoma, reported inadequate sun protection behaviors resulting in severe sunburn. Impact: Future strategies to decrease sunburn should target the practical, social, and psychological barriers associated with nonuptake of sun protection. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(9); 2199–210. ©2010 AACR.