This study examined instructional practices and challenges English language teachers face in elementary schools. This study used a phenomenological approach and a mixed-method design. The data were collected through four tools: questionnaires, case studies, interviews, and observations in eight elementary schools in which eight educators and two hundred students participated from schools of three districts in central Punjab, Pakistan. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of teachers and students regarding the current pedagogical and instructional practices employed in English language classes. This study identified issues related to the lack of professional training and qualifications, overcrowded classrooms, cultural and social barriers, limited availability of the latest resources and technology, and a lack of parental cooperation. The findings suggested revisiting teachers’ professional development programs, focusing on innovative teaching methods, incorporating technology into language teaching classes and classroom materials development, and adaptation preparation. It further suggested that teachers with low levels of professional qualifications and training should consider focusing on specific approaches to meet the challenges they face in language classes instead of general teaching approaches.

This study investigates cultural shift and transformation in Omani culture in Jokha Alharthi's novel Bitter Orange Tree (2022). It traces how the discovery of oil and subsequent modernization changed the social fiber of Omani culture and how these socio-political and historical conditions played a crucial role in shaping the character's identities. While applying Homi K Bhabha's concepts of hybridity and identity, the researcher analyzes how the characters' identities, especially the main character Zuhour's identity is a construct of her contact with different cultures. Therefore, it's naivete to consider these characters having single and pure identities. Rather, being diasporic characters, they have complex and multiple identities that reflect and characters' exposure with other cultures and the shaping of their identities. Since Bitter Orange Tree mirrors the changes that took place in the social and cultural domains of Oman, it may be considered a literary document of the period.

This paper aims at the application of new historicist principles to Preston’s Cambyses. It begins with the elaboration of the key assumptions of new historicism. Particularly, the researchers have applied the new historicist concepts such as use of anecdote, historicity of text and textuality of history, discourse and power relations and construction of identity for the purpose of detailed analysis of the play. The available traditional criticism focuses on the topical and political interpretations of the play. The paper evinces a departure from traditional criticism since the researchers contend that Preston has used the literary discourse of Cambyses as an ideological tool to propagate and promote the idea of British Empire and thereby helped fashion the identities of his audience. The play functions as a part of continuum in representing Persians as cultural others with other historical and cultural texts of early modern period. Through the story of a cultural other like Cambyses, the play not only instructs and entertains his audience but also tends to support the dominant ideology of the period. The research findings confirm our contention that the Western playwrights like Preston have deliberately chosen the story to disseminate the idea of British Empire that developed later on but its foundations were laid down in the early modern period.

This study investigates cultural shift and transformation in Omani culture in Jokha Alharthi's novel Bitter Orange Tree (2022). It traces how the discovery of oil and subsequent modernization changed the social fiber of Omani culture and how these socio-political and historical conditions played a crucial role in shaping the character's identities. While applying Homi K Bhabha's concepts of hybridity and identity, the researcher analyzes how the characters' identities, especially the main character Zuhour's identity is a construct of her contact with different cultures. Therefore, it's naivete to consider these characters having single and pure identities. Rather, being diasporic characters, they have complex and multiple identities that reflect and characters' exposure with other cultures and the shaping of their identities. Since Bitter Orange Tree mirrors the changes that took place in the social and cultural domains of Oman, it may be considered a literary document of the period.

This study examines the communication between spouses in Tayari Jones’ An American Marriage (2018). It investigates how gendered speech practices, power relations, and identities in marriage are transformed as a result of wrongful incarceration. The study uses a qualitative, text-based approach that entails an in-depth analysis of important dialogues and passages. The researchers have drawn on the Genderlect Theory of Deborah Tannen to examine the shifts between Rapport and Reporting talk. Also, the concept of gender performativity is used as an analytical tool to show how identities are performed and transformed through linguistic usage. The findings reveal that speech patterns of Roy and Celestial gradually demonstrate the struggle between emotional dependence and self-preservation, which result in different communicative patterns in their marriage life. The analysis demonstrates that the traditional gendered communication is disrupted by the long term separation and other institutional constraints, which causes the change of emotional vulnerability, power, and rational control between the male and female voices. The gendered-based distinctive of language are also made more complicated by the shifting narrative of the novel offers both males and females to express introspection, vulnerability, and restraint of their emotions. This study, using close textual and narrative alertness, examines the topic of marital discourse in literature around the aspects of the reshaping of power, intimacy and identity within the institution of external pressures. It also highlights the necessity of further investigation concerning gender, identity and sociolinguistic tendencies in literary narratives.